576-19-2

Usage

Uses

Used in Synthesis of Biocytin-containing Peptides:
Biocytin is used as a key component in the synthesis of Biocytin-containing peptides to study the mechanism of reactions catalyzed by biotin-containing enzymes.
Used in Neuroanatomical Investigations:
Biocytin serves as a versatile fluorescent marker for neuroanatomical investigations, aiding in the visualization and analysis of neural structures.
Used in Biotinidase Assay:
Biocytin is utilized as a substrate to study the specificity and kinetics of biotinidase(s), measure biotinidase deficiency, and as a model compound to study various uptake mechanisms of cells and tissues.
Used in Neuron Labeling:
Biocytin has been employed to label neurons, medium spiny neurons, and optic nerves, providing valuable insights into their structure and function.

Biological Activity

Versatile marker used in anterograde, retrograde and intracellular neuroanatomical investigations and in biotinidase assays. Displays high solubility in aqueous solutions and has a low molecular weight facilitating injection using micropipettes. Can be incorporated with a variety of avidin and streptavidin conjugates for detection by light, fluorescence or electron microscope.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Biocytin is an adduct of lysine and biotin. It is hydrolyzed by biotinidase, which acts on peptide-incorporated biotin or free biotin. Biocytin acts as a coenzyme.

Purification Methods

Recrystallise biocytin rapidly from dilute MeOH or Me2CO. It can also be recrystallised from H2O by slow evaporation or by dissolving in the minimum volume of H2O and adding Me2CO until solid separates. It is freely soluble in H2O and AcOH but insoluble in Me2CO. [Wolf et al. J Am Chem Soc 74 2002 1952, 72 1048 1950.] It has been purified by chromatography on superfiltrol-Celite, Al2O3 and by countercurrent distribution and then recrystallised [IR: Peck et al. J Am Chem Soc 74 1991 1952]. The hydrochloride recrystallises from aqueous Me2CO/HCl and has m 227o (dec). [Beilstein 27 III/IV 7984.]

InChI:InChI=1/C16H28N4O4S/c17-10(15(22)23)5-3-4-8-18-13(21)7-2-1-6-12-14-11(9-25-12)19-16(24)20-14/h10-12,14H,1-9,17H2,(H,18,21)(H,22,23)(H2,19,20,24)

Synthetic route

N-(4-((S)-5'-oxo-9λ4-boraspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,2'-[1,3,2]oxazaborolidin]-4'-yl)butyl)-5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamide → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride In tetrahydrofuran; water at 20℃; for 2h;	73%

L-lysine (56-87-1) + biotin chloride (91853-90-6) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide; chloroform

N2-formyl-N6-[5-((3aS)-2-oxo-(3ar,6ac)-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4t-yl)-valeryl]-L-lysine (857358-40-8) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride

biotin methyl ester (608-16-2) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With toluene; 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

Boc-Lys(biotinyl)-OH (62062-43-5) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With methoxybenzene; trifluoroacetic acid

L-lysine (56-87-1) + biotin-ethyl ester → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With toluene; 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

biotin N-Hydroxysuccinimide ester (35013-72-0) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: biotin N-Hydroxysuccinimide ester With sodium hydrogencarbonate In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide Stage #2: With ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid In water
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: sodium hydroxide / 1,4-dioxane; water / 20 °C / pH 8 - 8.5 2: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 1 h / 20 °C View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: sodium hydroxide / 1,4-dioxane / 22 - 25 °C / pH 8 - 8.5 2: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 1 h / 22 - 25 °C View Scheme

Nα-formyl-L-lysine (19729-28-3) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: pyridine 2: aqueous HCl View Scheme

biotin chloride (91853-90-6) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 2: toluene; 1,2,4-trichloro-benzene View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: pyridine 2: aqueous HCl View Scheme

N6-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-lysine (1155-64-2) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: acetic acid anhydride / und Hydrieren des Reaktionsprodukts an Palladium 2: pyridine 3: aqueous HCl View Scheme

Boc-Lys-OH (13734-28-6) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: Py, aq. NaOH 2: aq. CF3CO2H, anisole View Scheme

D-(+)-biotin 2-nitrophenyl ester (33755-53-2) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: Py, aq. NaOH 2: aq. CF3CO2H, anisole View Scheme

