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467-15-2Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Demethylation of Reticuline and Derivatives Thereof with Fungal Cytochrome P450
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Paragraph 0561; 0562; 0564; 0850, (2021/07/31)
The invention relates to recombinant host cells that expresses one or more genes encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme capable of N-demethylating and/O-demethylating reticuline and/or derivatives thereof, and also methods of producing a N-demethylated and/or O-demethylated reticuline and/or derivatives thereof, comprising cultivating the recombinant host of the invention in a culture medium under conditions in which the one or more genes encoding the cytochrome P450 enzymes is/are expressed. The reticuline and derivatives thereof are useful for providing access to naturally unavailable and chemically difficult-to-produce starting materials for opioids.
Synthesis of Potential Haptens with Morphine Skeleton and Determination of Protonation Constants
K?teles, István,Mazák, Károly,Tóth, Gerg?,T?z, Boglárka,Hosztafi, Sándor
, (2020/09/17)
Vaccination could be a promising alternative warfare against drug addiction and abuse. For this purpose, so-called haptens can be used. These molecules alone do not induce the activation of the immune system, this occurs only when they are attached to an immunogenic carrier protein. Hence obtaining a free amino or carboxylic group during the structural transformation is an important part of the synthesis. Namely, these groups can be used to form the requisite peptide bond between the hapten and the carrier protein. Focusing on this basic principle, six nor-morphine compounds were treated with ethyl acrylate and ethyl bromoacetate, while the prepared esters were hydrolyzed to obtain the N-carboxymethyl- and N-carboxyethyl-normorphine derivatives which are considered as potential haptens. The next step was the coupling phase with glycine ethyl ester, but the reactions did not work or the work-up process was not accomplishable. As an alternative route, the normorphine-compounds were N-alkylated with N-(chloroacetyl)glycine ethyl ester. These products were hydrolyzed in alkaline media and after the work-up process all of the derivatives contained the free carboxylic group of the glycine side chain. The acid-base properties of these molecules are characterized in detail. In the N-carboxyalkyl derivatives, the basicity of the amino and phenolate site is within an order of magnitude. In the glycine derivatives the basicity of the amino group is significantly decreased compared to the parent compounds (i.e., morphine, oxymorphone) because of the electron withdrawing amide group. The protonation state of the carboxylate group significantly influences the basicity of the amino group. All of the glycine ester and the glycine carboxylic acid derivatives are currently under biological tests.
Characterization of the in vitro CYP450 mediated metabolism of the polymorphic CYP2D6 probe drug codeine in horses
Knych, Heather K.,Baden, Russell W.,Gretler, Sophie R.,McKemie, Daniel S.
, p. 184 - 192 (2019/07/17)
Despite their widespread popularity as sport and companion animals and published and anecdotal reports of vast difference in drug disposition and pharmacokinetics between individuals, studies describing equine drug metabolism are limited. It has been theorized that similar to humans, members of the CYP2D family in horses may be polymorphic in nature leading to differences in metabolism of substrates. This study aims to build on the limited current knowledge regarding P450 mediated metabolism in horses by describing the metabolism of the polymorphic CYP2D6 probe drug codeine in vitro. Codeine, at varying substrate concentrations, was incubated with equine liver microsomes (±UDPGA) and a panel of baculovirus expressed recombinant equine P450s. Parent drug and metabolite concentrations were determined using LC-MS/MS. Incubation of codeine in equine liver microsomes generated norcodeine, morphine, codeine glucuronide and morphine 3- and 6- glucuronide. In recombinant P450 assays, the newly described CYP2D82 was responsible for catalyzing the biotransformation of codeine to morphine (Km of 247.4 μM and a Vmax of 1.6 pmol/min/pmol P450). CYP2D82 is 80% homologous to the highly polymorphic CYP2D6 enzyme, which is responsible for biotransformation of codeine to morphine in humans. CYP3A95, which shares 79% sequence homology with human CYP3A4 and CYP2D50 catalyzed the conversion of codeine to norcodeine (Km of 104.1 and 526.9 μM, Vmax of 2.8 and 2.6 pmol/min/pmol P450). In addition to describing the P450 mediated metabolism of codeine, the current study offers a candidate probe drug that could be used in vivo to study the functional implications of polymorphisms in the CYP2D gene in horses.
Thiol-Reactive Analogues of Galanthamine, Codeine, and Morphine as Potential Probes to Interrogate Allosteric Binding within Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Gallagher, Ryan,Chebib, Mary,Balle, Thomas,McLeod, Malcolm D.
