107-02-8 Usage
Chemical Description
Acrolein is a highly reactive and toxic compound used in the production of plastics and other chemicals.
Chemical Description
Acrolein is a colorless or yellow liquid with a pungent odor, used in the production of acrylic acid and other chemicals.
Uses
Acrolein is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of acrylic acid and allyl alcohol. It is also used as a biocide and in the production of perfumes and colloidal metals.
Used in Chemical Industry:
Acrolein is used as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of acrylic acid, which is a key component in the manufacturing of various plastics, fibers, and coatings.
Used in Perfume Industry:
Acrolein is used in the production of perfumes due to its strong and pungent odor.
Used in Colloidal Metal Industry:
Acrolein is used in the manufacture of colloidal forms of metals, which have applications in various industries such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
Used in Biocide Applications:
Acrolein is used as an antimicrobial agent to prevent the growth of microbes against plugging and corrosion, to control aquatic weeds and algae, in slime control in paper manufacturing, as a tissue fixative, and in leather tanning.
Used in Food Industry:
Acrolein is used in the etherification of food starch up to 0.6% and for the esterification and etherification of food starch up to 0.3% with vinyl acetate up to 7.5%.
Used in Agricultural Industry:
Acrolein is used as a contact herbicide and algicide, injected in water for the control of submerged and floating weeds in irrigation ditches and canals.
Used in Military Applications:
In the past, Acrolein has been used in military poison gas mixtures due to its toxic properties.
Used in Organic Syntheses:
Acrolein is used in various organic syntheses, contributing to the production of different chemicals and compounds.
Physical Properties:
Acrolein is a colorless to yellow, clear, watery liquid with a very sharp, acrid, pungent, or irritating odor. It has an odor threshold concentration reported at varying levels, indicating its strong and detectable smell even at low concentrations.
Chemical Properties:
Acrolein is a highly flammable, clear to yellowish liquid with a strong irritation and a penetrating, displeasing odor. It has the ability to polymerize unless inhibited with hydroquinone, and shock-sensitive peroxides may be formed over time. It may be incompatible with oxidizers, acids, alkalis, ammonia, and amines.
Production Methods:
Acrolein was first produced as a commercial product in the 1930s through the vapor-phase condensation of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Another method was developed in the 1940s, involving the vapor-phase oxidation of propylene. In the 1960s, advances were made in the propylene oxidation process by the introduction of bismuth molybdate-based catalysis, which became the primary method used for the commercial production of acrolein.
Historical Use:
During World War I, Acrolein was used as a chemical weapon due to its pulmonary irritant and lachrymatory properties. Commercial acrolein contains 95.5% or more of the compound, with main impurities being water and other carbonyl compounds, mainly propanol and acetone. Hydroquinone is added as an inhibitor of polymerization.
Aldehyde compound
Acrolein is a kind of irritant aldehyde compound. It is colorless to yellowish transparent liquid at normal temperature. It has the similar odor of charred oil, soluble in water, ethanol, ether, paraffin (n-hexane, N-octane, cyclopentane), toluene, xylene, chloroform, methanol, ethylether, acetaldehyde, acetone, acetic acid, acrylic acid and ethyl acetate. Acrolein easily polymerized into two polyacrolein; turned into a translucent solid in the light irradiation and generated acrylic acid when in oxidation. 0.2% hydroquinone can be added as a stabilizer when in storage. It is used in the manufacture of resins, pharmaceuticals, glycerol, methionine-alike (auxiliary feed) and so on. It is the more common pollutants in the environment. Acute exposure will damage the respiratory tract, eye and skin, and cause lung and tracheal edema, but also lead to abnormal fat metabolism in the human body, resulting in a lot of fat accumulation in the subcutaneous tissue. Subchronic and chronic exposure has caused monkeys, dogs and other experimental animals, tracheal and nasal cytoplasmic hyperplasia, but no carcinogenic phenomenon. Acute and chronic poisoning concentrations in freshwater were 68 μg/L and 21 μg/L, respectively. The intolerant concentration was 10 mg/m3. During the First World War the French army has used it to make chemical grenades.
