1912-24-9 Usage
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 1912-24-9 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Atrazine is a white, odorless, crystalline solid or powder which is often mixed with a flammable liquid. Atrazine is generally found as a dibromide salt. It has a solubility of 0.003% by weight in water and a vapor pressure of <0.0000003mmHg at 20 °C (68 °F).
2. Atrazine is a colorless, crystalline solid. Although atrazine is very stable, it is only slightly
soluble in water, but soluble in N-pentane, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate,
diethyl ether, and methanol. Atrazine is a broad-spectrum triazine herbicide and is used
as a selective herbicide for weed control in corn and asparagus, in the culture of sugarcane
and pineapple. Additionally, it is used as a total herbicide on roads and public places as well
as on uncultivated ground in combination with amitrol, bromacil, dalapon, and growth
promoters. Atrazine inhibits photosynthesis and other metabolic processes in plants. There
are no natural sources of atrazine. It is produced from cyanuric acid chloride with ethylamine
and isopropylamine. The reaction takes place successively in tetrachloromethane.
All atrazine produced is released into the environment. The formulations include granules,
water dispersible granules, liquid, suspension concentrate, wettable powder, and a combination
with many other herbicides. Atrazine is compatible with various insecticides and
fungicides.
Atrazine was banned in the European Union (EU) in 2004 because of its persistent
groundwater contamination. In the United States, however, atrazine is one of the most
widely used herbicides, with 76 million pounds of it applied each year. It is probably the
most commonly used herbicide in the world.
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 1912-24-9 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Atrazine is used as a selective herbicide to control broadleaf and grassy weeds for agriculture and other land not used for crops. In agriculture, atrazine is used on corn, sugarcane, and pineapple and for orchards, sod, tree plantations, and rangeland. Atrazine is moderately persistent in the environment because of its low solubility. It can be detected in the water table and in the upper layers of the soil profile in many areas (Huang and Frink, 1989). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that atrazine was one of the two most commonly used agricultural herbicides in 2007 (EPA, 2011). It is an active ingredient in many brands, including Actinite PK, Atranex, Atrasine, Atrataf, Atrazin, Chromozin, Cyazin, Primatol A, Primase, AAtre, Griffex, and Weedex.
2. Preemergence and postemergence herbicide for control of some annual grasses and
broad-leaved weeds in corn, fallow land, rangeland, sorghum, non-cropland, certain trop ical plantations, evergreen nurseries, fruit crops and lawns.
3. Atrazine is widely used as a selective herbicide to control
broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, rangeland,
sugarcane, orchards, pineapple, and turf grass sod. It is also
used for selective weed control in conifer restoration and
Christmas tree plantations. It is also used as a nonselective
herbicide for vegetation control in noncrop land.
4. Chlorotriazine herbicides have the characteristic triazine
(three-nitrogen) aromatic ring, with one chlorine substituent.
Chloro-s-triazines may have substitution at the R1 (2 position)
by chlorine, thiomethyl, or methoxy. The more extensively
studied ones include atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N0-isopropyl-
1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis
(ethylamino)-s-triazine), propazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis
(isopropylamino)-s-triazine), and terbuthylazine (2-(tertbutylamino)-
4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine).
Atrazine and simazine are selective pre- and postemergence
herbicides used on crops for control of broad leaf and grassy
weeds and in rights-of-way maintenance. Atrazine, first marketed
in 1957, is widely used on cauliflower, corn, sorghum,
and sugarcane, and in noncropped areas such as wheat fallow.
Simazine, introduced in 1956, is used on corn, almonds,
grapes, and oranges. Major triazine use occurs in the midwestern
cornbelt region of the United States.
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrazine
http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=939154153&topicorder=5&maxto=8
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/atrazine#section=Biomolecular-Interactions-and-Pathways
Production Methods
Atrazine is prepared by reacting cyanuric chloride with one
equivalent of ethylamine, followed by one equivalent of
isopropylamine in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
Definition
ChEBI: A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group.