, p. 1834 - 1841 (2015/12/26)
Alkaloids including galanthamine (1) and codeine (2) are reported to be positive allosteric modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the binding sites responsible for this activity are not known with certainty. Analogues of galanthamine (1), codeine (2), and morphine (3) with reactivity towards cysteine thiols were synthesized including conjugated enone derivatives of the three alkaloids 4-6 and two chloro-alkane derivatives of codeine 7 and 8. The stability of the enones was deemed sufficient for use in buffered aqueous solutions, and their reactivity towards thiols was assessed by determining the kinetics of reaction with a cysteine derivative. All three enone derivatives were of sufficient reactivity and stability to be used in covalent trapping, an extension of the substituted cysteine accessibility method, to elucidate the allosteric binding sites of galanthamine and codeine at nAChRs.
Polonovski-type N-demethylation of N-methyl alkaloids using substituted ferrocene redox catalysts
Kok, Gaik B.,Scammells, Peter J.
experimental part, p. 2587 - 2594 (2012/09/22)
Various substituted ferrocenes have been trialed as catalysts in the nonclassical Polonovski reaction for N-demethylation of N-methyl alkaloids. Earlier studies suggest that conditions facilitating a higher ferrocenium ion concentration lead to superior outcomes. In this regard, the bifunctional ferrocene FcCH2CO2H, with electron donor and acceptor moieties in the same molecule, has been shown to be advantageous for use as a catalyst in the N-demethylation of a number of tertiary N-methylamines such as codeine, thebaine, and oripavine. These substrates are readily N-demethylated under mild conditions, employing sub-stoichiometric amounts of the substituted ferrocene at ambient temperature. These reactions are equally efficient in air and may also be carried out in one pot. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.
Efficient iron-catalyzed n-demethylation of tertiary amine-N-oxides under oxidative conditions
Kok, Gaik B.,Scammells, Peter J.
experimental part, p. 1515 - 1521 (2012/02/04)
An investigation into the influence of oxidative conditions on the efficiency of opiate N-demethylation using iron powder has been carried out under non-classical Polonovski conditions. This approach involves a two-step process of N-oxidation and subsequent treatment of the intermediate N-oxide hydrochloride with the redox catalyst. Significant improvements in rate and yield have been realized for these reactions in the presence of molecular oxygen. In this context, further rate enhancement was achieved by the judicious addition of small amounts of ferric ions, leading to a concomitant reduction in the amount of the zero-valent iron primary catalyst that is required. This has led to a generalized improved methodology for the N-demethylation of oripavine, codeine, morphine, and thebaine. This protocol can also be carried out in one-pot without the need to isolate the intermediate N-oxide.
Biotransformations of morphine alkaloids by fungi: N-demethylations, oxidations, and reductions
Chaudhary, Vigi,Leisch, Hannes,Moudra, Alena,Allen, Blake,De Luca, Vincenzo,Cox, D. Phillip,Hudlicky, Tomas
experimental part, p. 1179 - 1193 (2010/04/26)
Morphine alkaloids and some of its derivatives (morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone) were subjected to fermentations with six fungal strains. The alkaloids were transformed to a variety of products via biological oxidations, reductions, and oxidative demethylations. The strain Cunninghamella echinulata proved to be the most effective for demethylations of all of the above compounds, except for morphine. The time profile of the conversion of 3-[14CH3]thebaine to 3-[ 14CH3]northebaine by C. echinulata cultures was also determined.
METHODS FOR N-DEMETHYLATION OF MORPHINE AND TROPANE ALKALOIDS
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Page/Page column 4, (2009/01/24)
The present invention provides a method for the N-demethylation of an N-methylated heterocycle, particularly a morphine or tropane alkaloid or derivative thereof. The method comprises reacting the heterocycle with a metal catalyst and a solvent in the presence of an oxidizing agent.
Further investigation of the N-demethylation of tertiary amine alkaloids using the non-classical Polonovski reaction
Thavaneswaran, Shanti,Scammells, Peter J.
, p. 2868 - 2871 (2007/10/03)
The iron salt-mediated Polonovski reaction efficiently N-demethylates certain opiate alkaloids. In this process, the use of the hydrochloride salt of the tertiary N-methyl amine oxide was reported to give better yields of the desired N-demethylated product. Herein, we report further investigation into the use of N-oxide salts in the iron salt-mediated Polonovski reaction. An efficient approach for the removal of iron salts that greatly facilitates isolation and purification of the N-nor product is also described.
Efficient N-Demethylation of Opiate Alkaloids Using a Modified Nonclassical Polonovski Reaction
McCamley, Kristy,Ripper, Justin A.,Singer, Robert D.,Scammells, Peter J.
, p. 9847 - 9850 (2007/10/03)
A modified Polonovski reaction has been employed to N-demethylate several opiate alkaloids in moderate to high yield. This method provides an alternative to traditional N-demethylation procedures which utilize toxic reagents such as cyanogen bromide or expensive reagents such as vinyl chloroformate. The current synthesis involves N-oxide formation, isolation of the corresponding N-oxide hydrochloride, and an FeS04·7H20 mediated Polonovski reaction to afford the desired secondary amine.