- Concerning the cation distribution in MnFe2O4 synthesized through the thermal decomposition of oxalates
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A single phase manganese ferrite powder have been synthesized through the thermal decomposition reaction of MnC2O4·2H 2O-FeC2O4·2H2O (1:2 mole ratio) mixture in air. DTA-TG, XRD, Mo?ssbauer spectroscopy, FT-IR and SEM techniques were used to investigate the effect of calcination temperature on the mixture. Firing of the mixture in the range 300-500 °C produce ultra-fine particles of α-Fe2O3 having paramagnetic properties. XRD, Mo?ssbauer spectroscopy as well as SEM experiments showed the progressive increase in the particle size of α-Fe2O 3 up to 500 °C. DTA study reveals an exothermic phase transition at 550 °C attributed to the formation of a Fe2O 3-Mn2O3 solid solution which persists to appear up to 1000 °C. At 1100 °C, the single phase MnFe 2O4 with a cubic structure predominated. The Mo?ssbauer effect spectrum of the produced ferrite exhibits normal Zeeman split sextets due to Fe3+ions at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. The obtained cation distribution from Mo?ssbauer spectroscopy is (Fe0.92Mn0.08)[Fe1.08Mn0.92]O 4.
- Gabal,Ata-Allah
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- Biomimetic control of iron oxide and hydroxide phases in the iron oxalate system
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The syntheses of mineral phases of iron formed under hydrolytic conditions have been studied using ambient and hydrothermal methods in the presence and absence of the oxalate (ox) template. A systematic survey of experimental parameters revealed how the oxolate template can influence crystal morphology, iron oxidation state and the nature of the phase formed. In addition to observing biomimetic control over crystal morphology of magnetite, two iron(II) hydrolytic oxalate phases were observed, humboldtine, FeII(ox)(H2O)2, and the new phase, FeII2(ox)(OH)2, which was identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
- Molinier, Michel,Price, Daniel J.,Wood, Paul T.,Powell, Annie K.
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- Cation-substituted LiFePO4 prepared from the FeSO4·7H2O waste slag as a potential Li battery cathode material
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The purpose of this study is to utilize the huge FeSO4·7H2O waste slag produced by the titanium dioxide industry. FeC2O4·2H2O precursors are synthesized at various pH values by using the waste slag and H2C2O4·2H2O as raw materials, and without any purifying process. ICP analysis confirms that the impurity content of FeC2O4·2H2O increases with the pH value. Crystalline cation-substituted LiFePO4 are prepared from the FeC2O4·2H2O precursors. The cation dopants do not obviously change the structure of LiFePO4, and all the samples are single olivine-type phase and well crystallized. The lattice parameters of LiFePO4 decrease with the increased dopants contents. The dopants limit the size of LiFePO4 nanocrystals, LiFePO4 particles agglomeration and, consequently, improve the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4. The cation-substituted LiFePO4 prepared from the waste slag show much better electrochemical properties than the pure LiFePO4 at high current rates. The optimal pH value for synthesizing FeC2O4·2H2O from the waste slag is about 1.0, with 96.6% iron recovery. The cation-substituted LiFePO4 prepared from this precursor exhibits the best electrochemical properties, which delivers a capacity of 152, 142 and 126 mAh g-1 at 1C, 2C and 5C rate, respectively, and shows excellent cycling performance.
- Wu, Ling,Wang, Zhixing,Li, Xinhai,Guo, Huajun,Li, Lingjun,Wang, Xiaojuan,Zheng, Junchao
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- Polymorphism and variable structural dimensionality in the iron(III) phosphate oxalate system: A new polymorph of 3D [Fe2(HPO 4)2(C2O4)(H2O) 2]·2H2O and the layered ma
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Two new iron (III) phosphate oxalates have been isolated under hydrothermal conditions as phase-pure samples and their crystal structures determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction. [Fe2(HPO4) 2(C2O4
- Lethbridge, Zoe A. D.,Clarkson, Guy J.,Turner, Scott S.,Walton, Richard I.
