16096-31-4Relevant articles and documents
Diol glycidyl ether-bridged cyclens: Preparation and their applications in gene delivery
Yi, Wen-Jing,Feng, Zhi-Hua,Zhang, Qin-Fang,Zhang, Ji,Li, Ling-Dong,Zhu, Wen,Yu, Xiao-Qi
, p. 2413 - 2421 (2011)
Polymeric 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanes (cyclens) using diol glycidyl ether with different chain length as bridges (5a-e) were designed and synthesized from various diols, 1,7-diprotected cyclen and epichlorohydrin. The molecular weights of the title polymers were measured by GPC with good polydispersity. Agarose gel retardation and fluorescent titration using ethidium bromide showed good DNA-binding ability of 5. They could retard plasmid DNA (pDNA) at an N/P ratio of 4-6 and form polyplexes with sizes around 100-250 nm from an N/P ratio of 10 to 60 and relatively low zeta-potential values (5-22 mV). The cytotoxicity of 5 assayed by MTT is much lower than that of 20 kDa PEI. In vitro transfection against A549 and 293 cells showed that the transfection efficiency (TE) of 5c/DNA polyplexes is close to that of 20 kDa PEI at an N/P ratio of 5. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 5 was discussed in their DNA-binding, cytotoxicity, and transfection studies. The TE of 5c/DNA polyplexes could be improved by the introduction of 50 μM of chloroquine, the endosomolytic agents, to pretreated cells. These studies may extend the application areas of macrocyclic polyamines, especially for cyclen.
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING EPOXY COMPOUND
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Page/Page column 6-7, (2012/02/06)
According to the present, invention, a process for producing an epoxy compound, where an epoxy compound can be selectively produced from olefins with good yield at low cost in a safe manner by a simple operation under mild conditions without using a quaternary ammonium salt or a metal compound, is provided. The present invention relates to a process for producing an epoxy compound, comprising epoxidizing a carbon-carbon double bond of an organic compound having a carbon-carbon double bond by using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant, wherein the epoxidation is carried by out using an organic nitrile compound and an organic amine compound.
Dermal penetration and metabolism of five glycidyl ethers in human, rat and mouse skin
Boogaard,Denneman,Van Sittert
, p. 469 - 483 (2007/10/03)
1. Glycidyl ethers (GE), an important class of industrial chemicals, are considered to be potentially mutagenic in vivo because some GE have been shown to be direct mutagens in short-term in vitro tests. 2. The percutaneous penetration and metabolism of representatives of different classes of GE was studied in the fresh, full-thickness C3H mouse, and dermatomed human and Fisher 344 rat skin to determine th apparent permeability constants, lag times and metabolic profiles. 3. Five different GE, the diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A (BADGE), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbiphenyl (Epikote YX4000) and 1,6-hexanediol (HDDGE) and the GE of 1-dodecanol (C12GE) and o-cresol (o-CGE), were synthesized by reaction of their alcohols with epichlorohydrin. Their radiolabelled analogues were synthesized with a 14C-label using [U-14C]-epichlorohydrin. 4. There was a large variation (four orders of magnitude) in percutaneous penetration between the five GE. In general, penetration through full-thickness mouse skin was higher than through dermatomed rat skin, whereas dermatomed human skin was the least permeable. The permeability increased in the order YX4000 12GE 12GE and o-CGE penetrated the skin unchanged. For o-CGE, but none of the other GE, the percentage of the applied dose that penetrated the skin unchanged increased over time. 7. The large variation in response observed with the five selected GE indicates that GE should not be considered as a single class of compounds but rather on the basis of their individual properties.