77525-91-8Relevant academic research and scientific papers
Decarboxylative cross-nucleophile coupling via ligand-to-metal charge transfer photoexcitation of Cu(ii) carboxylates
Li, Qi Yukki,Gockel, Samuel N.,Lutovsky, Grace A.,DeGlopper, Kimberly S.,Baldwin, Neil J.,Bundesmann, Mark W.,Tucker, Joseph W.,Bagley, Scott W.,Yoon, Tehshik P.
, p. 94 - 99 (2022/01/11)
Reactions that enable carbon–nitrogen, carbon–oxygen and carbon–carbon bond formation lie at the heart of synthetic chemistry. However, substrate prefunctionalization is often needed to effect such transformations without forcing reaction conditions. The development of direct coupling methods for abundant feedstock chemicals is therefore highly desirable for the rapid construction of complex molecular scaffolds. Here we report a copper-mediated, net-oxidative decarboxylative coupling of carboxylic acids with diverse nucleophiles under visible-light irradiation. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the relevant chromophore in this reaction is a Cu(ii) carboxylate species assembled in situ. We propose that visible-light excitation to a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) state results in a radical decarboxylation process that initiates the oxidative cross-coupling. The reaction is applicable to a wide variety of coupling partners, including complex drug molecules, suggesting that this strategy for cross-nucleophile coupling would facilitate rapid compound library synthesis for the discovery of new pharmaceutical agents. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
Palladium-Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of sec-Benzylic Ethers
Beller, Matthias,Jackstell, Ralf,Maes, Bert U. W.,Schneider, Carolin
supporting information, (2020/02/25)
Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 3-arylpropionate esters starting from secondary benzylic ethers. With this investigation it could be shown that ethers are suitable starting materials in addition to the established carbonylation reactions of olefins, alcohols, or aryl halides.
Site-Selective Alkoxylation of Benzylic C?H Bonds by Photoredox Catalysis
Lee, Byung Joo,DeGlopper, Kimberly S.,Yoon, Tehshik P.
supporting information, p. 197 - 202 (2019/11/26)
Methods that enable the direct C?H alkoxylation of complex organic molecules are significantly underdeveloped, particularly in comparison to analogous strategies for C?N and C?C bond formation. In particular, almost all methods for the incorporation of alcohols by C?H oxidation require the use of the alcohol component as a solvent or co-solvent. This condition limits the practical scope of these reactions to simple, inexpensive alcohols. Reported here is a photocatalytic protocol for the functionalization of benzylic C?H bonds with a wide range of oxygen nucleophiles. This strategy merges the photoredox activation of arenes with copper(II)-mediated oxidation of the resulting benzylic radicals, which enables the introduction of benzylic C?O bonds with high site selectivity, chemoselectivity, and functional-group tolerance using only two equivalents of the alcohol coupling partner. This method enables the late-stage introduction of complex alkoxy groups into bioactive molecules, providing a practical new tool with potential applications in synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
Iodine-catalyzed transformation of aryl-substituted alcohols under solvent-free and highly concentrated reaction conditions
Jereb, Marjan,Vra?i?, Dejan
, p. 747 - 762 (2018/01/17)
Iodine-catalyzed transformations of alcohols under solvent-free reaction conditions (SFRC) and under highly concentrated reaction conditions (HCRC) in the presence of various solvents were studied in order to gain insight into the behavior of the reaction intermediates under these conditions. Dimerization, dehydration and substitution were the three types of transformations observed with benzylic alcohols. Dimerization and substitution reactions were predominant in the case of primary- and secondary alcohols, whereas dehydration prevailed in the case of tertiary alcohols. The relative reactivity of substituted 1-phenylethanols in I2-catalyzed dimerization under SFRC provided a good Hammett plot ρ+ = -2.8 (r2 = 0.98), suggesting the presence of electron-deficient intermediates with a certain degree of developed charge in the rate-determining step.
Redox-Switchable Hydroelementation of a Cobalt Complex Supported by a Ferrocene-Based Ligand
Shepard, Scott M.,Diaconescu, Paula L.
, p. 2446 - 2453 (2016/08/16)
The first crystallographically characterized tetrahedral cobalt salen (salen = N,N′-ethylenesalicylimine) complex was synthesized by using a 1,1′-ferrocene derivative, salfen (salfen = 1,1′- di(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-salicylimine)ferrocene). The complex undergoes two oxidation events at low potentials, which were assigned as ligand centered by comparison to the corresponding zinc complex. The cobalt complex was found to catalyze the hydroalkoxylation of styrenes, similarly to related square planar cobalt salen complexes, likely due to its fluxional behavior in alcoholic solvents. Furthermore, the one-electron-oxidized species was found to be inactive toward hydroalkoxylation. Thus, the hydroalkoxylation reactivity could be turned on/off in situ by redox chemistry.