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- The low temperature synthesis of metal oxides by novel hydrazine method
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The hydroxide, oxalate and citrate precursors of the metal oxides such as γ-Fe2O3, (MnZn)Fe2O4, Cu(K)Fe2O4, BaTiO3, La(Sr)MnO3, La(Sr)AlO3, La/Gd(Ca/Ba/Sr)C
- Rane,Uskaikar,Pednekar,Mhalsikar
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- X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer studies of the (Fe1-xNix)4N compounds (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)
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X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy studies on the γ-Fe4N type (Fe1-xNix)4N compounds (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were performed. The lattice constants decrease with increasing x. Compared with Fe1-xNisub
- Li,Yang,Xue,Zhou
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- Large-scale fabrication of porous carbon-decorated iron oxide microcuboids from Fe-MOF as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
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A facile, cost-effective and environmentally friendly route has been developed to synthesise porous carbon-decorated iron oxides on a large scale via annealing iron metal-organic framework (MOF) precursors. The as-prepared C-Fe3O4 particles exhibit microcuboid-like morphologies that are actually composed of ultrafine nanoparticles and show a greatly enhanced lithium storage performance with high specific capacity, excellent cycling stability and good rate capability. The C-Fe3O4 electrodes demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 975 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g-1 and a remarkable rate performance, with capacities of 1124, 1042, 886 and 695 mA h g-1 at current densities of 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mA g-1, respectively. The satisfactory electrochemical performance was attributed to the hierarchical architecture, which benefitted from the synergistic effects of the high conductivity of the carbon matrix, the cuboid-like secondary particles on the microscale, and the ultrafine primary nanoparticles on the nanoscale. This low-cost and simple method provides the possibility to prepare anode materials on a large scale and hence may have great potential applications in energy storage and conversion. This journal is
- Li, Minchan,Wang, Wenxi,Yang, Mingyang,Lv, Fucong,Cao, Lujie,Tang, Yougen,Sun, Rong,Lu, Zhouguang
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- Na2Fe(C2O4)F2: A New Iron-Based Polyoxyanion Cathode for Li/Na Ion Batteries
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A new mixed anion compound, Na2Fe(C2O4)F2, has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The crystal structure exhibits infinite chains of corner-linked FeII-centered octahedra, with coordination composed of both oxalate and fluoride ligands. This compound exhibits promising reversible lithium and sodium insertion. On extended cycling, Na2Fe(C2O4)F2 is capable of reversibly inserting 0.67 Li+ or 0.56 Na+ per formula unit up to 50 cycles at the average discharge voltages of 3.3 and 3.0 V, respectively. This represents arguably the best performance as a prospective cathode material so far observed among oxalates and is comparable to many known iron phosphate-based cathode materials.
- Yao, Wenjiao,Sougrati, Moulay-Tahar,Hoang, Khang,Hui, Jianing,Lightfoot, Philip,Armstrong, A. Robert
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- Local magnetic moments in the (Fe1-xNix)4N (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) compounds
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Moessbauer and magnetic measurements have been performed on the single-phase γ′-Fe4N and (Fe1-xNix)4N compounds. The local magnetic moments of iron and nickel atoms are evaluated by combining hyperfine fields an
- Yang, Jinbo,Xue, Desheng,Li, Fashen
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- Structure characterization of several oxalate-bridged transition-metal coordination polymers
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Four oxalate-bridged transition-metal supramolecular compounds [Co2(im)4(ox)2] 1, [Co(im)2(ox)] 2, [Mn(2,2′-bpy)(ox)] 3 and [Fe(H2O)2(ox)] 4 (im, imidazole; ox, oxalate; bpy, bipyridine) we
- Yu, Jie-Hui,Hou, Qin,Bi, Ming-Hui,Lü, Zheng-Liang,Zhang, Xiao,Qu, Xue-Jian,Lu, Jing,Xu, Ji-Qing
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- Intrinsic and extrinsic proton conductivity in metal-organic frameworks
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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a new class of solid-state materials, have recently been investigated as proton conductors, but little is known about their mechanisms. Since most of the conductivities reported so far were measured using powder samples, there is uncertainty as to whether they exhibit intrinsic proton transport through frameworks and/or micropores, or extrinsic transport through interparticle phases. Herein, we re-visit ferrous oxalate dihydrate [Fe(ox)(H2O)2] (ox = oxalate anion), which is a dense MOF and recognized as a model system for MOF-based proton conductors. By single-crystal measurements using microelectrodes, we show that protons do not transport through the crystals (-9 S cm-1), but that the conductivity observed in powder samples originates from interparticle phases. This result raises a question as to how general is this phenomenon? We have comprehensively surveyed the literature on solid-state proton conductors and found that large numbers of MOFs, including [Fe(ox)(H2O)2], have a similar activation energy to those of gels and interparticle conductors in classical solid-state materials. This indicates a considerable contribution from interparticle phases towards proton conductivity in MOFs, and single crystal analysis or special methods for powder analysis are clearly necessary to confirm intrinsic conductivity. This journal is
- Tominaka,Cheetham
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- Moessbauer Study of Solid State Photolysis of Alkali Tris(oxalato)ferrates(III)
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Solid state photolysis of alkali tris(oxalato)ferrates(III) (Li, Na, K, Cs, and NH4) was studied with mercury radiation in the visible region by means of Moessbauer spectroscopy.The intermediate K6II(ox)5> is formed in the case of potassium
- Brar, Ajaib Singh,Randhawa, Balwinder Singh
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- Peculiarities of polythermic decomposition of iron, cobalt and nickel oxalates within pores of photonic crystals based on SiO2 in atmosphere with oxygen lack
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Iron(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) oxalates were synthesized as nanofractals inside the voids of the photonic crystals based on SiO2. Guest substances undergone polythermic decomposition within the pores of the photonic crystals in helium atmo
- Zakharov,Mayorova,Perov
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- Phase transitions and deoxidizing effect in the thermal decomposition of hydrous ferrous oxalate
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Powder of hydrous ferrous oxalate is annealed in non-oxidizing atmosphere of Ar, and the solid decomposition products obtained at various temperatures are studied by Moessbauer effect (ME) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that in Ar the initial product which is wustite changes into magnetite and α-Fe with increasing annealing temperature, at the same time a small amount of Fe4C appears. Annealing the oxalate at higher temperature, the magnetite in the solid products begins to transform into non-stoichiometric FeO (Fe1-xO or FeOx), and so an obvious deoxidizing effect of magnetite is indicated. At about 600 °C, the transition from magnetite to Fe1-xO is already completed. Further results show that the deoxidizing effect does not result from the action of Ar and suggest that the deoxidizing effect of oxide is a general phenomenon.