General Description
White crystalline solid. Melting point 173-175°C. Sinks in water. A selective herbicide used for season-long weed control in a variety of crops.
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Atrazine undergoes slow hydrolysis at 158° F under neutral conditions. Hydrolysis is more rapid in acidic or alkaline conditions. Forms salts with acids .
Hazard
Hematologic, preproductive and develop-
mental effects. Questionable carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Acute oral toxicity of atrazine in experimen-tal animals was found to be moderate. Inhumans, the acute and chronic toxicity islow. There is no reported case of poisoning. The toxic symptoms in animals includeataxia, dyspnea, and convulsion. Other symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomitingand irritation of mucous membranes. Theoral LD50 values in rats and rabbits are 672and 750 mg/kg, respectively (NIOSH 1986).The toxicity signs reported in rabbitsincluded conjuctivitis, excessive salivation,sneezing, and muscle weakness (Salem et al1985a,b). There was a gradual reductionin the hemoglobin content and erythrocyteand leukocyte count; an increase in glucose,cholesterol, total proteins, and the enzymeserum transminases. The oral LD50 valuereported is 3320 mg/kg. Rabbits fed atrazine-treated maize for 6 months developed loss ofappetite, debility, progressive anemia, enteritis, and muscle weakness. Most organs wereaffected.Rats treated orally with atrazine 12 mg/100 g for 7 days were found to contain theunchanged atrazine, as well as its metabolites in the liver, kidney, and brain. Thehighest concentration of unchanged atrazinewas detected in the kidney, while its majormetabolite, diethylatrazine, was found in thebrain (Gojmerac and Kniewald 1989). Whena single dose of atrazine (0.53 mg) was administered to rats by gavage, 15% of itwas retained in the body tissues, mostly inthe liver, kidneys, and lungs, and the restexcreted out in 72 hours.Donna and coworkers (1986) conducteda 130-month study to test the carcinogenic-ity of atrazine in male Swiss albino mice.Intraperitoneal administration of a total doseof 0.26 mg/kg showed a statistically sig-nificant increase of plasma cell type andhistiocytic type of lymphomas in the ani-mals. IARC has listed atrazine as possiblycarcinogenic to human (Group 2B Carcinogen) (IARC 1991). Lifetime administrationof atrazine in rats caused mammary tumors.EPA has classified atrazine as a possiblehuman carcinogen. It produced severe eyeirritation in rabbit. Irritant action on skinis mild.Atrazine has been detected in surface- andgroundwaters in many parts of the UnitedStates. The U.S. EPA has set the MCL(maximum contaminant level) for atrazinein the drinking waters as 3μg/L. In otherwords, the maximum permissible level inwater delivered to any user of a public watersystem must not be at this level or exceedthis level.
Fire Hazard
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride and toxic oxides of nitrogen may be formed.
Agricultural Uses
Different sources of media describe the Agricultural Uses of 1912-24-9 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Herbicide, Plant growth regulator: Not approved for use in EU countries. A U.S.
EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP). In 2009 a report from
the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) reported
that atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide in
U.S. waters. Atrazine is a selective pre-and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of broadleaf and
grassy weeds in crops, such as corn (field and sweet),
guava, hay, macadamia nuts, range grasses for the establishment of permanent grass cover on range lands and pastures in Oklahoma, Nebraska, Texas and Oregon, wheat,
residential and recreational turf and sod farms, sorghum,
sugarcane, pineapples, and Christmas trees and ornamentals. It is also used in forestry and, at higher application
rates, for non-selective weed control in non-crop areas.
It is the most widely used pesticide in the United States.
Use data from 1900 to 1997 indicate that approximately
76.5 million pounds of atrazine active ingredient is used
domestically each year. Certified herbicide workers may
spread atrazine on crops or crop lands as a powder, liquid,
or in a granular form. Atrazine is usually used in the spring
and summer months. For it to be active, atrazine needs to
dissolve in water and enter the plants through their roots.