Direct synthesis of ethers from aldehydes and ketones. One-pot reductive etherification of benzaldehydes, alkyl aryl ketones, and benzophenones
Mochalov,Fedotov,Trofimova,Zefirov
, p. 503 - 512 (2016/06/13)
Benzyl alcohols formed by the reduction of benzaldehydes, alkyl aryl ketones, and benzophenones with sodium tetrahydridoborate in alcohols undergo in situ etherification with the solvent in the presence of a catalytic amount of HCl. Thus the process may be regarded as one-pot transformation of carbonyl compounds into the corresponding benzyl ethers. The yields of ethers depend on the substituent nature in the aromatic fragment of the initial carbonyl compound and on the alcohol used as reduction medium.
Hydrochloric acid as an efficient catalyst for intermolecular condensation of alcohols. A simple and highly efficient synthesis of unsymmetrical ethers from benzylic alcohols and alkanols
Mochalov,Fedotov,Trofimova,Zefirov
, p. 1217 - 1231 (2015/11/09)
Benzylic alcohols and diarylmethanols with electron-donating substituents in the aromatic ring reacted with aliphatic alcohols in the presence of a catalytic amount of HCl to give the corresponding alkyl arylmethyl ethers. The reactivity of diarylmethanols in the intermolecular dehydration depended on the nature of substituents in the aromatic rings and structure of aliphatic alcohol.
Selective synthesis of unsymmetrical ethers from different alcohols catalyzed by sodium bisulfite
Yu, Jun-Lai,Wang, Hui,Zou, Kai-Feng,Zhang, Jia-Rui,Gao, Xiang,Zhang, Dan-Wei,Li, Zhan-Ting
, p. 310 - 315 (2013/01/15)
An efficient method for the preparation of unsymmetrical ethers from alcohols catalyzed by sodium bisulfite is reported. The procedure enables the direct dehydration of primary, secondary, and tertiary benzylic alcohols with aliphatic alcohols in the abse
Hydroalkoxylation of unactivated olefins with carbon radicals and carbocation species as key intermediates
Shigehisa, Hiroki,Aoki, Tatsuya,Yamaguchi, Sumiko,Shimizu, Nao,Hiroya, Kou
supporting information, p. 10306 - 10309 (2013/08/23)
A unique Markovnikov hydroalkoxylation of unactivated olefins with a cobalt complex, silane, and N-fluoropyridinium salt is reported. Further optimization of reaction conditions yielded high functional group tolerance and versatility of alcoholic solvent employed, including methanol, i-propanol, and t-butanol. Use of trifluorotoluene as a solvent made the use of alcohol in stoichiometric amount possible. Mechanistic insight into this novel catalytic system is also discussed. Experimental results suggest that catalysis involves both carbon radical and carbocation intermediates.
Effects of phosphorus substituents on reactions of α- alkoxyphosphonium salts with nucleophiles
Goto, Akihiro,Otake, Kazuki,Kubo, Ozora,Sawama, Yoshinari,Maegawa, Tomohiro,Fujioka, Hiromichi
, p. 11423 - 11432 (2012/11/07)
The effects of phosphorus substituents on the reactivity of α-alkoxyphosphonium salts with nucleophiles has been explored. Reactions of α-alkoxyphosphonium salts, prepared from various acetals and tris(o-tolyl)phosphine, with a variety of nucleophiles proceeded efficiently. These processes represent the first examples of high-yielding nucleophilic substitution reactions of α-alkoxyphosphonium salts. The reactivity of these salts was determined by a balance between steric and electronic factors, respectively, represented by cone angles θ and CO stretching frequencies ν (steric and electronic parameters, respectively). In addition, a novel reaction of α-alkoxyphosphonium salts derived from Ph3P with Grignard reagents was observed to take place in the presence of O2 to afford alcohols in good yields. A radical mechanism is proposed for this process that has gained support from isotope-labeling and radical-inhibition experiments. A dramatic change in the reactivity of an α-alkoxyphosphonium salt toward nucleophiles is observed due to the steric and electronic nature of the phosphine substituents. By changing the type of phosphorus substituents, the reaction pathway can be controlled to proceed selectively by substitution or a new radical reaction (see scheme; OTf=trifluoromethansulfonate, TMS=trimethylsilyl, o-tol=tolyl). Copyright