5-((3aS)-2-oxo-1-trifluoroacetyl-(3ar,6ac)-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4t-yl)-pentanoic acid 4-nitro-phenyl ester (62062-42-4) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: aq. EtOH / Heating 2: Py, aq. NaOH 3: aq. CF3CO2H, anisole View Scheme

biotin (58-85-5) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: 4-nitro-phenol, Py / 50 °C 2: aq. EtOH / Heating 3: Py, aq. NaOH 4: aq. CF3CO2H, anisole View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 20 °C 2: sodium hydroxide / 1,4-dioxane; water / 20 °C / pH 8 - 8.5 3: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 1 h / 20 °C View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 22 - 25 °C 2: sodium hydroxide / 1,4-dioxane / 22 - 25 °C / pH 8 - 8.5 3: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 1 h / 22 - 25 °C View Scheme

N-α-Fmoc-N-ε-biotinyl-L-lysine (146987-10-2) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 1h;
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 22 - 25℃; for 1h;

L-lysine (56-87-1) + biotin (58-85-5) → biocytin (576-19-2)

Conditions	Yield
With 1-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; sodium hydroxide In dichloromethane at 45℃; for 2h; pH=7.4;

[CpFe(CO)2(η1-N-3-isothiocyanatophtalimidato)] (192222-85-8) + biocytin (576-19-2) → [CpFe(CO)2(NC8H3O2NHC(S)NHCH(COOH)(CH2)4NHCO(CH2)4C5H7N2OS)]

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide (Ar); stirring of soln. of CpFe(CO)2(NC8H3O2NCS), biocytin and Et3N in water at room temp. for 2 h; evapn. to dryness, dissolving in water, acidification to pH 3 with 0.6 MHCl, pptn., elem. anal.;	94%

2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl succinimidyl carbonate (57903-15-8) + biocytin (576-19-2) → (S)-2-(2-Methanesulfonyl-ethoxycarbonylamino)-6-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-hexanoic acid

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In water; acetonitrile for 16h; Ambient temperature;	93%

[CpFe(CO)2(η1-N-4-isothiocyanatophtalimidato)] (192222-87-0) + water (7732-18-5) + biocytin (576-19-2) → [CpFe(CO)2(NC8H3O2NHC(S)NHCH(COOH)(CH2)4NHCO(CH2)4C5H7N2OS)] monohydrate

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide (Ar); stirring of soln. of CpFe(CO)2(NC8H3O2NCS), biocytin and Et3N in water at room temp. for 2 h; evapn. to dryness, dissolving in water, acidification to pH 3 with 0.6 MHCl, pptn., elem. anal.;	93%

1-<<4-<3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl>benzoyl>oxy>-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (87736-89-8) + biocytin (576-19-2) → Nα-(4-(1-azi-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-L-biocytin

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide Ambient temperature;	91%

p-benzoylbenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (91990-88-4) + biocytin (576-19-2) → Nα-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-L-biocytin (165898-24-8)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide	90%
With sodium hydroxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide Ambient temperature;	82%

succinimidyl 4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate (126695-58-7) + biocytin (576-19-2) → 2-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido)-6-[5-(hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)pentanamido]hexanoic acid (165898-22-6)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃;	89%
With sodium hydroxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide Ambient temperature;	85%

1-<<<2-nitro-4-<3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl>phenoxy>acetyl>oxy>-2,5-pyrrolidinedione (125680-85-5) + biocytin (576-19-2) → (S)-2-{2-[2-Nitro-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-3H-diazirin-3-yl)-phenoxy]-acetylamino}-6-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-hexanoic acid (178484-35-0)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide; acetonitrile for 1h; Ambient temperature;	89%

[CpFe(CO)2(η1-N-4-isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonamido)] (546094-91-1) + water (7732-18-5) + biocytin (576-19-2) → [CpFe(CO)2(NHSO2C6H4NHC(S)NHCH(COOH)(CH2)4NHCO(CH2)4C5H7N2OS)] thihydrate

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide (Ar); stirring of soln. of CpFe(CO)2(NHSO2C6H4NCS), biocytin and Et3N inwater at room temp. for 2 h; evapn. to dryness, dissolving in water, acidification to pH 3 with 0.6 MHCl, pptn., elem. anal.;	62%

9-methoxy-9-BBN (38050-71-4) + biocytin (576-19-2) → N-(4-((S)-5'-oxo-9λ4-boraspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,2'-[1,3,2]oxazaborolidin]-4'-yl)butyl)-5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamide

Conditions	Yield
In methanol; hexane for 4h; Reflux;	58%

4-azidobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (53053-08-0) + biocytin (576-19-2) → C23H31N7O5S

Conditions	Yield
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 22 - 25℃;	30.4%
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine at 20℃;

nitroveratryloxycarbonyl chloride (42855-00-5) + biocytin (576-19-2) → (S)-2-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitro-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-6-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-hexanoic acid

Conditions	Yield
With sodium carbonate In tetrahydrofuran; water for 3h;

biocytin (576-19-2) → (S)-2-(4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-benzoylamino)-6-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-hexanoic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester (249749-25-5)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: 89 percent / aq. NaOH / dimethylformamide / 20 °C 2: 77 percent / dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / dimethylformamide / 12 h / 20 °C View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → 4-Azido-N-{(S)-1-(2-{2-[4-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-phenylamino)-6-methoxy-quinazolin-7-yloxy]-ethoxy}-ethylcarbamoyl)-5-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-pentyl}-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-benzamide

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 89 percent / aq. NaOH / dimethylformamide / 20 °C 2: 77 percent / dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / dimethylformamide / 12 h / 20 °C 3: 98 percent / dimethylformamide / 12 h / 20 °C View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → (S)-2-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitro-benzyloxycarbonylamino)-6-[5-((3aR,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-hexanoic acid cyanomethyl ester

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: sodium carbonate / H2O; tetrahydrofuran / 3 h 2: triethylamine / dimethylformamide View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → 1-(N-(Nα-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-L-biocytinoyl)amino)-6-(N'-pepstatinoylamino)hexane

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: 82 percent / aq. NaOH / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature 2: 86 percent / diisopropylethylamine, HOAT, EDAC / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature 3: HCl / dioxane / 1 h / Ambient temperature 4: diisopropylethylamine, HOAT, EDAC / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → N-{(S)-1-(6-Amino-hexylcarbamoyl)-5-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-pentyl}-4-benzoyl-benzamide

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 82 percent / aq. NaOH / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature 2: 86 percent / diisopropylethylamine, HOAT, EDAC / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature 3: HCl / dioxane / 1 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → 1-(N-(Nα-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-L-biocytinoyl)amino)-6-(N'-boc-amino)hexane (165898-25-9)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: 82 percent / aq. NaOH / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature 2: 86 percent / diisopropylethylamine, HOAT, EDAC / dimethylformamide / Ambient temperature View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → {(S)-1-(2-Amino-ethylcarbamoyl)-5-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-pentyl}-carbamic acid 2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl ester (168639-65-4)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 93 percent / Et3N / H2O; acetonitrile / 16 h / Ambient temperature 2: 70 percent / Et3N, HOBt, CMC metho-p-toluene sulfonate / H2O; acetonitrile / 16 h / Ambient temperature 3: aq. TFA / Ambient temperature View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → {(S)-1-(2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-ethylcarbamoyl)-5-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-pentyl}-carbamic acid 2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl ester (168639-75-6)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: 93 percent / Et3N / H2O; acetonitrile / 16 h / Ambient temperature 2: 70 percent / Et3N, HOBt, CMC metho-p-toluene sulfonate / H2O; acetonitrile / 16 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

biocytin (576-19-2) → {(S)-1-{2-[3-(4-Hydroxy-phenyl)-propionylamino]-ethylcarbamoyl}-5-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-pentyl}-carbamic acid 2-methanesulfonyl-ethyl ester

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: 93 percent / Et3N / H2O; acetonitrile / 16 h / Ambient temperature 2: 70 percent / Et3N, HOBt, CMC metho-p-toluene sulfonate / H2O; acetonitrile / 16 h / Ambient temperature 3: aq. TFA / Ambient temperature 4: 73 percent / DIPEA / acetonitrile; H2O / 20 h / Ambient temperature View Scheme