Acrolein and nicotine, carbon monoxide in cigarettes are the three major harmful ingredients, which can lead to gene mutation, and reduce the ability of cell-repair damage, and they are major factors to the damage of the retina. In cigarettes, the content of acrolein is 10,000 times higher than the carcinogenic substances of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As a tar component, acrolein toxicity is also thousands of times higher than formaldehyde, and the boiling point is of only 50 degrees Celsius. Cigarettes will immediately gasify when be ignited, invading the retinal pigment epithelium, causing its oxidative damage and preventing the intracellular "energy plant" mitochondria from producing energy. This epithelium is responsible for a variety of nutrients on the retina and waste metabolism. If they "strike", a number of eye cells die.
Preparation
1. Propylene catalytic air oxidation method: the bismuth molybdate and bismuth phosphomolybdate catalyst of propylene is directly oxidated in the presence of air at the reaction temperature of 310-470 ° C, atmospheric pressure. The product is acquired when the acid of the by-product is removed from the product in the reaction, and then distillation. 2. Glycerol dehydration method: Glycerol and potassium bisulfate or potassium sulfate, boric acid, aluminum chlorides are under heat at 215-235 ° C in the system. 3. Formaldehyde-acetaldehyde method: under the catalysis of silica gel which is impregnated in sodium silicate, it is produced by gas-phase condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the system.
Laboratory method: Heat glycerol and potassium bisulfate or magnesium sulfate, boric acid, aluminum oxide together at 215~235 ° C. Distil off and condensate acrolein gas in the reaction, thus generating the crude. 10% sodium hydrogen phosphate solution were added to the crude to adjust the pH value to 6. Through fractionation, collecting 50~75 ℃ distillate, pure acrolein was abtained.
Feed ratio (mol): glycerol: potassium hydrogen sulfate: potassium sulfate = 1 ︰ 0.5: 0.026.
Industrial production method: at present, the main industrial method is propylene catalytic air oxidation method.
The mixture of propylene, air and steam in a certain proportion is mixed with catalyst and sent to a fixed bed reactor. The reaction is carried out at 0.1~0.2 MPa and 350~450 ℃ for 0.8 s. The heat released from the reaction is recovered by steam produce. The resulting gaseous mixture is quenched with water and the exhaust gas from the quench tower is washed before being vented. The organic liquid coming out of the bottom of the quench tower is stripped of the stripper to vaporize the acrolein and other light components and then to remove water and acetaldehyde from the crude acrolein by distillation.
Feed ratio (mol) Propylene: Air: Water vapor = 1: 10: 2.
Extinguishing agent
Dry powder, dry sand, carbon dioxide, foam, 1211 extinguishing agent
Synthesis Reference(s)
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 68, p. 2487, 1946 DOI: 10.1021/ja01216a013
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. A dangerous fire risk [Hawley]. Water soluble. Reacts slowly and exothermically with water to give 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde. A hazard can develop from this reaction if acrolein is stored over a layer of water.
Reactivity Profile
ACROLEIN, [INHIBITED] can react violently with oxidizing agents. Polymerizes exothermically on contact with small amounts of acids (including sulfur dioxide), alkalis, volatile amines and pyridines, salts, thiourea, oxidizing agents (air) and on exposure to light and heat. Polymerization initiated by amines and pyridines occurs after a deceptive induction period. Water solutions of mineral acids and metal ions can initiate polymerization. The inhibitor (usually hydroquinone) greatly reduces tendency to polymerize. Undergoes Diels-Alder reaction with itself to give acrolein dimer. This can become a runaway reaction at 90°C [Kirk-Othmer, 4th Ed, Vol. 1]. Mixing in equal molar portions with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine [NFPA 1991].
