4673-31-8Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Biotransformation of substituted pyridines with dioxygenase-containing microorganisms
Garrett, Mark D.,Scott, Robin,Sheldrake, Gary N.,Dalton, Howard,Goode, Paul
, p. 2710 - 2715 (2006)
A series of 2-, 3- and 4-substituted pyridines was metabolised using the mutant soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida UV4 which contains a toluene dioxygenase (TDO) enzyme. The regioselectivity of the biotransformation in each case was determined by the position of the substituent. 4-Alkylpyridines were hydroxylated exclusively on the ring to give the corresponding 4-substituted 3-hydroxypyridines, while 3-alkylpyridines were hydroxylated stereoselectively on C-1 of the alkyl group with no evidence of ring hydroxylation. 2-Alkylpyridines gave both ring and side-chain hydroxylation products. Choro- and bromo-substituted pyridines, and pyridine itself, while being poor substrates for P. putida UV4, were converted to some extent to the corresponding 3-hydroxypyridines. These unoptimised biotransformations are rare examples of the direct enzyme-catalysed oxidation of pyridine rings and provide a novel synthetic method for the preparation of substituted pyridinols. Evidence for the involvement of the same TDO enzyme in both ring and side-chain hydroxylation pathways was obtained using a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli (pKST11) containing a cloned gene for TDO. The observed stereoselectivity of the side-chain hydroxylation process in P. putida UV4 was complicated by the action of an alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme in the organism which slowly leads to epimerisation of the initial (R)-alcohol bioproducts by dehydrogenation to the corresponding ketones followed by stereoselective reduction to the (S)-alcohols. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006.
Interconversion of nicotine enantiomers during heating and implications for smoke from combustible cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes
Moldoveanu, Serban C.
, p. 667 - 677 (2022/02/02)
Physiological properties of (R)-nicotine have differences compared with (S)-nicotine, and the subject of (S)- and (R)-nicotine ratio in smoking or vaping related items is of considerable interest. A Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of (S)- and (R)-nicotine has been developed and applied to samples of nicotine from different sources, nicotine pyrolyzates, several types of tobacco, smoke from combustible cigarettes, smoke from heated tobacco products, e-liquids, and particulate matter obtained from e-cigarettes aerosol. The separation was achieved on a Chiracel OJ-3 column, 250 × 4.6 mm with 3-μm particles using a nonaqueous mobile phase. The detection was performed using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in positive mode. The only transition measured for the analysis of nicotine was 163.1 → 84.0. The method has been summarily validated. For the analysis, the samples of tobacco and smoke from combustible cigarettes were subject to a cleanup procedure using solid phase extraction (SPE). It was demonstrated that nicotine upon heating above 450°C for several minutes starts decomposing, and some formation of (R)-enantiomer from a sample of 99% (S)-nicotine is observed. An analogous process takes place when a 99% (R)-nicotine is heated and forms low levels of (S)-nicotine. This interconversion has the effect of slightly increasing the content of (R)-nicotine in smoke compared with the level in tobacco for combustible cigarettes and for heated tobacco products. The (S)/(R) ratio of nicotine enantiomers in e-liquids was identical with the ratio for the particulate phase of aerosols generated by e-cigarette vaping.
Photocatalyzed Site-Selective C(sp3)-H Functionalization of Alkylpyridines at Non-Benzylic Positions
Fukuyama, Takahide,Nishikawa, Tomohiro,Yamada, Keiichi,Ravelli, Davide,Fagnoni, Maurizio,Ryu, Ilhyong
supporting information, p. 6436 - 6439 (2017/12/08)
Tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT)-photocatalyzed C-H functionalization of alkylpyridines was investigated. Unlike alkylbenzene counterparts, alkylation of α-C-H bonds did not proceed for the reaction of 2- and 4-alkylpyridines and reluctantly proceeded for 3-alkylpyridines, which allow site-selective C(sp3)-H functionalization at nonbenzylic positions. The observed nonbenzylic site selectivities are rationalized by the polar inductive effects of pyridyl groups in the SH2 transition states. Consecutive γ-functionalization and α-bromofunctionalization were successfully carried out in selected cases.
Iron-catalyzed olefin hydrogenation at 1 bar H2 with a FeCl3-LiAlH4 catalyst
Gieshoff, Tim N.,Villa, Matteo,Welther, Alice,Plois, Markus,Chakraborty, Uttam,Wolf, Robert,Jacobi Von Wangelin, Axel
supporting information, p. 1408 - 1413 (2015/03/18)
The scope and mechanism of a practical protocol for the iron-catalyzed hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes at 1 bar H2 pressure were studied. The catalyst is formed from cheap chemicals (5 mol% FeCl3-LiAlH4, THF). A homogeneous mechanism operates at early stages of the reaction while active nanoparticles form upon ageing of the catalyst solution. This journal is
Cross-coupling reactions through the intramolecular activation of Alkyl(triorgano)silanes
Nakao, Yoshiaki,Takeda, Masahide,Matsumoto, Takuya,Hiyama, Tamejiro
supporting information; scheme or table, p. 4447 - 4450 (2010/08/19)
(Figure Presented) Cross-Si-ing the Jordan: Cross-coupling reactions of 2-(2-hydroxyprop-2-yl)phenylsubstituted alkylsilanes with a variety of aryl halides proceed in the presence of palladium and copper catalysts. The use of K3PO4 base allows for highly chemoselective alkyl coupling with both primary and secondary alkyl groups (Alk).
NICOTINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS MODULATORS OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS
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Page/Page column 32-33, (2008/06/13)
The present invention relates to novel nicotinic acid derivatives, of formula (I), wherein the substituents are defined in the specification, their preparation, their use as pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
New Synthesis of 3-Alkylpyridines
Tereshko, A. B.,Tarasevich, V. A.,Kozlov, N. G.
, p. 258 - 259 (2007/10/03)
An effective method is reported for preparation of 3-alkylpyridines from piperidine and C1-C10 aliphatic alcohols at 300-500 deg C in the presence of a dehydrogenating catalyst.
SYNTHESIS OF 3-N-BUTYLPYRIDINE - A TOXIC METABOLITE OF THE FUNGUS Fusarium oxysporum AND ITS HOMOLOGUES
Goshaev, M. G.
, p. 391 - 393 (2007/10/02)
The interaction of the tri-n-butylphosphine complex of lithium di(3-pyridyl) copper(I) with 1-iodobutane and with other alkyl halides in ether at room temperature has given 3-n-butylpyridine and its homologues with yields of 82-89 percent.
Ligand interaction of sustituted pyridines with cytochrome P-450.
Born,Early
, p. 850 - 851 (2007/10/02)
A series of pyridyl ketones and alkyl pyridines was evaluated as type II ligands for cytochrome P-450. Activity as type II ligands was evaluated in terms of the lipid solubility and the pKa values of the compounds.