Upstream product

• 56-87-1 L-lysine 
• 91853-90-6 biotin chloride 
• 857358-40-8 N²-formyl-N⁶-[5-((3aS)-2-oxo-(3ar,6ac)-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4t-yl)-valeryl]-L-lysine 
• 608-16-2 biotin methyl ester 
• 62062-43-5 Boc-Lys(biotinyl)-OH 
• 35013-72-0 biotin N-Hydroxysuccinimide ester 
• 19729-28-3 N^α-formyl-L-lysine 
• 1155-64-2 N₆-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-lysine 
• 13734-28-6 Boc-Lys-OH 
• 33755-53-2 D-(+)-biotin 2-nitrophenyl ester 
• 62062-42-4 5-((3aS)-2-oxo-1-trifluoroacetyl-(3ar,6ac)-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4t-yl)-pentanoic acid 4-nitro-phenyl ester 
• 58-85-5 biotin 
• 146987-10-2 N-α-Fmoc-N-ε-biotinyl-L-lysine 

Downstream Products

• 165898-22-6 2-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido)-6-[5-(hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)pentanamido]hexanoic acid 
• 165898-24-8 N^α-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-L-biocytin 
• 178484-35-0 (S)-2-{2-[2-Nitro-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-3H-diazirin-3-yl)-phenoxy]-acetylamino}-6-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-hexanoic acid 
• 58-85-5 biotin 
• 165898-25-9 1-(N-(N^α-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-L-biocytinoyl)amino)-6-(N'-boc-amino)hexane 
• 249749-25-5 (S)-2-(4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-benzoylamino)-6-[5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoylamino]-hexanoic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Natural deep eutectic solvent supported targeted solid-liquid polymer carrier for breast cancer therapy

Solid-liquid nanocarriers (SLNs) are at the front of the rapidly emerging field of medicinal applications with a potential role in the delivery of bioactive agents. Here, we report a new SLN of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) and biotin-conjugated lysine-polyethylene glycol copolymer. The SLN system was analyzed for its functional groups, thermal stability, crystalline nature, particle size, and surface morphology through the instrumental analysis of FT-IR, TGA, XRD, DLS, SEM, and TEM. Encapsulation of PTX (paclitaxel) and 7-HC (7-hydroxycoumarin) with the SLN was carried out by dialysis, and UV-visible spectra evidenced the drug loading capacity and higher encapsulation efficiency obtained. The enhanced anticancer potential of PTX- and 7-HC-loaded SLN was assessedin vitro, and the system reduces the cell viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. The PTX- and 7-HC-loaded SLN system was investigated in a breast cancer-induced rat modelvia in vivostudies. It shows decreased lysosomal enzymes and increased levels of caspase to cure breast tumors. It very well may be reasoned that the designed PTX- and 7-HC-loaded SLN system has strong anticancer properties and exhibits potential for delivery of drug molecules in cancer treatment.

Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride as a Mild and Versatile Reagent for Cleaving Boroxazolidones to Their Corresponding Free α-Amino Acids

Protection of α-amino acids with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) to give their corresponding boroxazolidones is highly attractive, as it concurrently masks both the amino and the carboxylic acid functionalities. However, the harsh methods required for deprotection of these boroxazolidones have limited their use. Herein, we report that tetrabutylammonium fluoride serves as a mild and versatile reagent that can be used to cleave boroxazolidones to their corresponding free α-amino acids. The reaction conditions were explored, including the use of various nucleophilic fluoride sources, solvents, and reaction temperatures. Nucleophilic fluoride sources comprising an ammonium cation proved superior to other countercations. The scope of the reaction was extended to the cleavage of B,B-diphenyl- and B,B-diethyl boroxazolidone complexes. Furthermore, a wide range of α-amino acid side-chain functionalities were shown to be compatible, including acids, esters, amides, thiols, thioethers, alkynes, phenols, basic heterocycles, and important biorelevant molecules such as glutathione, (S)-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, and l-biocytin.

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Matrine is a plant alkaloid and a major active component in the Chinese medical herb Sophora flavescens. Matrine has shown potent anti-cancer activities but its molecular target(s) and mechanism are still unknown. Using the photo-affinity labeling approach, for the first time, Annexin A2 was identified as a direct-binding target of matrine in cancer cells.

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Peptide Tyrosinase Activators

Peptides that increase melanin synthesis are provided. These peptides include pentapeptides YSSWY, YRSRK, and their variants. The peptides may activate the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase to increase melanin synthesis. The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other compositions including the peptides are also provided. The methods of increasing melanin production in epidermis of a subject are provided where the methods include administering compositions comprising an amount of one or more peptides effective to increase the melanin production. The methods also include treating vitiligo or other hypopigmentation disorders with compositions including one or more peptides.

NANOSTRUCTURES SUITABLE FOR DELIVERY OF AGENTS

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