Health Hazard
Acrolein is a highly toxic compound thatcan severely damage the eyes and respiratorysystem and burn the skin. Ingestion can causeacute gastrointestinal pain with pulmonarycongestion.LD50 value, oral (mice): 40 mg/kgAcrolein is a strong lachrymator and anasal irritant. Direct contact of liquid in theeyes may result in permanent injury to thecornea. Inhalation can result in severe irritationof the eyes and nose. A concentration of0.5 ppm for 12 minutes can cause intolerableeye irritation in humans. In rats, exposure toa concentration of 16 ppm acrolein in air for4 hours was lethal.Acrolein can be absorbed through theskin; the spillage of liquid can cause severechemical burns. Skin contact may lead tochronic respiratory disease and producedelayed pulmonary edema. Subcutaneousadministration of acrolein produced degenerationof fatty liver and a general anestheticeffect.LD50 value, subcutaneous (mice): 30 mg/kgOn the basis of the available data, aconcentration of 68 and 55 ppb may betoxic to aquatic life in fresh and salt water,respectively (U.S. EPA 1980). A concentrationas low as 21 ppb may producechronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life.Acrolein is reported to be more toxic toaquatic organisms than are phenol, chloroandnitrophenols, aniline, o-xylene, and othertoxic compounds (Holcombe et al. 1987).Rainbow trout, spinally transected, wereexposed to an acutely toxic aqueous concentrationof acrolein to monitor their respiratory–cardiovascular responses. A steadyincrease was recorded in their cough rate.The ventilation rate, oxygen utilization, andheart rate steadily fell throughout their periodof survival.In a study on inhalation toxicity in rats,Crane et al. (1986) observed that the exposureto 1 atm of acrolein vapors causedphysical incapacitation. The animals lost theability to walk and expired. In a study oncytotoxicity of tobacco-related aldehydes tocultured human bronchial epithelial cells,acrolein was found to be more toxic thanformaldehyde (Graftstrom et al. 1985). Bothcompounds induced DNA damage.Certain sulfur compounds, such as dithiothreitol and dimercaptopropanol, reacted with acrolein to reduce itstoxicity (Dore et al. 1986). Such protectionagainst its toxicity was observed in isolatedrat hepatocytes.
Fire Hazard
Under fire conditions, polymerization may occur. If inside a container, violent rupture of the container may take place. When heated to decomposition, Acrolein emits highly toxic fumes. Alkalis or strong acids act as catalysts, causing a condensation reaction and liberating energy. Reaction may be very rapid and violent. Readily converted by oxygen to hazardous peroxides and acids. Unstable, avoid exposure to alkalis, strong acids, oxygen, elevated temperatures, such as fire conditions. (Polymerization inside container could cause violent rupture of container under fire conditions.)
Flammability and Explosibility
Acrolein is a highly flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3) and its vapor can travel a
considerable distance and "flash back." Acrolein vapor forms explosive mixtures
with air at concentrations of 2.8 to 31% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry
chemical extinguishers should be used for acrolein fires.
Safety Profile
Human poison by inhalation and intradermal routes. Poison experimentally by most routes. Human systemic irritant and pulmonary system effects by inhalation include: lachrymation, delayed hypersensitivity with multiple organ involvement, and respiratory system damage. Severe eye and skin irritant. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen. Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. An explosion hazard. Incompatible with amines, SO2, metal salts, oxidants, (light + heat). Violent polymerization reaction on contact with strong acid, strong base, weak acid conditions (e.g., nitrous fumes, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide), thiourea, or dimethylamine. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, or alcohol foam,
Potential Exposure
Used as pharmaceutical; slimicide; and in production of cosmetics and food supplements; as an intermediate in the production of glycerine and in the production of methionine analogs (poultry feed protein supplements). It is also used in chemical synthesis (1,3,6-hexametriol and glutaraldehyde); as a liquid fuel; antimicrobial agent, in algae and aquatic weed control; and as a slimicide in paper manufacture; making plastics, drugs, and tear gas. Also, most allyl compounds may be metabolized to allyl alcohol which is metabolized to acrolein.
Carcinogenicity
Acrolein is a reactive intermediate
of the commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs cyclophosphamide
and ifosphamide. Acrolein-modified
DNA was found in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
from cancer patients previously treated with cyclophosphamide
(a chemotherapeutic), but no association was
found for cyclophosphamine. Acrolein has a classification
of C, possible human carcinogen, based on limited
animal carcinogenicity data and paucity of human evidence
for this effect.