It then acts in the shoots and leaves of the weed to stop
photosynthesis. Atrazine is taken up by all plants, but in
plants not affected by atrazine it is broken down before it
can have an effect on photosynthesis. Atrazine degrades
into hydroxy compounds and chlorotriazine degradates.
The application of atrazine to crops as a herbicide accounts
for almost all of the atrazine that enters the environment,
but some may be released from manufacture, formulation,
transport, and disposal. Atrazine does not tend to accumulate in living organisms such as algae, bacteria, clams, or
fish, and, therefore, does not tend to build up in the food
chain. Atrazine can be applied by ground boom sprayer,
aircraft, tractor-drawn spreader, rights-of-way sprayer,
hand-held sprayer, backpack sprayer, lawn handgun, pushtype spreader, and bellygrinder.
2. Atrazine is the generic name for 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-
6-isopropylamino-s-triazine.A trazine is an example of
photosynthesis inhibitors and herbicides.
Atrazine was the first s-triazine used in maize. The use
of this herbicide and others in the same group has
expanded to selective application in perennial crops and
orchids as well as for non-crop and industrial sites.
Trade name
AI3-28244?; AATRAM?; AATREX?;
ACTINITE PK?; ACTINIT A?; AGIMIX?
Atrazine; AKTIKON?; AKTIKON PK?; AKTINIT
A?; ALAZINE?; ARGEZIN?; ATAZINAX?;
ATERBUTEX?; ATERBUTOX?; ATLAS ATRAZINE?;
ATLAZIN D-WEED?; ATRANEX?; ATRASINE?;
ATRATAF?; ATRATOL?; ATRAZINEK?;
ATRAZINE 90DF?; ATREX?; AXIOM? Atrazine;
AZINOTOX?; BICEP?; BLADEX/ATRAZINE
(2:1) 80 W?[C]; BUCTRIL + ATRAZINE GEL?[C];
CANDEX?; CEKUZINA-T?; CHROMOZIN?; CO-OP
ATRAZINE?[C]; CRISATRINA?; CRISAZINE?;
CYAZIN?; DOW ATRAZINE 80 W HERBICIDE?[C];
ERUNIT 500 FW?; FARMCO? ATRAZINE;
FENAMIN?; FENATROL?[C]; FIELD MASTER?;
FLOWABLE ATRAZINE?; G 30027?; GEIGY 30,027?;
GESAPRIM?; GESOPRIM?; GRIFFEX?; GRIFFIN
ATRAZINE 90 DRY FLOWABLE HERBICIDE?[C];
HAVILAND ATRAZINE LINURON WEED
KILLER?[C]; HELENA ATRAZINE TECHNICAL?[C];
GUARDSMAN? herbicide (mixture of atrazine and di-
methenamid); HELENA BRAND ATRAZINE?[C];
HERBATOXOL?; HERBIMIX SC?; HERBITRIN 500
BR?; HUNGAZIN?; INAKOR?; LADDOK?; LANCO
ATRAZINE?[C]; LARIAT?; LEADOFF?; MAGIC
CARPET FERTILIZER WITH ATRAZINE?[C];
MALLET PM BROMOXYNIL, ATRAZINE
BROADLEAF HERBICIDE?[C]; MARKSMAN?;
MARZONE ATRAZINE?[C]; MITAC?; NEW
CHLOREA?; NU-TRAZINE 900 DF?; NU-ZINOLE
AA?; OLEOGESAPRIM?; PATRIOT?; PITEZIN?;
POSMIL?; PRIMATOP?; PRIMOLE?; PROKIL
ATRAZINE 80 W?[C]; RADAZIN?; RADIZINE?;
READY MASTER?; RESIDOX?; SHELL? ATRAZINE
80 W HERBICIDE[C]; SIMAZAT?; STRAZINE?
TRIAZINE A 1294; TRIPART? ATRAZINE 50 SC;
VECTAL?; WEEDEX?; WONUK?; ZEAZIN?;
ZEAZINE?
