1122-58-3 Usage
Chemical Description
4-dimethylaminopyridine is a catalyst that is commonly used in organic synthesis reactions.
Overview
4-Dimethylaminopyridine is highly powerful catalyst of organic synthesis. The treatment of substrates such as alcohols, phenols and amines with acetic anhydride (or acetyl chloride) in the presence of pyridine has provided a general acetylation method since the turn of the 20th century. However, this approach often proves to be unsatisfactory for the acetylation of deactivated substrates. It was not until the late 1960’s that certain 4-dialkylaminopyridines were found (independently by two research groups)[1, 2] to be much superior to pyridine as catalysts for difficult acetylations or acylations, in general.
Figure 1 the chemical structure of DMAP
4-Dialkylaminopyridines were soon found to have general applicability for catalysis of a wide variety of reactions. 4-dimethylaminopyridine’s (DMAP) wide applicability has been frequently reviewed since the first review appeared in 1978. [3] The accelerating pace of reported applications for DMAP and the availability of DMAP in commercial quantities, at modest prices, have continued to stimulate great interest in its use as a catalyst in the fields of organic, polymer, analytical and biochemistry. Today there are thousands of examples of the use of DMAP in far ranging fields of chemistry in both patents and the research literature. Many full-scale production processes utilizing DMAP have been and are being operated. Several pharmaceutical and agricultural products that rely on DMAP’s superior catalytic properties in their synthetic sequences have been produced for years. Since 1976 more than 11,000 US patents have been granted which mention DMAP or dimethylaminopyridine.
The functional groups and class of compounds that are involved in the reactions with DMAP include alcohols, amines, arenes, azides, carbenes, enols, epoxides, hydrazines, hydroxylamines, phenols, thiols, lipids, sugars, aminoacids, peptides, alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, and others. Reactions that have been published in the literature using DMAP fall into, but are not limited to, the following types of reactions: Acylation; Acetylation; Alkylation; Benzoylation; Bischler-Naperalski cyclization, Carbonylation; Carbo-diimidation; Cyclization; Dehydration; Esterificaton; Indole Synthesis; Nucleophilic Substitution; Rearrangement; Silylation; Sulfonamidation; Sulfonation; Tritylation; Formylation; Carbamoylation; Phosphorylation; Lactonization; Pivaloylation; Dakin-West Reaction; Baylis-Hillman Reaction.
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 1122-58-3 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. DMAP (m.p. 112-113°C) and PPY (m.p. 57-58°C)[4] are colorless, crystalline substances which are very soluble in methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetone, and acetic acid and less soluble in cold hexane, cyclohexane, and water. DMAP can be recrystallized from ethyl acetate and PPY from pentane or hexane. The basicities of DMAP[5] and PPY in water as well as the dipole moment of DMAP[7-9] in benzene and dioxane have been determined by several groups. Of especial interest are the thermodynamic investigations concerned with the protonation of DMAP in water[11] and calculations whereby the influence of substituents on the basicity has been determined[6, 9, 10].
2. White solid
Reactions
DMAP reacts readily with electrophilic reagents. It is possible to quaternize DMAP in high yield with either methyl iodide or ethyl bromide, decomposes quantitatively in the presence of aqueous alkali to N-methy1-4-pyridone[17].
Addition of DMAP to S, S'-diethyl-S, S'-dimethyl-S, S-1, 2vinylenedisulfonium salts results in the smooth formation of the salt with concomitant generation of ethyl methyl sulfide[19]. Reaction of DMAP with acetylenedicarboxylic acid leads spontaneously to the bis-adduct in high yields[20].
On reaction with perbenzoic acid the strongly polar N-oxide is formed. Nitration of DMAP with HNO3/H2SO4 gives the 3-nitro derivatives in 81 % yield and, under forcing condition; the 3,5-dinitro compounds are obtained[16]. Reaction with O-(p-toluenesulfony1)hydroxylamine affords the N-amino compound in 67% yield which is isolated as the perchlorate. By treatment with D2O it is possible to selectively exchange the a-protons in DMAP, with DClO4 to exchange the P-protons to furnish and with D2O/NaOD to replace all aromatic protons by deuterium[18].