Source
Reported in cigarette smoke (150 ppm) and gasoline exhaust (0.2 to 5.3 ppm) (quoted,
Verschueren, 1983). May be present as an impurity in 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (Ballantyne et al., 1989a).
Acrolein was detected in diesel fuel at a concentration of 3,400 μg/g (Schauer et al., 1999).
Gas-phase tailpipe emission rates from California Phase II reformulated gasoline-powered
automobiles with and without catalytic converters were 0.06 and 3.8 mg/km, respectively (Schauer
et al., 2002).
Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic
compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle phase organic compounds
from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The gas-phase emission
rates of acrolein were 63 mg/kg of pine burned, 44 mg/kg of oak burned, and 56 mg/kg of
eucalyptus burned.
Environmental Fate
Biological. Microbes in site water degraded acrolein to β-hydroxypropionaldehyde
(Kobayashi and Rittman, 1982). This product also forms when acrolein is hydrated in
distilled water (Burczyk et al., 1968). When 5 and 10 mg/L of acrolein were statically
incubated in the dark at 25°C with yeast extract and settled domestic wastewater inoculum,
complete degradation was observed after 7 days (Tabak et al., 1981). Activated sludge
was capable of degrading acrolein at concentrations of 2,300 ppm but no other information
was provided (Wierzbicki and Wojcik, 1965)Photolytic. Photolysis products include carbon monoxide, ethylene, free radicals and
a polymer (Calvert and Pitts, 1966). Anticipated products from the reaction of acrylonitrile
with ozone or hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere are glyoxal, formaGroundwater. The half-life for acrolein in groundwater was estimated to range from
14 days to 8 weeks (Howard et al., 1991)Chemical/Physical. Wet oxidation of acrolein at 320°C yielded formic and acetic acids
(Randall and Knopp, 1980). May polymerize in the presence of light and explosively in
the presence of concentrated acids (Worthing and Hance, 1991) forming disacryl, a white
plastic solid (Windholz et al., 1983; Humburg et al., 1989). In distilled water, acroleinwas hydrolyzed to β-hydroxypropionaldehyde (Burczyk et al., 1968; Reinert and Rodgers,
1987; Kollig, 1993). The reported hydrolysis rate constant at pH 7 is 6.68 × 108/year
(Kollig, 1993). The estimated hydrolysis half-life in water is 22 days (Burczyk et al., 1968)
Metabolic pathway
When fish are exposed to 14C-acrolein, the
metabolites are identified from the edible tissues and
there is very little similarity in the metabolism of
acrolein among the test species. The most notable
observation is that acrolein is never detected in any
tissues sampled, and glycidol, glycerol, 1,3-
propanediol, and glyceric acid are the major
metabolites found in catfish, crayfish, bluegill, and
clams, respectively.
storage
Work with acrolein
should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash
goggles and butyl rubber gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin
contact. Acrolein should be used only in areas free of ignition sources. Containers of
acrolein should be stored in secondary containers in areas separate from amines,
oxidizers, acids, and bases.
Shipping
Acrolein, stabilized, Hazard class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poison Inhalation Hazard, 3-Flammable liquids. Inhalation Hazard Zone A.
Purification Methods
Purify acrolein by fractional distillation, under nitrogen, drying with anhydrous CaSO4 and then distilling under vacuum. Blacet, Young and Roof [J Am Chem Soc 59 608 1937] distilled it under nitrogen through a 90cm column packed with glass rings. To avoid formation of diacryl, the vapour is passed through an ice-cooled condenser into a receiver cooled in an ice-salt mixture and containing 0.5g catechol. The acrolein is then distilled twice from anhydrous CuSO4 at low pressure, catechol being placed in the distilling flask and the receiver to avoid polymerization. [Alternatively, hydroquinone (1% of the final solution) can be used.] [Beilstein 1 IV 3435.]