Pharmacology
In plants, themajor
pathways of atrazine transformation include hydroxylation,
N-dealkylation, and glutathione conjugation. Hydroxylation
of atrazine and other s-triazines occurs in a wide range of plants and is considered a detoxification
mechanism because hydroxyatrazine is not phytotoxic.
Hydroxylation is catalyzed via reaction with the naturally
occurring compound, benzoxazinone (127). A hypothetical
ether-linked intermediate has been proposed to undergoes
hydrolysis to produce hydroxylated triazine and
regenerated benzoxazinone. This reaction occurs in many
susceptible and resistant plant species, and the rate of
this reaction is governed by the amount of benzoxazinone
present in the tissue. The hydroxylation reaction predominates
in root tissue, whereas GSH conjugation is more
prominent in leaf tissue of plants containing a GST that
has substrate specificity for atrazine. Because atrazine
is a photosystem II (PS II) inhibitor, possession of a rapid
detoxification system, such as a specific GST, is paramount
to provide tolerance to this compound.
Safety Profile
Poison by
intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by
ingestion. Mildly toxic by inhalation and skin
contact. An experimental teratogen. Other
experimental reproductive effects. Human
mutation data reported. A skin and severe
eye irritant. Questionable carcinogen with
experimental tumorigenic data. When heated
to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of ClandNOx.
Potential Exposure
Atrazine is an herbicide and plant
growth regulator used for season-long weed control in corn,
sorghum, and certain other crops. Banned for use as a pesticide
in the EU. US annual use . 75 millon pounds.
Carcinogenicity
An increase in mammary adenomas
and fibroadenomas was observed in female rats fed
1000 ppm, but not 500 ppm atrazine or less for their lifetime.
An increase in the incidence of mammary carcinomas was
seen at 70, 500, and 1000 ppm, but not at 10 ppm. The
biological significance of these findings is not known but may
be related to a hormonally mediated mechanism. Rats
fed 375 or 750 ppmatrazine for 2 years showed an increase in
mammary tumors in males at 750 ppm. Uterine carcinomas
increased in both groups and the incidence of malignant
tumors also increased in both sexes.
Environmental Fate
Atrazine is highly persistent in soil. In soil and water, atrazine degrades by hydrolysis, followed by biodegradation by soil microorganisms. Hydrolysis is rapid in acidic or basic environments, but is slower around neutral pH. Sunlight and evaporation do not affect its removal rate. Atrazine can persist for longer than 1 year under dry or cold conditions. It is moderately to highly mobile in soils with low clay or low organic matter content. Because it does not adsorb strongly to soil particles and has a lengthy half-life (60 to >100 days), it has a high potential for groundwater contamination despite being only moderately soluble in water. It is frequently detected in drinking water wells.
Shipping
UN2763 Triazine pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
Toxicity evaluation
According to US EPA, the underlying mechanism for tumor
induction in female SD rats involves a reduction in the release
of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamic–
pituitary–gonadal axis in the rats, followed by
attenuation of the afternoon pituitary LH surge, leading to
a lengthening of the estrus cycle that increases estrogen levels
that in turn is associated with an increased incidence of
mammary tumors in SD rats. The decrease GnRH release
follows these postulated events: hypothalamic changes results
in an increase in the release of corticotropin releasing
hormone (CRH), elevated CRH stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary, elevated
ACTH stimulates production of corticosterone and progesterone
by the adrenal, and some or all of these events
decrease GnRH release. Atrazine and some of its metabolites
act to attenuate the spontaneous preovulatory LH surge, block
the gonadal steroid inducted LH surge and attenuate
concomitant GnRH neuronal activation, inhibit LH secretion,
and increase the concentration of GnRH in the median
eminence (a measure of reduced release). This mode of action
(premature reproductive aging or senescence) hastens the
onset of mammary gland tumors.
