66255-92-3Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Oxidative cleavage and rearrangement of aryl epoxides using iodosylbenzene: On criegee's trail
Havare, Nizam,Plattner, Dietmar A.
, p. 2036 - 2042 (2012)
Aryl epoxides undergo rearrangement and oxidative cleavage when reacted with in situ prepared hydroxy-λ3-iodane complexes. The presence of H2O plays a decisive role in steering the reaction path. A mechanistic scheme is proposed that accounts for the observed chemoselectivities. Copyright
Synthesis of Cyclic Organic Carbonates Using Atmospheric Pressure CO2 and Charge-Containing Thiourea Catalysts
Fan, Yang,Tiffner, Maximilian,Sch?rgenhumer, Johannes,Robiette, Rapha?l,Waser, Mario,Kass, Steven R.
, p. 9991 - 10000 (2018/07/30)
Cycloadditions of epoxides with CO2 to synthesize cyclic five-membered ring organic carbonates are of broad interest from a synthetic, environmental, and green chemistry perspective, and the development of effective catalysts for these transformations is an ongoing challenge. A series of eight charge-containing thiourea salts that catalyze these reactions under mild conditions (i.e., 60 °C and atmospheric CO2 pressure) are reported. Substrate scope and mechanistic studies were also carried out, isotope effects were measured, and a reactive intermediate was isolated revealing a surprising pathway in which a thiourea catalyst serves as a nucleophile in the cleavage of the epoxide ring.
Biomimetic iron-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of aromatic alkenes by using hydrogen peroxide
Gelalcha, Feyissa Gadissa,Anilkumar, Gopinathan,Tse, Man Kin,Brueckner, Angelika,Beller, Matthias
supporting information; experimental part, p. 7687 - 7698 (2009/08/07)
A novel and general biomimetic non-heme Fe-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of aromatic alkenes by using hydrogen peroxide is reported herein. The catalyst consists of ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·OH 2O), pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (H2-(pydic)), and readily accessible chiral N-arenesulfonyl-N′-benzyl-substituted ethylenediamine ligands. The asymmetric epoxidation of styrenes with this system gave high conversions but poor enantiomeric excesses (ee), whereas larger alkenes gave high conversions and ee values. For the epoxidation of trans-stilbene (1a), the ligands (S,S)-N-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2- diphenylethylenediamine ((S,S)-4a) and its N′-benzylated derivative ((S,S)-5a) gave opposite enantiomers of trans-stilbene oxide, that is, (S,S)-2a and (R,R)-2a, respectively. The enantioselectivity of alkene epoxidation is controlled by steric and electronic factors, although steric effects are more dominant. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest the in situ formation of several chiral Fe-complexes, such as [FeCl(L*)2-(pydic)] ·HCl (L* = (S,S)-4a or (S,S)-5a in the catalyst mixture), which were identified by ESIMS. A UV/Vis study of the catalyst mixture, which consisted of FeCl3·6H2O, H2(pydic), and (S,S)-4a, suggested the formation of a new species with an absorbance peak at λ = 465 nm upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide. With the aid of two independent spin traps, we could confirm by EPR spectroscopy that the reaction proceeds via radical intermediates. Kinetic studies with deuterated styrenes showed inverse secondary kinetic isotope effects, with values of k H/kD = 0.93 for the β carbon and kH/k D=0.97 for the a carbon, which suggested an unsymmetrical transition state with stepwise O transfer. Competitive epoxidation of para-substituted styrenes revealed a linear dual-parameter Hammett plot with a slope of 1.00. Under standard conditions, epoxidation of la in the presence of ten equivalents of H218O resulted in an absence of the isotopic label in (S,S)-2a. A positive non-linear effect was observed during the epoxidation of la in the presence of (S,S)-5a and (R,R)-5a.
Experimental demonstration of base-catalyzed interconversion of isomeric betaine intermediates in the corey-chaykovsky epoxidation
Edwards, David R.,Du, Jenny,Crudden, Cathleen M.