Toxicity evaluation
The main acrolein route of exposure is through smoke. Acrolein
is produced as a by-product of combustion of organic
compounds, being present in a large spectrum of different
smoke produced by, for example, cigarettes, petrochemical
fuels (like gasoline or oil), synthetic polymers, paraffin wax,
trees, plants, food, animals, vegetables fats, and building fires.
Additional exposure can be linked to traffic accidents or to
water treated with biocides that contain acrolein. Improperly
handled hazardous waste sites can release acrolein into the
nearby environment (air, water, or soil).
Incompatibilities
May form explosive mixture with air. Elevated temperatures or sunlight may cause explosive polymerization. A strong reducing agent; reacts violently with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Polymerizes exothermically on contact with small amounts of acids (including sulfur dioxide), alkalis, volatile amines and pyridines, salts, thiourea, oxidizing agents (air) and on exposure to light, and heat. Polymerization initiated by amines and pyridines occurs after a deceptive induction period. Water solutions of mineral acids and metal ions can initiate polymerization. The inhibitor (usually hydroquinone) greatly reduces tendency to polymerize. Reacts with acids, alkalis, ammonia, amines, oxygenperoxides. Shock-sensitive peroxides or acids may be formed over time. Attacks zinc and cadmium
Waste Disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Incineration. Conditions are 816 C, 0.5 second minimum for primary combustion; 1093 C, 1.0 second for secondary combustion.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 107-02-8 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 1,0 and 7 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 107-02:
(5*1)+(4*0)+(3*7)+(2*0)+(1*2)=28
28 % 10 = 8
So 107-02-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C3H4O/c1-2-3-4/h2-3H,1H2
107-02-8Relevant articles and documents
UV/Vis/near-IR spectroscopic characteristics of H4-xCsxPVMo11O40 (x = 0, 2) catalyst under different temperatures and gas atmospheres
Melsheimer,Kroehnert,Ahmad,Klokishner,Jentoft,Mestl,Schloegl
, p. 2398 - 2408 (2002)
In order to understand the transformations of the Keggin-type H4-xCsxPV-Mo11O40 (x = 0, 2) compounds with rising temperature over a long time in a stream of different gas atmospheres, in situ UV/Vis/near-IR spectroscopic studies were carried out. Diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded using an improved spectrometer and a suitable microreactor. Visible and near-IR peak intensities, peak positions and the band gap energies were determined from apparent absorption spectra. Propene, isopropanol, water and the oxidation products were analyzed by GC. The experimentally observed blue shift of the visible absorption band in the region of crystal water loss and the increase in the near-IR absorption were explained on the basis of quantum-mechanical calculations of the shapes and positions of the charge transfer and d-d bands arising from Mo5+-Mo6+ and V4+-Mo6+ pairs in intact and ill-defined fragments of the Keggin structure. It was concluded that with removal of crystal water during the action of He, He/H2O, propene, O2/propene and increasing temperature, reduced species with protons located at the bridging oxygens promote a blue shift of the visible band, while a large number of ill-defined species form the near-IR part of the spectra in the temperature range 326-600 K.
Reaction Network for Selective Oxidation of Propene on a (Mo-Pr-Bi)O/SiO2 Catalyst
Nieto, J. M. Lopez,Tascon, J. M.D.,Kremenic, G.
, p. 1383 - 1390 (1988)
Oxidation of propene on a Mo4Pr0.5Bi0.5Ox/SiO2 catalyst was studied in order to establish the reaction network.In the temperature range 598-653 K the primary reaction products were propenal (main product), acetone, acetaldehyde, and carbon dioxide.Other products (mainly aldehydes and acids) could be classified as secondary reaction products.From studies of oxidation of the primary unstable products and the kinetics of formation of minor primary products it is concluded that both, acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide, are formed through parallel and consecutive reactions.Acetone formation is strongly influenced by reaction temperature, probably due to changes in the active centers of the catalyst.