Application as acylation catalysts
Acylation of alcohol
The high catalytic activity of DMAP and PPY can be used for acylating sterically hindered secondary or tertiary alcohols with carboxylic anhydrides or acyl halides when the pyridine method fails. In most cases, it is necessary to use only 0.05-0.2 mol of catalyst per mol of substance and the acid that is formed can be bound with an equivalent amount of trimethylamine[21, 22] or pyridine[20]. Such solvents as hexane, toluene, benzene, methylene chloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, triethylamine, pyridine, or acetic anhydride are suitable for use with these catalysts.
Among the tertiary alcohols which can be easily acylated with DMAP and PPY, mention should be made of l-methyl cyclohexanol, 1-ethynylcyclohexanol, 1,l-diphenylethanol, linalool, l, l-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 5,5-dimethoxy-2-methyI-3-pentyn-2-ol, and cis-4- (1-hydroxyisopropyl)-2-methylcyclohexanone.
Acylation of phenols
In the acylation of phenols, DMAP and PPY effect a similar increase in reaction rate as is found in the case of alcohols. Hence, the method is of interest for the acylation of sterically hindered phenols. For example, mesitol can be smoothly acetylated with acetic anhydride/DMAP to 2,5-ditert-butylphenol and analogous compounds can be transformed into acyl derivatives of the type in high yields[24]. 11,12-Dihydroglaziovine smoothly affords the acyl derivative[23, 25].
Acylation of amines
DMAP and PPY have been seldom used for the acylation of amines. The kinetic investigations of Lituinenko and Kirichenko [26] have shown that an enormous increase in reaction rate is observed when acylations are carried out in aprotic solvents. These authors have determined the following relative rate constants (in parentheses) for the amine-catalyzed acylation of m-chloroaniline with benzoyl chloride in benzene: N, N-dimethylaniline (0.1); triethylamine (0.072); 2,6-dimethylpyridine (0.03); pyridine (1.80); 4-methylpyridine (10.0); and DMAP (10600).
Acylation of enolates
Acylations involving CH-acid compounds which can be performed with pyridine or triethylamine as catalyst are found to proceed at a much higher rate when DMAP or PPY is used. The Dakin-West reaction of N-acyl amino acids, in which a 2-oxazolin-5-one is acetylated at C-4 with a carboxylic anhydride in pyridine with formation of a new C-C bond, has been extensively investigated[27]. The combination products, consisting of the ambident oxazolin-5-one anions and N-acylpyridinium cations initially formed under kinetic control, are transformed via the ion pair into the thermodynamically most stable product[28]. Decarboxylative ring opening by the subsequently formed carboxylic acid yields the a-acyl amino ketone[29, 30].
Reactions of isocyanates
Pyridine-catalyzed reactions of isocyanates with carboxylic acids to form amides are found to be strongly accelerated on replacement of pyridine by DMAP. Phenylacetic acid is found to react with phenyl isocyanate in 1,2-dichloroethane at 24°C to give the amide in 66 % yield in less than 5 min; whereas on using the same amount of pyridine only 53% could be isolated after 2h. With triethylamine, only very little is formed besides diphenylurea[31].
Miscellaneous Applications
DMAP has been used in the hardening of epoxy resins with dicyanodiamine, in the transformation of nitriles into thionamides, and in the transfer of silyl groups to tertiary hydroxyl groups[32, 33].
Transfer of Functional Groups
Dimethylarninopyridinium salts are interesting reagents for the transfer of acyl and also cyano and phosphono groups in aqueous medium[34, 35].
References
Litvinenko, L. M.; Kirichenko, A. I. Dok. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. 1967, 176, 97;
Steglich, W.; H?fle, G. Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 1001; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1969, 8, 981.
Scriven, E. F. V.; 4-Dialkylaminopyridines: Super Acylation and Alkylation Catalysts; Chem. Soc. Rev.
H. Vorbriiggen, Angew. Chem. 84, 348 (1972); Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. Engl. 11, 305 (1972). L. Pentimalli, Gazz. Chim. Ital. 94, 902 (1964).
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C. W N. Cumper, A. Singleton, J . Chem. SOC. B 1967, 1096.