The central nervous system (CNS) mode of action that
results in altered pituitary hormone function, especially LH and prolactin (PRL) secretions, occurs in both adults and the
young. The triazine-mediated changes in the hypothalamus–
pituitary–gonadal axis relating to neuroendocrine and
neuroendocrine-related developmental and reproductive
toxicity are considered relevant to humans. On the other hand,
the exact mechanism by which the mode of action changes
neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within the CNS is not
understood. It was noted that although atrazine alters hypothalamic
norepinephrine and dopamine, these effects do not
necessarily represent its primary site of action, but that these
CNS alterations may be a signal of potential upstream effects
on other neurotransmitters. It is unclear if atrazine directly
affects the hypothalamus, setting off the cascade of events, or
affect indirectly through the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal
axis or both
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
Waste Disposal
Atrazine is hydrolyzed by
either acid or base. The hydroxy compounds are generally
herbicidally inactive, but their complete environmental
effects are uncertain. However, the method appears
suitable for limited use and quantities of triazine. Atrazine
underwent .99% decomposition when burned in a polyethylene
bag, and combustion with a hydrocarbon fuel would
appear to be a generally suitable method for small quantities.
Combustion of larger quantities would probably
require the use of a caustic wet scrubber to remove nitrogen
oxides and HCl from the product gases.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 1912-24-9 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 1,9,1 and 2 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 2 and 4 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 1912-24:
(6*1)+(5*9)+(4*1)+(3*2)+(2*2)+(1*4)=69
69 % 10 = 9
So 1912-24-9 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C8H16ClN5/c1-4-10-7-5-8(11-6(2)3)13-14(9)12-7/h5-6,11,13H,4H2,1-3H3,(H,10,12)
1912-24-9Relevant articles and documents
Continuous production method of multi-kettle serial triazine herbicide
-
Paragraph 0094; 0095-0099, (2019/05/04)
The invention relates to a continuous production method of a multi-kettle serial triazine herbicide. A metered cyanuric chloride solution is pre-cooled and mixed with alkylamine R1 in a mixer to entera first-stage reaction kettle, continuous discharging is conducted, after a heat exchanger is passed, the cyanuric chloride solution is neutralized with alkali in the mixer and enters a first-stage neutralization kettle, after a reaction is completed, the cyanuric chloride solution passes through a continuous water separator and the heat exchanger and is mixed with alkylamine R2 in the mixer to enter a second-stage reaction kettle, the continuous discharging is conducted, after the cyanuric chloride solution passes through the heat exchanger, the cyanuric chloride solution is mixed with the alkali in the mixer to enter a second-stage neutralization kettle, after the neutralization, a aqueous phase is separated by a continuous layerer, a solvent is removed, and drying is conducted to obtain a triazine product. The production method has the advantages of high productivity, good production stability, high efficiency, high product quality and the like, is particularly suitable for technical transformation of existing production enterprises, has a low transformation cost, basically does not add novel reaction equipment, and is easily mastered by existing enterprises.
Novel water method synthetic process of atrazine
-
Paragraph 0038-0039, (2017/02/28)
The invention discloses a novel water method synthetic process of atrazine. The novel water method synthetic process specifically comprises the following steps: step one, injecting water into a reaction still, then adding an emulsifier and halate into the reaction still and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixed solution; step two, pumping cold saline into a cooling jacket of the reaction still, stirring, and then throwing cyanuric chloride into the reaction still; step three, uniformly adding isopropylamine into the reaction still; step four, uniformly adding 28 to 40 percent of liquid caustic soda into the reaction still; step five, uniformly adding monoethyl amine into the reaction still; step six, uniformly adding 28 to 40 percent of liquid caustic soda into the reaction still again, and finishing the synthetic reaction. The novel water method synthetic process provided by the invention has the beneficial effects that an aqueous solution in which the emulsifier and the halate are added is used as a solvent for replacing methylbenzene, so the after-treatment working procedure is shortened and the production cost is reduced.