, p. 2397 - 2400 (2008/02/12)
The collapse of hydroxysutfonium salts has been examined as a model for the epoxidation of aldehydes. The anti diastereomer reacted with retention of stereochemistry and no crossover, while the syn diastereomer gave crossover products along with cis and trans epoxides. Deprotonation and reprotonation on the carbon of the α-hydroxy sulfonium ylide is presumed responsible for production of the trans epoxide. This reaction pathway has been proposed to explain losses of enantioselectivity but never directly observed.
A novel palladium-catalyzed coupling of epoxides with allyl bromide mediated by indium(I) chloride: A cascade epoxide rearrangement-carbonyl allylation
Jiang, Nan,Hu, Qingyuan,Reid, Carrolyn S.,Lu, Yunfeng,Li, Chao-Jun
, p. 2318 - 2319 (2007/10/03)
A cascade epoxide rearrangement-aldehyde allylation was developed by using a combination of InCl and reusable heterogeneous mesoporous silica supported palladium catalysts.
Mechanistic Investigation of the Oxidation of Aromatic Alkenes by Monooxoruthenium(IV). Asymmetric Alkene Epoxidation by Chiral Monooxoruthenium(IV) Complexes
Fung, Wai-Hong,Yu, Wing-Yiu,Che, Chi-Ming
, p. 7715 - 7726 (2007/10/03)
The oxoruthenium(IV) complexes [RuIV(terpy)(6,6′-Cl2-bpy)O](ClO4) 2 (1a; terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine; 6,6′-Cl2-bpy = 6,6′-dichloro-2,2′-bipyridine), [RuIV(terpy)(tmeda)O](ClO4)2 (lb; tmeda = N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine), tRuIV(Cn)(bpy)O](ClO4)2 (1c; Cn = l,4,7-trimethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane), and [RuIV(PPz*Xbpy)O](ClO4)2 (Id; PPz* = 2,6-bis[(4S,7A)-7,8,8-trimethyl4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindazol-2-yl] pyridine) are effective for the epoxidation of aromatic alkenes in acetonitrile at ambient conditions. Their reactions with c/s-alkenes such as cis-β-methylstyrene and cis-β-deuteriostyrene afford epoxides nonstereospecifically. The observation of the inverse secondary kinetic isotope effect for the β-d2-styrene oxidations [kH/kD -0.87 (1b), 0.86 (Id)], but not for α-deuteriostyrene (kH/kD = 0.98 for lb and Id), indicates that C-O bond formation is more advanced at the β-carbon atom than at the a carbon, i.e., a stepwise mechanism. The second-order rate constants (k2) for the styrene oxidations are weakly dependent on the E°(RuIV/III) values of the oxoruthenium(IV) complexes, and both electron-withdrawing and -donating para substituents mildly accelerate the oxidation reaction of styrene. These findings discount strongly the intermediaries of an alkene-derived cation radical and a carbocation. A linear free-energy relationship between the second-order rate constants for the para-substituted styrene oxidations and the total substituent effect (TE) parameters has been established: (TE) = +0.43 (R = 0.99) for 1b, +0.50 (R = 0.98) for 1c, and +0.37 (R = 0.99) for Id (Wu, Y.-D.; Wong, C.-L.; Chan, K. W.; Ji, G.-Z.; Jiang, X.-K. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 746). This suggests that the oxidation of aromatic alkenes by oxoruthenium(IV) complexes should proceed via the rate-limiting formation of a benzylic radical intermediate. Oxidation of styrene and cis- and trans-β-methylstyrenes by the chiral oxoruthenium (IV) complex Id attains moderate enantioselectivities, in which the production of cis-epoxide is more enantioselective than the trans counterpart. The ligand dissymmetry of PPz* together with the bipyridine ligand create a "chiral pocket" around the RuIV=O moiety, leading to enantiofacial discrimination through nonbonding interaction. Because the acyclic benzylic radical intermediate would undergo cis-trans isomerization before the second C-O bond formation, the overall product enantioselectivity (% eeobs) cannot be determined exclusively by facial selectivity (eefacial) of the first irreversible C-O bond formation step. The extent of the isomerization, measured by the cis-trans-epoxide selectivity or diastereoselectivity of epoxide ring closure, is an important element in controlling the enantiomeric excess of the epoxides.
