Lead

Base Information

• Chemical Name: Lead
• CAS No.: 7439-92-1
• Deprecated CAS: 724427-66-1
• Molecular Formula: Pb
• Molecular Weight: 211.232
• Hs Code.: 78011000
• European Community (EC) Number: 231-100-4,255-375-5
• ICSC Number: 0052
• UN Number: 3077
• UNII: 7Y62STE4M2,2P299V784P
• DSSTox Substance ID: DTXSID2024161,DTXSID50274754,DTXSID70872438
• Wikipedia: Lead
• Wikidata: Q708,Q27110449
• NCI Thesaurus Code: C44396
• Mol file: 7439-92-1.mol

Synonyms:Lead

Chemical Property of Lead

Chemical Property:

• Appearance/Colour: grey metal granules, shot, foil, sheet or powder
• Melting Point: 327.4 °C(lit)
• Refractive Index: 2.881 (632.8 nm)
• Boiling Point: 1740 °C(lit.)
• PSA: 0.00000
• Density: 1.00 g/mL at 20 °C
• LogP: -0.15580
• Storage Temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
• Solubility.: H2O: soluble
• Water Solubility.: reacts with hot conc HNO3, boiling conc HCl, H2SO4 [MER06]
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
• Rotatable Bond Count: 0
• Exact Mass: 207.97665
• Heavy Atom Count: 1
• Complexity: 0

Purity/Quality:

99.9% ^*data from raw suppliers

Lead foil, 300x300mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95% ^*data from reagent suppliers

Safty Information:

• Pictogram(s): T; Xi; Xn
• Hazard Codes: T,Xi,Xn,N
• Statements: 61-33-40-48/20-62-36/38-20/22-51/53-50/53-48/20/22-52/53-34-23/24/25
• Safety Statements: 53-45-61-36/37-36-26-60-36/37/39

MSDS Files:

SDS file from LookChem

Total 1 MSDS from other Authors

Useful:

• Chemical Classes: Metals -> Lead Compounds, Inorganic
• Canonical SMILES: [Pb]
• Recent ClinicalTrials: PB to Treat Hereditary Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, ADPKD Treated With Tolvaptan, and Severely Polyuric Patients With Previous Lithium Administration
• Recent NIPH Clinical Trials: Elucidation of the mechanism of labor productivity improvement by sleep apnea measures.
• Inhalation Risk: A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.
• Effects of Short Term Exposure: Inhalation of high concentrations may cause effects on multiple organs. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.
• Effects of Long Term Exposure: The substance may have effects on the blood, bone marrow, nervous system and kidneys. This may result in anaemia, encephalopathy (for example, convulsions), peripheral nerve disease, abdominal cramps, kidney impairment, cardiovascular disorders and hearing loss. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.
• Physical Properties: Silvery grey metal with bright luster; face-centered cubic crystals; very soft, malleable and ductile; easily cast, rolled and extruded; density 11.3 g/cm3; Moh’s hardness 1, Brinell hardness 4.0 (high purity metal); easily melted, melts at 327.46°C; vaporizes at 1,749°C; vapor pressure 1 torr at 970°C and 10 torr at 1160°C; poor conductor of electricity; electrical resistivity 20.65 microhm–cm at 20°C and of liquid melt 94.6 microhm–cm at its melting point; viscosity of molten metal 3.2 centipoise at its melting point and 2.32 centipoise at 400°C; surface tension 442 dynes/cm at 350°C; tensile strength 2,000 psi; thermal neutron absorption cross section 0.17 barn; standard electrode potential, Pb2+ + 2e– Pb –0.13V; very resistant to corrosion.
• Description: Lead was one of the earliest metals used by humans, with possible use extending as far back as the seventh millennium BC, and reaching its preindustrial peak usage during the reign of the Roman Empire, around the beginning of the Common Era.
• Physical properties: Lead is a bluish-white, heavy metallic element with properties that are more metal-like thanthe properties of metalloids or nonmetals. Lead can be found in its native state, meaning thatelemental metallic lead can be found in deposits in the Earth’s crust. However, most lead isfirst mined as galena ore (lead sulfide, PbS). The galena is mixed with lead sulfate, lead sulfide,and lead oxide and is then roasted at a high temperature. The air supply is reduced, followedby an increase in heat and the vaporization of the sulfates and oxides of lead, which are drawnoff as gases. The molten lead is then recovered.Lead is only slightly soluble in water. However, it is also toxic. This is the reason lead isno longer used to pipe fresh water into homes. It does not react well with acids, with theexception of nitric acid. Lead’s melting point is 327.46°C, its boiling point is 1,740°C, andits density is 11.342 g/cm3.
• Uses: Lead has been known to humankind sinceancient times. It is a major component ofmany alloys, such as bronze and solder. Itis used for tank linings, piping, and buildingconstruction; in the manufacture of pigmentsfor paints, tetraethyllead, and many organicand inorganic compounds; in storage batteries;and in ceramics. Lead levels in manysoils have been range from 5 to 25 mg/kgand in groundwaters from 1 to 50 μg/L.These concentrations may vary significantly. Construction material for tank linings, piping, and other equipment handling corrosive gases and liqs used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, petroleum refining, halogenation, sulfonation, extraction, condensation; for x-ray and atomic radiation protection; manufacture of tetraethyllead, pigments for paints, and other organic and inorganic lead Compounds; bearing metal and alloys; storage batteries; in ceramics, plastics, and electronic devices; in building construction; in solder and other lead alloys; in the metallurgy of steel and other metals. Lead has many uses and is an important commercial commodity. One of the most commonuses is in the acid-lead electrical storage batteries used in automobiles. Much of the leadin these devices can be recycled and used again.In the past, tetraethyl lead was added to gasoline to slow its burning rate in order to preventengine “knock” and increase performance. This caused serious and harmful pollution, and leadhas since been eliminated as a gasoline additive in most countries. Most exterior (and someinterior) house paints once contained high levels of lead as well. Today, the amount of lead inpaint is controlled, with not more than 0.05% allowed in the paint material.Lead is used to make a number of important alloys. One is solder, an alloy of 1/2 lead and1/2 tin. Solder is a soft, low-melting metal that, when melted, is used to join two or moreother metals-particularly electrical components and pipes.Babbitt metal is another alloy of lead that is used in the manufacture of wheel bearingsthat reduces friction. Lead is an ingredient in several types of glass, such as lead crystal andflint glass.TV screens are coated with lead to absorb any radiation projected by the mechanism, andover 500,000 tons of lead is used in consumer electronics (computers, phones, games, and soon). Much of it ends up in solid waste dumps.Many lead compounds are poisonous; thus, their uses in insecticides and house paints havebeen limited as other less toxic substances have been substituted. For example, lead arsenate[Pb3(AsO4], which is very poisonous, has been replaced in insecticides by less harmful substances. In worldwide metal use, lead ranks behind only iron, copper, aluminum, and zinc (Howe 1981). Its largest use is in lead-acid storage batteries for motor vehicles and general industry. Lead metal also is commonly used for ammunition, cable covering, piping, brass and bronze, bearing metals for machinery, and sheet lead (ATSDR 1999). All of the major soluble lead compounds have industrial uses. Lead acetate is used as a water repellent, for mildew protection, and as a mordant for cotton dyes. Lead acetate trihydrate is used in varnishes, chrome pigments, and as an analytical reagent, and lead chloride is used in asbestos clutch or brake linings, as a catalyst, and as a flame retardant. Lead nitrate is used in the manufacture of matches and explosives, as a heat stabilizer in nylon, and as a coating on paper for photothermography. Lead subacetate is used in sugar analysis and for clarifying solutions of organic substances (HSDB 2009). The insoluble lead compounds also have a variety of uses. Lead azide and lead styphnate both are used in munitions manufacture. Lead carbonate, lead fluoride, lead fluoborate, and lead naphthenate are used as catalysts, with additional uses in the electronic and optical industries (lead fluoride), in coatings for thermographic copying (lead carbonate), as a curing agent for epoxy resins (lead fluoborate), and as a varnish drier (lead naphthenate). Lead phosphate and lead stearate both are used as stabilizers in the plastics industry. Lead iodide and lead sulfate are used in photography; lead iodide is also used in thermoelectric materials, and lead sulfate with zinc in galvanic batteries. Lead oxide and lead sulfide are used in ceramics; lead oxide is also used as a vulcanizing agent in rubber and plastics, and lead sulfide as a humidity sensor in rockets. Lead chromate is used as a pigment in paints, rubber, and plastics; lead tetraoxide is used in plasters, ointments, glazes, and varnishes; and lead thiocyanate is used in the manufacture of safety matches and cartridges. Lead arsenate formerly was used as an insecticide and herbicide, but no current uses were found. Organic lead (including tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead) was widely used in the United States as an anti-knock additive in motorvehicle fuels until the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated a phase-out of leaded gasoline in the early 1970s. By 1988, the total lead used in gasoline had been reduced to 1% of the 1970 level; in 1996, the use of lead in fuel for on-road motor vehicles was totally banned. Despite the legislated end to use of lead as a gasoline additive and reductions in some other uses of lead, overall U.S. lead consumption continued to grow until 1999, mainly because of increased production of lead-acid batteries (ATSDR 1999), but has since been on a general decline (USGS 2009, 2010, Guberman 2010).