Design, synthesis, and biological activities of arylmethylamine substituted chlorotriazine and methylthiotriazine compounds
Zhao, Huaping,Liu, Yuxiu,Cui, Zhipeng,Beattie, David,Gu, Yucheng,Wang, Qingmin
experimental part, p. 11711 - 11717 (2012/04/17)
Heterocyclic rings were introduced into the core structure of s-triazine to design and synthesize a series of novel triazines containing arylmethylamino moieties. These compounds were characterized by using spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. Their herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, and antitumor activities were evaluated. Most of these compounds exhibited good herbicidal activity, especially against the dicotyledonous weeds, and compound F8 was almost at the same level as the control compound atrazine. Their structure-activity relationships were discussed. At the same time, some triazines had interesting fungicidal and insecticidal activities, of which F4 exhibited 100% efficacy against Puccinia triticina even at 20 ppm, and F5 showed Lepidopteran-specific activity in both leaf-piece and artificial diet assays. Moreover, these compounds showed antitumor activities against leukemia HL-60 cell line and lung adenocarcinoma A-549 cell line.
Evaluation and Optimisation of the Reagent Addition Sequence during the Synthesis of Atrazine (6-Chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3, 5-triazine-2,4-diamine) Using Reaction Calorimetry
Barton, Benita,Gouws, Shawn,Schaefer, Melissa C.,Zeelie, Bernard
, p. 1071 - 1076 (2013/09/05)
The sequence of reagent addition and associated heats of reaction during the synthesis of the important herbicide atrazine (6-chloro-N 2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) from cyanuric chloride, isopropylamine, and ethylamine have been investigated by means of calorimetric and analytical methods. Sodium hydroxide was used as proton scavenger in this procedure. The best addition sequence found was the concurrent addition of amine and NaOH, keeping the amine in slight excess at all times. Using this feed sequence, the reaction becomes feed-controlled, and provided that a proper level of mixing can be maintained in the reactor, a high degree of control over reaction selectivity is obtained.
N,N-dinitramide salts as solubilizing agents for biologically active agents
-
, (2008/06/13)
A method is provided for enhancing the solubility of an ionizable compound in a lipophilic medium by admixing the compound with an effective solubility-enhancing amount of an N,N-dinitramide salt. The ionizable compound, upon ionization, gives rise to a biologically active cationic species that ionically associates with the N,N-dinitramide anion N(NO2)2? following admixture with the N,N-dinitramide salt. The biologically active cationic species may be a pharmacologically active cation, in which case the method is useful for enhancing the penetration of the blood-brain barrier by the pharmacologically active cation. In other embodiments, the ionizable compounds are medical imaging or diagnostic agents, or agricultural agents such as pesticides. Salts of biologically active cations and N,N-dinitramide ion are also provided as novel compositions of matter.
Herbicidal mixtures having a synergistic effect
-
, (2008/06/13)
PCT No. PCT/EP96/03996 Sec. 371 Date Feb. 17, 1998 Sec. 102(e) Date Feb. 17, 1998 PCT Filed Sep. 12, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO97/10714 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 27, 1997A composition comprising at least one sulfonylurea of the formula I wherein R1 is substituted alkyl; halogen; a group ER6 (E=O, S or NR7); COOR8; NO2; S(O)oR9; SO2NR10R11; or CONR10R11; R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, nitro, cyano or alkylthio; R3 is F, CF3, CF2Cl, CF2H, OCF3, OCF2Cl, or, if R1 is CO2CH3 and R2 is simultaneously fluorine, R3 is Cl, or, if R1 is CH2CF3 or CF2CF3, R3 is methyl, or, if R4 is OCF3 or OCF2Cl, R3 is OCF2H or OCF2Br; R4 is alkoxy, alkyl, alkylthio, alkylamino, dialkylamino, halogen, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy; and R5 is hydrogen, alkoxy or alkyl; or an enviromentally compatible salt of I, and an aryloxyalkanoic acid selected from the group consisting of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, clomeprop, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, dichlorprop-P (2,4-DP-P), fenoprop (2,4,5-TP), fluoroxypyr, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, napropamide, napropanilide, triclopyr, and an enviromentally compatible salt thereof exhibits a synergistic herbicidal effect.