Catalytic amination of glycerol with dimethylamine over different type ofheteropolyacid/Zr-MCM-41 catalysts
Ding, Jianfei,Cui, Mingyu,Ma, Tianlin,Shao, Rong,Xu, Wei,Wang, Pengfei
, p. 51 - 58 (2018)
The effect of different type of heteropolyacid/Zr-MCM-41 catalysts on the catalytic amination of glycerol with dimethylamine to produce Dimethylamino-3-propanal was researched. Under the premise of their respective optimum loading amount, the specific sur
Determination of the Arrhenius Parameters for the Initiation Reaction C3H6 + O2 -> CH2CHCH2 + HO2
Stothard, Nigel D.,Walker, Raymond W.
, p. 241 - 247 (1991)
Results obtained from studies of the oxidation of propene between 400 and 520 deg C have been used to obtain the first Arrhenius parameters for the important chain initiation reaction RH + O2 -> R + HO2, where RH is a hydrocarbon.A full product analysis in the early stages of reaction has been made for a number of mixtures at 400, 440, 480 and 520 deg C.It has been shown that hexa-1,5-diene is a major initial product and that its formation in reaction (8) represents the major termination process.By use of measurements of the initial rate of formation of hexa-1,5-diene HDE)O>, so that secondary initiation is negligible, then in the absence of radical branching the simple relationship k7 = (RHDE)O holds.Values of k7 at a constant temperature obtained from the relationship vary by less than a factor of two over a wide range of mixture composition, and the average values at each temperature give A7 = 109.2 dm3 mol-1 s-1 and E7 = 162 kJ mol-1.CH3CH=CH2 + O2 -> CH2CHCH2 + HO2 (7) 2CH2CHCH2 -> CH2=CHCH2CH2CH=CH2 (8) When allowance is made for minor termination processes and for the radical-branching reaction (17), the values of A7 and E7 change only slightly, confirming the essential validity of the interpretaion and of the simple relationship above.Final values of A7 = 109.29 +/- 0.41 dm3 mol-1 s-1 and E7 = 163.5 +/- 6 kJ mol-1 are obtained for reaction (7).The interpretation also gives reliable Arrhenius parameters of A17 = 108.21 +/- 0.60 dm3 mol-1 s-1 and E17 = 72.5 +/- 8.3 kJ mol-1 for the radical-branching reaction (17).No previous estimates are available for either reaction.CH2CHCH2 + O2 -> 2 radicals + products (17)
Selective acceptorless dehydrogenation and hydrogenation by iridium catalysts enabling facile interconversion of glucocorticoids
Ngo, Anh H.,Adams, Michael J.,Do, Loi H.
, p. 6742 - 6745 (2014)
An iridium(III) pentamethylcyclopentadienyl catalyst supported by 6,6'-dihydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine displays exquisite selectivity in acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation of cyclic α,β-unsaturated alcohols over benzylic and aliphatic alcohols under mild aqueous reaction conditions. Hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones occurs indiscriminately using the same catalyst under hydrogen, although chemoselectivity could be achieved when other potentially reactive carbonyl groups present are sterically inaccessible. This chemistry was demonstrated in the reversible hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the A ring of glucocorticoids, despite the presence of other alcohol/or carbonyl functionalities in rings C and D. NMR studies suggest that an iridium(III) hydride species is a key intermediate in both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes.
Sustainable production of acrolein: Gas-phase dehydration of glycerol over Nb2O5 catalyst
Chai, Song-Hai,Wang, Hao-Peng,Liang, Yu,Xu, Bo-Qing
, p. 342 - 349 (2007)
Gas-phase dehydration of glycerol to produce acrolein was investigated at 315 °C over Nb2O5 catalysts calcined in the temperature range of 350-700 °C. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, TG-DTA, XRD, and n-butylamine titration using Hammett indicators to gain insight into the effect of calcination temperature on catalyst texture, crystal structure, and acidity. Calcination at 350 and 400 °C produced amorphous Nb2O5 catalysts that exhibit significantly higher fractions of strong acid sites at - 8.2 ≤ H0 ≤ - 3.0 (H0 being the Hammett acidity function) than the crystallized Nb2O5 samples obtained by calcination at or above 500 °C. Glycerol conversion and acrolein selectivity of the Nb2O5 catalysts were dependent of the fraction of strong acid sites (- 8.2 ≤ H0 ≤ - 3.0). The amorphous catalyst prepared by the calcination at 400 °C, having the highest fraction of acid sites at - 8.2 ≤ H0 ≤ - 3.0, showed the highest mass specific activity and acrolein selectivity (51 mol%). The other samples, having a higher fraction of either stronger (H0 ≤ - 8.2) or weaker acid sites (- 3.0 ≤ H0 ≤ 6.8), were less effective for glycerol dehydration and formation of the desired acrolein.