Technology Process of Lead

There total 350 articles about Lead which guide to synthetic route it. The literature collected by LookChem mainly comes from the sharing of users and the free literature resources found by Internet computing technology. We keep the original model of the professional version of literature to make it easier and faster for users to retrieve and use. At the same time, we analyze and calculate the most feasible synthesis route with the highest yield for your reference as below:

synthetic route:

Reference yield:

lead(II) oxide + phosphorus trichloride (7719-12-2,52843-90-0) → lead (7439-92-1) + trichlorophosphate (10025-87-3,12599-09-6,63736-95-8,39380-77-3)

Guidance literature:

In not given; reduction;;

Reference yield:

niobium + lead(II) chloride (7758-95-4) → lead (7439-92-1) + niobium(IV) oxide + niobium(III) chloride (13569-59-0) + niobium pentachloride (10026-12-7)

Guidance literature:

With water; In melt; react. at 550-800°C, dissolution in H2O: Nb(IV)-oxide formed;parts of the reaction mixture sublimated: NbCl5, niobium oxichloride, NbCl3 formed; Kinetics;

Reference yield:

niobium + lead(II) chloride (7758-95-4) → lead (7439-92-1) + niobium pentachloride (10026-12-7)

Guidance literature:

In melt; 550-800°C, partial sublimation of Nb2O5; Kinetics;

upstream raw materials:

lead(II) azide

chloride

iodine

lead(II) chloride

Downstream raw materials:

lead(II) chloride

lead(II) iodide

lead(II) acetate trihydrate

silver

Refernces

• 1、 Sun, Bin,Zou, Xian-Wu,Jin, Zhun-Zhi. "Movement of the deposit segment in thin layer electrochemical cell - A conjugate dissolution/deposition behavior". . p. 1031 - 1037. Retrieved 2004.
• 2、 Cuenot, Stephane,Fretigny, Christian,Demoustier-Champagne, Sophie,Nysten, Bernard. "Surface tension effect on the mechanical properties of nanomaterials measured by atomic force microscopy". . . Retrieved 2004.
• 3、 Cady, H. P.. "". . p. 707 - 713. Retrieved 1896.
• 4、 Sole, M. J.,Yoffe, A. D.. "". . p. 1262 - 1264. Retrieved 1963.
• 5、 Ishii,Sadki,Ooi,Ochiai,Hirata. "Superconducting properties of lead nanowires fabricated by electrochemical deposition". . p. 268 - 272. Retrieved 2005.
• 6、 Odling, William. "On the reciprocal precipitations of the metals". . p. 289 - 297. Retrieved 1857.
• 7、 Hoepfner, M.,Obretenov, W.,Juettner, K.,Lorenz, W. J.,Staikov, G.,et al.. "STM studies of real and quasi-perfect silver single crystal surfaces used in electrochemical experiments". . p. 225 - 233. Retrieved 1991.
• 8、 Michotte,Mátéfi-Tempfli,Piraux. "1D-transport properties of single superconducting lead nanowires". . p. 369 - 375. Retrieved 2003.
• 9、 Visscher, W.. "". . p. 1169 - 1174. Retrieved 1989.
• 10、 Seo, Masahiro,Yamazaki, Makiko. "Changes in surface stress of gold electrode during underpotential deposition of Pb". . p. E276-E281. Retrieved 2004.