A. R. Katritzky, E. Fi! Randall, L. E. Sutton, J. Chem. SOC. 1957 1769.
H. Lumbroso, J. Barassin, Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr. 1965, 3143.
C. D. Johnson, I. Roberts, P. G. Taylor, J. Chem. SOC.C hem. Commun 1977, 897.
M. R. Chakrabarty, C. S. Handloser, M. W Mosher, J. Chem. SOC. Perkin Trans. I1 1973, 938
Pyridine syntheses, 1st Communication.-2nd Communication: H. Vorbriiggen, J. Kottwitz, K. Krolikiewicz, Chem. Ber., in preparation. This publication gives a complete survey of the various syntheses of DMAP and PPY; H. Vorbriiggen, DOS 2517774 (1975), Schering AG; Chem. Abstr. 86, 55293d (1977).
W Steglich, G. Hofle, Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 4727.
E. Koenigs, H. Friedrich, H. Jurany, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 58, 2571 (1925).
A. C. Satterthwait, W P. Jencks, J. Am. Chem. SOC. 96, 7031 (1974).
A. G. Burton, R. D. Frampton, C. D. Johnson, A. R. Katritzky, J. Chem. SOC. Perkin Trans. 11 1972, 1940.
G. B. Barlin, J. A. Benbow, J . Chem. SOC. Perkin Trans. I1 1975,1385.
J. A. Zoltewicz, J. D. Meyer, Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 421.
H. Braun, A. Amann, M. Richter, Angew. Chem. 89,488 (1977); Angew. Chem. lnt. Ed. Engl. 16, 471 (1977).
B. P. Schaffner, H. Wehrli, Helv. Chim. Acta 55, 2563 (1972).
4-Dialkylaminopyridines as acylation catalysts, 4th Communication.-3rd Communication: G. Hofle, W Steglich, Synthesis 1972, 619.
W Steglich, G. Hofle, Angew. Chem. 81, 1001 (1969); Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 8, 981 (1969).
J. E. McMurry, J . H. Musser, M. S. Ahmad, L. C. Blaszczak, J. Org. Chem. 40, 1829 (1975).
D. J. Zwanenburg, W A. P. Reynen, Synthesis 1976, 624.
1. S. Bindra, A. Grodski, J. Org. Chem. 42, 910 (1977).
H. Paulsen, H. Hohne, Carhohydr. Res. 58, 484 (1977).
W Steglich, G. Hiiye, Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 1619.
W Steglich, G. HoJe, Chem. Ber. 104, 3644 (1971).
W Steglich, G. HoJe, Chem. Ber. 102, 1129 (1969).
G. HiiJe, A. Prox, W Steglich, Chem. Ber. 105, 1718 (1972).
P. W Henniger, J. K. Van der Drift, DOS 2235390 (1973), Koninklijke Nederlandsche Gist-en Spiritusfabriek N. V.; Chem. Abstr. 78, 124608j
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P . C . Sriuastaua, M, Pickering, L. B. Allen, D. G. Streeter, M . 7: Campbell, J. R. Witkowski, R. W Sidwell, R. K. Robins, J. Med. Chem. 20, 256 (1977).
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M. Wakselman, E. Guibl-Jampel, Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 1521.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 1122-58-3 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (Valaciclovir EP Impurity G; Valacyclovir USP Related Compound G) is a highly efficient catalyst for acylation reactions.
2. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine is a versatile hypernucleophilic acylation catalyst, it is used to improve the yield, reduce the reaction time, improving relaxation process conditions. Widely used in perfumes, dyes, pigments, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and polymer compounds and other fields. Also used as a catalyst for the synthesis of polyurethane, a curing agent and a blowing catalyst.
3. DMAP is a useful highly basic nucleophilic catalyst for a variety of reactions such as esterifications with anhydrides, the Baylis-Hillman reaction, hydrosilylations, tritylation, the Steglich rearrangement.
4. In a wide variety of organic syntheses as a catalyst.
5. A highly fluorescent adenosine analogue, which in a dimethoxytrityl, phosphoramidite protected form, can be site-specifically inserted into oligonucleotides through a 3?5?phosphodiester linkage using an automated DNA synthesizer
General Description
Valacyclovir Related Compound G, also called as 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) is an excellent catalyst for acylation of hindered alcohols and in chemical transformations. It is highly nucleophilic in nature.