- Kong,Xue,Li
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- Soft magnetic Fe5C2-Fe3C@C as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction
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Herein, cubic iron carbides encapsulated in an N-doped carbon shell (ICs@NC) were prepared by a simple two-step method. The two-step method included the preparation of iron oxalate dihydrate and the process of calcination with ethylenediamine. By changing the calcination temperature, we could control the type of iron carbide formed. Moreover, the prepared iron carbide@N-doped carbon core-shell particles exhibited regular cubic shapes and soft magnetic properties with high saturation magnetization. More importantly, we investigated the electrocatalytic activity of the iron carbide@N-doped carbon catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The results show that the Fe5C2-Fe3C@NC catalyst has efficient HER catalytic activity with an overpotential of 209 mV@10 mA cm?2.
- Ye, Zhantong,Qie, Yaqin,Fan, Zhipeng,Liu, Yixuan,Shi, Zhan,Yang, Hua
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- Development of a Resource-Saving Technology of Catalysts for Medium-Temperature Conversion of Carbon Monoxide in Ammonia Production
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Abstract: The physicochemical characteristics of modern catalysts for the medium-temperature conversion of carbon monoxide to hydrogen in the production of ammonia were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography, and thermogravimetric and laser dispersion analyses. It was shown that, along with iron oxide, the catalysts contained promoter additives of Cr, Cu, Ca, and Mn compounds in a total concentration of 1–9 wtpercent. The investigated commercial catalysts have a monodisperse porous structure with a pore size of up to 10 nm and a large surface area from 70 to 120 m2/g. The catalytic activity of the samples was estimated by the conversion of CO in a flow-type plant. At 2.2 MPa and 340 °C it was 89–91percent. The drawback of the catalysts was that the condensate contained rather much ammonia (27.6–45.6 mg/L). It was established that using calcium and copper ferrites and nickel oxide as promoters makes it possible to obtain a catalyst that is not inferior in activity to commercial analogs but has a higher selectivity by reducing the ammonia content of the condensate by 20–30percent.
- Chuyasova, A. A.,Il’in, A. A.,Il’in, A. P.,Lapshin, M. A.,Popov, D. S.,Rumyantsev, R. N.
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p. 1173 - 1177
(2020/07/27)
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- Method for synthesizing high-purity ferrous oxalate
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The invention discloses a method for synthesizing high-purity ferrous oxalate. The method comprises the following steps: (1) fully dissolving a ferrous salt in reverse osmosis water, and carrying outfiltering; (2) preparing an oxalyl dihydrazide solution and carrying out filtering; and 3) mixing the ferrous salt solution with the oxalyl dihydrazine solution, then carrying out a reaction, and subjecting the obtained precipitate to filtering, washing, filtering and drying successively so as to obtain high-purity ferrous oxalate dihydrate. The method of the invention has the beneficial effects that oxalyl dihydrazide is used as a reaction raw material, and can be used both as a reactant and a reducing agent after decomposition so as to achieve the purpose of impurity removal, and impurity removal of oxalyl dihydrazide itself is simple, so the purity of the product is improved; the purity of the synthesized ferrous oxalate dihydrate can reach 99.99%, so the added value of the product is high, and the needs of synthesizing lithium iron phosphate can be met; and the method is simple in synthesis process, mild in reaction conditions, friendly to environment and energy-saving, can realizeindustrial production, and has great application value.
