Carbon dioxide

IUPAC Name: Carbon dioxide
Empirical Formula: CO₂
Molecular Weight: 44.0095
EINECS: 204-696-9
Classification Code: Human Data; Reproductive Effect; Stimulant [respiratory]
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with chemically active metals, such as alkali metals.
Melting Point: -78.5 °C(lit.)
storage temp.: -70 °C
Boiling point: -57 °C,
Index of Refraction: 1.246
Molar Refractivity: 6.98 cm³
Molar Volume: 44.7 cm³
Surface Tension: 3.4 dyne/cm
Density: 0.984 g/cm³
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 16.86 kJ/mol
Vapour Pressure of Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9): 28300 mmHg at 25 °C

1、Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) was one of the first gases to be described as a substance distinct from air. In the seventeenth century, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont observed that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than that of the original charcoal.
2、The properties of Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) were studied more thoroughly in the 1750s by the Scottish physician Joseph Black.
3、Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) was first liquefied (at elevated pressures) in 1823 by Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday.The earliest description of solid carbon dioxide was given by Charles Thilorier, who in 1834 opened a pressurized container of liquid carbon dioxide, only to find that the cooling produced by the rapid evaporation of the liquid yielded a "snow" of solid CO₂.

1、Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. It is used in many consumer products.
2、Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water.
3、Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) is one of the most commonly used compressed gases for pneumatic (pressurized gas) systems in portable pressure tools and combat robots.
4、Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) also finds use as an atmosphere for welding, although in the welding arc, it reacts to oxidize most metals. It is used as a welding gas primarily because it is much less expensive than more inert gases such as argon or helium.
5、Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9)  is a good solvent for many lipophilic organic compounds, and is used to remove caffeine from coffee.
6、In the chemical industry, Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) is used for the production of urea, carbonates and bicarbonates, and sodium salicylate.

 Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) is produced mainly from six processes:
1、From combustion of fossil fuels and wood;
2、As a by-product of hydrogen production plants, where methane is converted to CO₂;
3、As a by-product of fermentation of sugar in the brewing of beer, whisky and other alcoholic beverages;
4、From thermal decomposition of limestone, CaCO₃, in the manufacture of lime, CaO;
5、As a by-product of sodium phosphate manufacture;
6、Directly from natural carbon dioxide springs, where it is produced by the action of acidified water on limestone or dolomite.

 Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9) is reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.

Safety Statements:  9 
S9:Keep container in a well-ventilated place.
RIDADR: UN 1013 2.2
F: 4.5-31
HazardClass: 2.2
PackingGroup:  III
Contact of solid Carbon dioxide snow with the skin can cause burns. Dusts of magnesium, zirconium, titanium, and some magnesium-aluminum alloys ignite and then explode in CO₂ atmospheres. Dusts of aluminum, chromium, and manganese ignite and then explode when heated in CO₂.

OSHA PEL: TWA 10,000 ppm; STEL 30,000 ppm
ACGIH TLV: TWA 5000 ppm; STEL 30,000 ppm
DFG MAK: 5000 ppm (9100 mg/m³)
NIOSH REL: (Carbon Dioxide) TWA 10,000 ppm; CL 30,000 ppm/10M
DOT Classification:  2.2; Label: Nonflammable Gas; DOT Class: 9; Label: None (UN 1845)

For occupational chemical analysis use OSHA: #ID-172 or NIOSH: Carbon Dioxide, S249.

  Carbon dioxide (CAS NO.124-38-9), its Synonyms are Carbon oxide ; Carbon oxide, di- ; Carbonic acid anhydride ; Carbonic acid gas ; Carbonic anhydride ; Carbonica ; Caswell No. 163 ; Dioxido de carbono ; Dioxido de carbono [Spanish] ; Dioxyde de carbone ; Dioxyde de carbone [French] ; Dry ice . It is colourless odourless gas.