Herbicidal compositions comprising diamino-1,3,5-triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides and a surfactant system
-
, (2008/06/13)
Flowable herbicidal compositions which contain an active component combination of at least one triazine and at least one chloroacetanilide with a surfactant component. This surfactant component, which consists of an anionic compound based on a monosulfuric acid ester of alkyl or alkyphenol polyglycol ethers as well as at least one nonionic alkyl or alkylphenol polyglycol ether, gives stable dispersions of the concentrated composition and forms stable dispersions of dilutions of the compositions suitable for direct use.
Halopyridyl triazolinone herbicides and herbicidal use thereof
-
, (2008/06/13)
Disclosed are herbicidal halopyridyl triazolinones, herbicidal compositions comprising the halopyridyl triazolinones, and herbicidal use of the compounds and compositions. Such compounds and compositions are useful as both preemergence and postemergence herbicides in a variety of crops.
Marine compositions bearing preferentially concentrated domains of non-tin, organo anti-fouling agents
-
, (2008/06/13)
The present invention is addressed to a curable, marine anti-fouling composition of a thermoplastic or thermosetting binder, solvent, non-tin, organo antifouling agent, and optionally conventional additives, e.g. leaching agents, opacifying pigments, etc. The anti-fouling agents are found in preferentially-concentrated domains (hereinafter, often referred to as "PCD") in the cured compositions. The PCDs can be termed non-homogeneous, phase-separated, or incompatible in the system. The art term used in describing the PCDs of anti-fouling agent is not limitative of the invention as the disclosure herein will demonstate. Preferably, PCDs are created by forming an oligomeric adduct of the anti-fouling agent which adduct is formed into PCDs upon the curing of the composition. Additional techniques for forming PCDs of anti-fouling agent are revealed herein. The present invention also is addressed to new, low toxicity anti-fouling agents which comprise pesticide or herbicide compounds having a X factor of between about 0.01 and 3, a Z value for vinyl or aromatic compounds of between about 0.01 and 0.08, and an LD50 value of greater than 200 mg/kg against rats or mice. Such pesticide or algicide compounds broadly can be selected from heterocyclic compounds, aromatic compounds substituted with heteroatom substituents, various amino compounds, carbocyclic vinyl ether ketones, certain phospho compounds, certain polychlorinated carbocyclic and acyclic compounds, certain chlorinated carbocyclic carboxylates, antimony tartrate, boric acid, and cupric oleate. Exemplary aromatic compounds include diaromatic compounds linked with a sigma bond or with a carbon or heteroatom linkage, fused aromatic rings, and mono-aromatic compounds.
Starch encapsulation of biologically active agents by a continuous process
-
, (2008/06/13)
Biologically active agents to be encapsulated are continuously blended with a starchy material and water, subjected to high-shear mechanical action at a temperature above the gelatinization temperature of starch, and continuously recovered as an insolubilized matrix of starch that entraps discontinuous domains of the agent. Alternatively, the core material to be encapsulated is added and blended with the aqueous dispersion of starch after the starch and water have been subjected to an elevated temperature sufficient to gelatinize the starch. Rate of release of agents to the environment can be controlled by preselecting a set of conditions related to various processing parameters. Encapsulation of biologically active compositons provides protection against degradative environmental conditions, improves safety in handling, and slows the release of such compounds to the surrounding medium.