Highly efficient VOχ/SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane
Liu, Yong-Mie,Cao, Yong,Zhu, Ka-Ke,Yan, Shi-Run,Dai, Wei-Lin,He, He-Yong,Fan, Kang-Nian
, p. 2832 - 2833 (2002)
Highly dispersed vanadia species on SBA-15 mesoporous silica have been found to exhibit a highly efficient catalytic performance for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane to light olefins (propene + ethylene).
Silicon nitride as a new support for copper catalyst to produce acrolein via selective oxidation of propene with very low CO2 release
Guo, Ling-Ling,Yu, Jing,Shu, Miao,Shen, Lu,Si, Rui
, p. 352 - 365 (2019)
To obtain thermally stable copper-based catalysts with excellent catalytic performance in the selective propene (C3H6) oxidation reaction, amorphous silicon nitride (Si3N4) was selected to anchor active copper species using a deposition–precipitation approach followed by air calcination at different temperatures. We found that the thermal treatment temperature remarkably modified the reactivity of the copper catalyst, and the 800 °C-calcined 10 wt% Cu/Si3N4 showed superior catalytic activity with 24.0% propene conversion and 86.2% acrolein selectivity at 325 °C, featuring a turnover frequency as high as 80.6 h?1. With the help of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption fine structure, and in situ X-ray diffraction, we have identified that the larger Cu2O species account for the highly efficient formation of acrolein at 325 °C. From the CO temperature-programmed reduction results, we have confirmed that the presence of surface copper hydroxyls (Cu–OH) was closely related to the acrolein selectivity, since they favored CO2 generation at the beginning of the reaction. Furthermore, surface copper hydroxyls can be effectively tuned by optimizing the air calcination temperature and thus improve the catalytic activity.
Sustainable acrolein production from bio-alcohols on spinel catalysts: Influence of magnesium substitution by various transition metals (Fe, Zn, Co, Cu, Mn)
Auroux, Aline,Dubois, Jean-Luc,Folliard, Vincent,Marra, Livia,Postole, Georgeta
, (2020)
Acrolein is a widely used intermediate of synthesis for value-added compounds in a number of domains of application. This work reports on the sustainable synthesis of acrolein by oxidative coupling of bio-alcohols, which constitutes a very promising alternative to fossil fuel-based production. The synthesis is performed in two sequential reactors, using an iron molybdate catalyst for oxidation and then a magnesium aluminate spinel where magnesium is partly or totally substituted by transition metals (Fe, Zn, Co, Cu, Mn) as a catalyst for cross-aldolization. The acid-base properties of the latter catalysts were determined using SO2 and NH3 adsorption microcalorimetry. Adsorption microcalorimetry was also used to study the adsorption properties of the reactants, with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde as probe molecules, and was complemented by a FT-IR investigation of reactant adsorption in order to better understand the mechanisms of adsorption and reaction. Acrolein production was found to be correlated to the ionic radius of the transition metals used in the catalysts, indicating that electronic effects are likely a factor influencing the acrolein production.
Photooxidation of propene by molecular oxygen over FSM-16
Yoshida, Hisao,Murata, Chizu,Inaki, Yoshitaka,Hattori, Tadashi
, p. 1121 - 1122 (1998)
Mesoporous silica (FSM-16) was found to exhibit a much higher activity for propene photooxidation than amorphous silica and to give different products distribution from those on silica, thus proposing FSM-16 as a new type of photooxidation catalyst.
This product is a nationally controlled contraband or patented product, and the Lookchem platform doesn't provide relevant sales information.