One of the most common methods for the synthesis of phenylene-ethynylene and phenylenebuta-1,3-diynylene polymers is the Sonogashira coupling reaction. This reaction involves the coupling of aryl halides (or aryl triflates) with terminal alkynes in the presence of a palladium catalyst (commonly Pd(PPh3)2Cl2) and a copper(I) co-catalyst. The reaction proceeds via the formation of a carbon-carbon triple bond between the aryl group and the alkyne, leading to the formation of a conjugated polymer chain.
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