Flammability and Explosibility
Nonflammable
Purification Methods
Recrystallise DMAP from toluene [Sadownik et al. J Am Chem Soc 108 7789 1986]. [Beilstein 22 V 112.] § A polystyrene supported version (PS-DMAP) is commercially available.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1122-58-3 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,1,2 and 2 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 5 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1122-58:
(6*1)+(5*1)+(4*2)+(3*2)+(2*5)+(1*8)=43
43 % 10 = 3
So 1122-58-3 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C7H10N2/c1-9(2)7-3-5-8-6-4-7/h3-6H,1-2H3/p+1
1122-58-3Relevant articles and documents
Models for B12-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals. Cobaloxime binding to new fac-[Re(CO)3(Me2bipyridine)(amidine)]BF4 complexes having an exposed pyridyl nitrogen
Lewis, Nerissa A.,Marzilli, Patricia A.,Fronczek, Frank R.,Marzilli, Luigi G.
, p. 11096 - 11107 (2014)
New mononuclear amidine complexes, fac-[Re(CO)3(Me2bipy)(HNC(CH3)-(pyppz))]BF4 [(4,4′-Me2bipy (1), 5,5′-Me2bipy (2), and 6,6′-Me2bipy (3)] (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine), were synthesized by treating the parent fac-[ReI(CO)3(Me2bipy)(CH3CN)]BF4complex with the C2-symmetrical amine 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine (pyppzH). The axial amidine ligand has an exposed, highly basic pyridyl nitrogen. The reaction of complexes 1-3 with a B12model, (py)Co(DH)2Cl (DH = monoanion of dimethylglyoxime), in CH2Cl2 yielded the respective dinuclear complexes, namely, fac-[Re(CO)3(Me2bipy)(μ-(HNC(CH3)(pyppz)))Co-(DH)2Cl]BF4 [(4,4′-Me2bipy (4), 5,5′-Me2bipy (5), and 6,6′-Me2bipy (6)]. 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of all compounds and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic data for 2, 3, 5, and 6 established that the amidine had only the E configuration in both the solid and solution states and that the pyridyl group is bound to Co in 4-6. Comparison of the NMR spectra of 1-3 with spectra of 4-6 reveals an unusually large wrong-way upfield shift for the pyridyl H2/6 signal for 4-6. The wrong-way H2/6 shift of (4-Xpy)Co(DH)2Cl (4-Xpy = 4-substituted pyridine) complexes increased with increasing basicity of the 4-Xpy derivative, a finding attributed to the influence of the magnetic anisotropy of the cobalt center on the shifts of the 1H NMR signals of the pyridyl protons closest to Co. Our method of employing a coordinate bond for conjugating the fac-[ReI(CO)3] core to a vitamin B12 model could be extended to natural B12derivatives. Because B12 compounds are known to accumulate in cancer cells, such an approach is a very attractive method for the development of 99mTc and 186/188Re radiopharmaceuticals for targeted tumor imaging and therapy. (Chemical Equation Presented).
N-Heteroarylphosphonates, Part II. Synthesis and reactions of 2- and 4- phosphonatoquinolines and related compounds
Haase, Mirko,Guì?nther, Wolfgang,Goì?rls, Helmar,Anders, Ernst
, p. 2071 - 2081 (1999)
We extend our synthetic method for the efficient preparation of dialkoxyphosphoryl- and phosphonio-disubstituted pyridines to include the preparation of other phosphonato substituted N-heterocycles. The key to the success of this method lies in the employment of cationic N- (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)heteroarylium triflates that are activated towards nucleophilic attack. The P(O)(OR)2 group can be transformed into the P(S)(OR)2 functionality. We report first attempts to substitute the P(O)(OR)2 moiety with C-nucleophiles. In addition to our synthetic results, the X-ray structures of two (dimethoxyphosphoryl)trifluoromethanesulfonyldihydro-N-heteroarenes are discussed. We also give complete carbon (13C) and phosphorus (31P)-NMR spectra of a series of 2- and 4-phosphonic ester substituted heteroaryl compounds and their dihydro analogs.
Synthesis of aminopyridines via an unprecedented nucleophilic aromatic substitution of cyanopyridines
Penney, Jonathan M.
