5223-06-3Relevant articles and documents
Development of an improved and scalable process for 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl) ethan-1-ol: Solvent-free reaction and recycling of the starting material 5-ethyl-2-picoline
Mohanty, Sandeep,Talasila, Srinivasarao,Roy, Amrendra Kumar,Karmakar, Arun Chandra
, p. 168 - 173 (2014/05/20)
The main objective of this exercise was to develop a more efficient process for 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethan-1-ol (1), which is the key intermediate in the synthesis of pioglitazone hydrochloride. This process not only features the yield improvement of (1) by optimizing reaction variables in solvent-free conditions but also highlights improving the mass efficiency of 5-ethyl-2-picoline (2), thereby reducing the effluent load per kilogram of the intermediate.
Reversible dioxygen binding and aromatic hydroxylation in O2-reactions with substituted xylyl dinuclear copper(I) complexes: Syntheses and low-temperature kinetic/thermodynamic and spectroscopic investigations of a copper monooxygenase model system
Karlin, Kenneth D.,Nasir, M. Sarwar,Cohen, Brett I.,Cruse, Richard W.,Kaderli, Susan,Zuberbühler, Andreas D.
, p. 1324 - 1336 (2007/10/02)
The binding and subsequent reactivity of dioxygen (O2) upon binding to copper ion centers is of fundamental interest in chemical and biological processes. We provide here a detailed account of the reaction of O2 with dicopper(I) complexes, involving O2-reversible binding, followed by the stoichiometric aromatic hydroxylation of the ligand. Thus, tricoordinated dicopper(I) complexes [Cu2(R-XYL)]2+ (R = H, MeO, t-Bu, F, CN, NO2; 1a-f) possess dinucleating meta-substituted xylylene ligands with two chelating tridentate bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]amine (PY2) moieties and a 5-R substituent. Upon reaction with O2, dioxygen adducts [Cu2(R-XYL)(O2)]2+ (2a,c-f) form reversibly, and these subsequently yield 2-xylylene-hydroxylated products [Cu2(R-XYL-O-)(OH)]2+ (3a-f), which are phenoxo- and hydroxo-bridged copper(II) complexes. The products 3 have been characterized via the X-ray structure of the parent complex 3a, and by their UV-visible, infrared, and room-temperature magnetic properties. Incorporation of the O-atom from dioxygen into the phenolic products has been proven by isotopic labeling experiments, except in the case of 3f, where workup results in an exchange reaction causing loss of the oxygen label. In reactions of O2 with 1 in dichloromethane at room temperature, 10-25% yields of unhydroxylated complexes [Cu2(R-XYL)(OH)]3+ (5) are obtained. A stopped-flow kinetics study of O2 reactions of 1 in CH2Cl2 demonstrates that [Cu2(R-XYL)(O2)]2+ (2a,c-f) complexes form reversibly, proceeding via the reaction 1 + O2 ? 2 (K1 = k1/k-1); this is followed by the irreversible reaction 2 → 3 (k2). Analysis of temperature-dependent data which is accompanied by spectrophotometric monitoring yields both kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for R = H, t-Bu, F, and NO2. Dioxygen binding to 1 occurs in a single observable step with low activation enthalpies (6-29 kJ mol-1) and large, negative activation entropies (-66 to -167 J K-1 mol-1). The remote R-substituent has a significant effect on the dioxygen-binding process and this is explained in terms of its multistep nature. Strong binding (K1) occurs at low temperature (e.g. -80 °C), and thermodynamic parameters indicate a large enthalpic contribution (ΔH° = -52 to -74 kJ mol-1), but room-temperature stabilities of the dioxygen adducts are precluded by very large unfavorable entropies (ΔS° = -156 to -250 J K-1 mol-1). Electron-releasing R-substituents cause a small but significant enhancement of k2, the hydroxylation step, consistent with a mechanism involving electrophilic attack of the Cu2O2 intermediate 2 upon the xylyl aromatic ring. The influence of substituent upon the various rates of reaction allows for stabilization (～minutes), allowing the bench-top observation of 2d,e,f using UV-visible spectroscopy at -80 °C. "Vacuum-cycling" experiments can be carried out on 1f/2f, i.e., the repetitive oxygenation of 1f at -80 °C, followed by removal of O2 from 2f by application of a vacuum. Dicopper(I) complexes I have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, along with analogs in which an ethyl group has been placed in the 5-position of the pyridyl ring donor groups, i.e., [CuI2(R-XYL-(5-Et-PY))]2+ (1g, R = H; 1h, R = NO2). Variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopic studies provide clues as to why [Cu2(MeO-XYL)]2+ (1b) does not oxygenate (i.e., bind O2 and/or hydroxylate) at low temperature, the conclusion being that significant interactions of the coordinately unsaturated copper(I) ion(s) with the chelated methoxybenzene group result in conformations unsuitable for O2-reactivity. The biological implications of the biomimetic chemistry described here are discussed, as a system effecting oxidative C-H functionalization using O2 under mild conditions and as a monooxygenase model system for tyrosinase (phenol o-monooxygenase), with its dinuclear active site.
