184483-51-0Relevant articles and documents
Visible-light excitation of iminium ions enables the enantioselective catalytic β-alkylation of enals
Silvi, Mattia,Verrier, Charlie,Rey, Yannick P.,Buzzetti, Luca,Melchiorre, Paolo
, p. 868 - 873 (2017)
Chiral iminium ions - generated upon condensation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and amine catalysts - are used extensively by chemists to make chiral molecules in enantioenriched form. In contrast, their potential to absorb light and promote stereocontrolled photochemical processes remains unexplored. This is despite the fact that visible-light absorption by iminium ions is a naturally occurring event that triggers the mechanism of vision in higher organisms. Herein we demonstrate that the direct excitation of chiral iminium ions can unlock unconventional reaction pathways, enabling enantioselective catalytic photochemical β-alkylations of enals that cannot be realized via thermal activation. The chemistry uses readily available alkyl silanes, which are recalcitrant to classical conjugate additions, and occurs under illumination by visible-light-emitting diodes. Crucial to success was the design of a chiral amine catalyst with well-tailored electronic properties that can generate a photo-active iminium ion while providing the source of stereochemical induction. This strategy is expected to offer new opportunities for reaction design in the field of enantioselective catalytic photochemistry.
A General Organocatalytic System for Enantioselective Radical Conjugate Additions to Enals
Le Saux, Emilien,Ma, Dengke,Bonilla, Pablo,Holden, Catherine M.,Lustosa, Danilo,Melchiorre, Paolo
supporting information, p. 5357 - 5362 (2021/02/01)
Herein, we report a general iminium ion-based catalytic method for the enantioselective conjugate addition of carbon-centered radicals to aliphatic and aromatic enals. The process uses an organic photoredox catalyst, which absorbs blue light to generate radicals from stable precursors, in combination with a chiral amine catalyst, which secures a consistently high level of stereoselectivity. The generality of this catalytic platform is demonstrated by the stereoselective interception of a wide variety of radicals, including non-stabilized primary ones which are generally difficult to engage in asymmetric processes. The system also served to develop organocatalytic cascade reactions that combine an iminium-ion-based radical trap with an enamine-mediated step, affording stereochemically dense chiral products in one-step.
α-Photooxygenation of chiral aldehydes with singlet oxygen
Walaszek, Dominika J.,Jawiczuk, Magdalena,Durka, Jakub,Drapa?a, Olga,Gryko, Dorota
, p. 2076 - 2084 (2019/09/30)
Organocatalytic α-oxygenation of chiral aldehydes with photochemically generated singlet oxygen allows synthesizing chiral 3-substituted 1,2-diols. Stereochemical results indicate that the reaction in the presence of diarylprolinol silyl ethers is highly
Asymmetric Photocatalytic C-H Functionalization of Toluene and Derivatives
Mazzarella, Daniele,Crisenza, Giacomo E. M.,Melchiorre, Paolo
supporting information, p. 8439 - 8443 (2018/07/25)
Reported herein is a visible-light-mediated organocatalytic direct C-H functionalization of toluene derivatives to afford enantioenriched β-benzylated aldehydes from the corresponding enals. The process combines the oxidative power of a chiral excited-state iminium ion and the basic nature of its counteranion to trigger the generation of benzylic radicals by means of a sequential multisite proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. This study shows that feedstock chemicals generally used as solvents, such as toluene and xylene derivatives, can be used as substrates for making chiral molecules with high enantioselectivity.
SuperQuat N-acyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-ones for the asymmetric synthesis of α-alkyl and β-alkyl aldehydes
Bull, Steven D.,Davies, Stephen G.,Nicholson, Rebecca L.,Sanganee, Hitesh J.,Smith, Andrew D.
, p. 2886 - 2899 (2007/10/03)
The proclivity of α-branched N-2′-benzyl-3′-phenylpropionyl derivatives of (S)-4-benzyl-5,5-dimethyl-, (S)-4-phenyl-5,5-dimethyl-, (S)-4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-, (S)-4-benzyl- and (S)-4-benzyl-5,5-diphenyl-oxazolidin-2-ones to generate directly 2-benzyl-3-phenylpropionaldehyde upon hydride reduction with DIBAL is investigated. The (S)-4-benzyl-5,5-dimethyl-derivative proved optimal for inhibition of endocyclic nucleophilic attack, giving 2-benzyl-3-phenylpropionaldehyde in good yield upon reduction. Application of this methodology for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral aldehydes via diastereoselective enolate alkylation of a range of (S)-N-acyl-4-benzyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-ones to afford an array of α-substituted-N-acyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-ones (85-94% de) and subsequent reduction with DIBAL afforded directly non-racemic α-substituted aldehydes without loss of stereochemical integrity (87-94% ee). The extension of this protocol for the asymmetric synthesis of β-substituted aldehydes is demonstrated, via the diastereoselective conjugate addition of a range of organocuprates to (S)-N-acyl-4-phenyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-ones which proceeds with high diastereoselectivity (generally >95% de). Reduction of the conjugate addition products with DIBAL gives non-racemic β-substituted aldehydes in high yields and in high ee (generally >95% ee). This methodology is exemplified by the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-3-isopropenylhept-6-enal, which has previously been used in the synthesis of (3Z,6R)-3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-yl acetate, a component of the sex pheromones of the California red scale.
Enantioenriched acid, ester, and ketone β-phenyl homoenolate synthetic equivalents from N-Boc-N-(p-methoxyphenyl)cinnamylamine
Whisler,Soli,Beak
, p. 9527 - 9531 (2007/10/03)
Oxidation of the β-substituted highly enantioenriched aldehydes obtained by hydrolysis of the 3,3-disubstituted enecarbamates affords enantioenriched β-substituted acids and esters. Lithiation of enantio-enriched 3,3-disubstituted enecarbamates and subsequent reaction with electrophiles provides vinylically substituted enecarbamates. The use of benzyl and alkyl halide electrophiles affords α-substituted enecarbamates, which can be hydrolyzed to provide enantioenriched β-substituted ketones. Reaction of the lithiated intermediate with ketones affords oxazolidinones, which can be reductively ring-opened with DIBAL and hydrolyzed to provide enantioenriched β-substituted, α'-hydroxy ketones. These transformations demonstrate that the enantioselective lithiation of N-Boc-N-(p-methoxyphenyl)cinnamylamine provides a reactive intermediate which can be a ketone, acid, or ester homoenolate synthon. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