, p. 2667 - 2669 (2004)
The direct reaction of 2- and 4-cyanopyridines with lithium amides affords good yields of the corresponding aminopyridines via displacement of cyanide. Addition of CsF accelerates the reaction and can lead to significantly higher yields.
A simple synthesis of aminopyridines: Use of amides as amine source
Kodimuthali, Arumugam,Mungara, Anitha,Prasunamba, Padala Lakshmi,Pal, Manojit
, p. 1439 - 1445 (2010)
A transition metal/microwave irradiation (or base) free synthesis of aminopyridines has been accomplished via C-N bond forming reaction between chloropyridine and a variety of simple amides under refuxing conditions.
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Jameson,Lawlov
, p. 53,55 (1970)
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Formation of Singlet Oxygen in the Deoxygenation of Heteroarene N-Oxides by Dimethyldioxirane
Adam, Waldemar,Briviba, Karlis,Duschek, Frank,Golsch, Dieter,Kiefer, Wolfgang,Sies, Helmut
, p. 1831 - 1832 (1995)
4-Dimethylaminopyridine-N-oxide 2 and 2',3',5'-triacetyladenosine-N1-oxide 4 are partially deoxygenated by dimethyldioxirane (DMD) to the corresponding amines 1 and 3; the formation of singlet oxygen suggests a polar rather than a radical mechanism, in which we propose SN2 attack of the N-oxide on the dioxirane peroxide bond.
Metal-Free Deoxygenation of Amine N-Oxides: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies
Lecroq, William,Schleinitz, Jules,Billoue, Mallaury,Perfetto, Anna,Gaumont, Annie-Claude,Lalevée, Jacques,Ciofini, Ilaria,Grimaud, Laurence,Lakhdar, Sami
, p. 1237 - 1242 (2021/06/01)
We report herein an unprecedented combination of light and P(III)/P(V) redox cycling for the efficient deoxygenation of aromatic amine N-oxides. Moreover, we discovered that a large variety of aliphatic amine N-oxides can easily be deoxygenated by using only phenylsilane. These practically simple approaches proceed well under metal-free conditions, tolerate many functionalities and are highly chemoselective. Combined experimental and computational studies enabled a deep understanding of factors controlling the reactivity of both aromatic and aliphatic amine N-oxides.
Method for catalyzing N-alkylation of aminopyridine
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Paragraph 0087-0091, (2021/08/07)
The invention discloses a method for catalyzing N-alkylation of aminopyridine. The method comprises the step of reacting an aminopyridine compound with an alkylation raw material in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst to obtain an N-alkylated aminopyridine compound. The alkylation reaction has high activity and selectivity, is simple to operate and low in catalyst price, does not need other reaction steps, is beneficial to large-scale industrial production, and compared with previous reports, does not need to use a large amount of noble metals, can be continuously carried out, and does not use other expensive organic raw materials or reducing agents in the process. Generation of a large amount of organic waste liquid and solid waste is avoided, and collection operation of process products is simple.
Boron-Containing Organic Diradicaloids: Dynamically Modulating Singlet Diradical Character by Lewis Acid-Base Coordination
Dou, Chuandong,Guo, Jiaxiang,Wang, Yue,Yang, Yue
supporting information, p. 18272 - 18279 (2021/11/12)
Organic diradicaloids have unique open-shell structures and properties and promising applications in organic electronics and spintronics. Incorporation of heteroatoms is an effective strategy to alter the electronic structures of organic diradicaloids. However, B-containing organic diradicaloids are very challenging due to their high reactivities, which are caused by not only diradical nature but also the B atom. In this article, we report a new kind of organic diradicaloids containing boron atoms. Our strategy is to incorporate planarized triarylboranes to antiaromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs). We synthesized two isomeric B-containing PHs composed of indenofluorene π-skeletons and two dioxa-bridged triphenylborane moieties. As proved by theoretical and experimental results, both of them have excellent ambient stability and open-shell singlet diradical structures, as well as intriguing magnetic and optoelectronic properties, such as thermally accessible triplet species, reversible multiredox ability, and narrow energy gaps. Notably, they possess sufficient Lewis acidity, which has never been observed for organic diradicaloids. In addition, they can coordinate with Lewis bases to form Lewis adducts, achieving unprecedented dynamic modulations of (anti)aromaticity and thus diradical character of organic diradicaloids.
