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91-94-1

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91-94-1 Usage

Chemical Properties

colourless to white crystalline solid

Physical properties

Colorless to grayish-purple needles or crystals with a mild or pungent odor

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 91-94-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Intermediate in the manufacture of azo dyes and pigments for printing inks, textiles, paints, plastics, and crayons; curing agent for isocyanate-terminated polymers and resins; rubber compounding ingredient; analytical determination of gold; formerly used as chemical intermediate for direct red 61 dye.
2. Used in the production of yellow and red pigments for the printing ink, textile, paper, paint, rubber, plastic, and related industries

General Description

Gray to purple crystalline powder. Insoluble in water. Very toxic. Used in the dye industry, curing agent for isocyanate terminated resins.

Air & Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

Health Hazard

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (DCB) is carcinogenic in several animal species.

Fire Hazard

Combustible.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cl and NOx.

Carcinogenicity

Studies in several test systems have shown DCB to be genotoxic in vitro and in vivo and suggest that this effect most likely mediates the carcinogenicity of the chemical. In vitro, DCB has induced sister chromatid exchanges, unscheduled DNA synthesis, and positive responses in bacterial Salmonella assays; in vivo DCB induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in male mice and fetuses. Because of demonstrated potent carcinogenicity in multiple animal species, evidence of genotoxicity, and structural relationship to the known bladder carcinogen benzidine, DCB should be regarded as a probable human carcinogen and exposure by any route should be avoided. 3,3¢-Dichlorobenzidene has no threshold limit value (TLV) exposure limit and is classified as an A3, confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans, and a notation for skin absorption.

Source

Synthesized from o-chloronitrobenzene in the presence of NaOH and zinc dust (Shriner et al., 1978).

Environmental fate

Biological. In activated sludge, 2.7% mineralized to carbon dioxide after 5 d (Freitag et al., 1985). Sikka et al. (1978) reported 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine is resistant to degradation by indigenous aquatic microbial communities in a 4-wk period. Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine is mineralized very slowly (Boyd et al., 1984; Chung and Boyd, 1987). Nyman et al. (1997a) studied the transformation of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine under laboratory controlled conditions at 20 °C. Wet sediment (50 g) and water (150 mL) from Lake Macatawa, Holland, MI were placed in glass serum bottles and purged with nitrogen to ensure anaerobic conditions to which 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine was added. The bottles were incubated in the dark at 20 °C for 12 months. Soil and water samples were retrieved periodically for transformation product identification using HPLC. The investigators identified 3-chlorobenzidine as a transient metabolite from the biological transformation of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine. 3-Chlorobenzidine rapidly dechlorinated forming the end product benzidine. Photolytic. An aqueous solution subjected to UV radiation caused a rapid degradation (half-life <10 min) to monochlorobenzidine, benzidine, and several unidentified, brightly-colored, waterinsoluble chromophores (Banerjee et al., 1978). In a similar experiment, 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine in an aqueous solution was subjected to radiation at λ=310 nm for approximately 15 min. During the period of irradiation, concentrations of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine decreased rapidly. 3-Chlorobenzidine formed as a transient intermediate which underwent dechlorination forming a benzidine, a stable photoproduct. Depending upon the wavelength used, the benzidine yields ranged from 8 to 12% of the total 3-chlorobenzidine transformed (Nyman et al., 1997). A carbon dioxide yield of 41.2% was achieved when 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine adsorbed on silica gel was irradiated with light (λ >290 nm) for 17 h (Freitag et al., 1985). Chemical/Physical. 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine will not hydrolyze to any reasonable extent (Kollig, 1993). At influent concentrations of 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 mg/L, the GAC adsorption capacities at were 300, 190, 120, and 73 mg/g, respectively (Dobbs and Cohen, 1980).

Shipping

UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required

Purification Methods

Crystallise the benzidine from EtOH, pet ether (m 133o) or *benzene. [Beilstein 13 H 234, 13 I 67, 13 II 106, 13 III 477, 13 IV 384.] CARCINOGEN.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 91-94-1 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 9 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 9 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 91-94:
(4*9)+(3*1)+(2*9)+(1*4)=61
61 % 10 = 1
So 91-94-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C12H10Cl2N2/c13-9-5-7(1-3-11(9)15)8-2-4-12(16)10(14)6-8/h1-6H,15-16H2

91-94-1 Well-known Company Product Price

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  • Supelco

  • (48029)  3,3′-Dichlorobenzidinesolution  certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

  • 91-94-1

  • 000000000000048029

  • 449.28CNY

  • Detail
  • Supelco

  • (40026)  3,3′-Dichlorobenzidinesolution  certified reference material, 5000 μg/mL in methanol

  • 91-94-1

  • 000000000000040026

  • 533.52CNY

  • Detail
  • Supelco

  • (861222)  3,3-Dichlorobenzidine(2ndLot)  certified reference material, 5000 μg/mL in methanol

  • 91-94-1

  • 000000000000861222

  • 614.25CNY

  • Detail

91-94-1SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 17, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 17, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names 4-(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroaniline

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine is no longer used to manufacture dyes in the United States. In the past, it as used in the manufacture of pigments for printing ink, textiles, plastics, and crayons and as a curing agent for solid urethane plastics. (7) It is not used in commonplace consumer products.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:91-94-1 SDS

91-94-1Relevant articles and documents

Banthorpe,O'Sullivan

, p. 615 (1968)

Surface-active compounds based on modified castor oil fatty substances

-

, (2008/06/13)

The demands on the properties of pigments, in particular in the fields of emulsion paints and printing inks, which constantly become more specific have made it necessary to develop selective and environmentally friendly dispersing, emulsifying and coupling auxiliaries. The compounds according to the invention are esterification and/or arylation products prepared from natural or modified castor oil or ricinoleic acids, which products are alkoxylated and, if desired, linked by esterification with dicarboxylic acids to give recurring structural units. If desired, the terminal hydroxyl groups of these modified alkoxylates of castor oil fatty substances have been esterified with fatty acids, aromatic carboxylic acids and/or resin acids and any free hydroxyl groups which may be present have preferably been reacted with dicarboxylic acids and sulfite to give the corresponding monoesters containing anionic radicals. The compounds according to the invention are suitable for a wide range of applications in the field of surface-active agents, for example in the preparation of azo pigments, emulsion paints and printing inks, for improving the coloristic and rheological properties. The compounds according to the invention are particularly compatible with the environment owing to their biodegradability.

Pigment compositions for solvent and water-based ink systems and the methods for producing them

-

, (2008/06/13)

This invention is an azo pigment composition containing a water insoluble metal salt of a water soluble polymer; a method of preparing said composition and ink compositions prepared from said azo pigment compositions.

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