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Paragraph 0037-0038
(2019/11/04)
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- Micro-mesoporous iron oxides with record efficiency for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: Morphology driven catalysis for the degradation of organic contaminants
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A template-free solid-state synthesis of a morphologically controlled and highly organized iron(iii)oxide micro-mesoporous Fenton catalyst has been engineered through a simple two-step synthetic procedure. The 3D nanoassembly of hematite nanoparticles (5-7 nm) organized into a rod/flower-like morphology shows the highest rate constant reported to date for the decomposition of H2O2 (1.43 × 10-1 min-1) with superior efficiency for the degradation of aromatic (phenol, benzene, ethylbenzene) and chlorinated (trichloroethylene) pollutants in contaminated water. The morphological arrangement of nanoparticles is therefore considered one of the key variables that drive catalysis.
- Datta,Gawande,Datta,Ranc,Pechousek,Krizek,Tucek,Kale,Pospisil,Varma,Asefa,Zoppellaro,Zboril
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p. 596 - 604
(2016/01/20)
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- Creation of hollow microtubular iron oxalate dihydrate induced by a metallo-supramolecular micelle based on the self-assembly of potassium ferrioxalate and sodium dodecyl sulphate
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A novel metallo-supramolecular micelle PF-SDS-SM was formed at room temperature through the self-assembly of potassium ferrioxalate and sodium dodecyl sulphate. This leads to a new reaction pattern which is not yet fully understood, accompanied by the creation of hollow elongated square microtubular iron oxalate dihydrate during a hydrothermal process.
- Teng, Yue,Song, Le Xin,Liu, Wei,Xia, Juan,Zhao, Li,Wang, Qing Shan,Ruan, Mao Mao
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p. 38006 - 38010
(2015/11/16)
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- The controlled synthesis and improved electrochemical cyclability of Mn-doped α-Fe2O3 hollow porous quadrangular prisms as lithium-ion battery anodes
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A two-step process of initial oxalate co-precipitation and subsequent thermal decomposition facilitates the formation of hydrated oxalate precursors with hollow quadrangular prism shapes, and then confers a porous nature for the prismatic shells of synthetic hematite (α-Fe2O3) and its Mn-doped derivative. When applied as lithium-ion battery anodes, Mn-doped α-Fe2O3 exhibits an improved electrochemical performance compared with undoped α-Fe2O3. At a current density of 200 mA g-1, the pure α-Fe2O3 electrode gives an initial discharge capacity of ～1280 mA h g-1 with a low retention ratio of 13.9% (i.e., capacity ～ 178 mA h g-1) over 80 cycles, while the Mn-doped product, rhombohedral Fe1.7Mn0.3O3, delivers a relatively low initial value of ～1190 mA h g-1 and retains an 80th cycle reversible capacity of ～1000 mA h g-1 (i.e., retention ratio ～ 84.0%). These, together with the better high-rate capability and the lower charge-transfer resistance of the Mn-doped α-Fe2O3 anode, simultaneously demonstrate a successful mass production of hollow porous configurations and an effective doping with elemental Mn for potential application.
- Liu, Xinru,Zhao, Chenhao,Feng, Fan,Yu, Faqi,Kang, Wenpei,Shen, Qiang
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p. 7604 - 7610
(2015/03/04)
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- GALVANIC WASTE SLUDGE TREATMENT AND MANUFACTURING OF NANO-SIZED IRON OXIDES
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The invention enables processing waste sludge after galvanic treatment of metals, and particularly recycling spent pickling acids after pickling. Provided is an environmentally friendly process, which yields acids for reuse, and pure nano-sized iron pigments as a side product.
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- Formation and transformation kinetics of amorphous iron(III) oxide during the thermally induced transformation of ferrous oxalate dihydrate in air
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Focusing on the formation and transformation of amorphous Fe 2O3 in the course of the thermally induced transformations of ferrous oxalate dehydrate in air, the kinetics and physico-geometric mechanisms of the respective reaction ste
- Koga, Nobuyoshi,Sato, Yuka
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p. 141 - 151
(2011/05/07)
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- Ethylene glycol-modified cobalt and iron oxalates as precursors for the synthesis of oxides as extended microsized and nanosized objects
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The reactions of ethylene glycol with iron and cobalt oxalates upon heating in air are reported. Heat treatment of mixtures of oxalate powders with ethylene glycol yields new compounds (solvates) via the replacement of the water molecules in the oxalate structure by ethylene glycol molecules: MC 2O4 ? 2H2O + HOCH2CH 2OH = MC2O4(HOCH2CH 2OH)+2H2O↑. The crystals resulting from this reaction are elongated, and their shape is inherited by their thermolysis products. Thermolysis in air yields microwhiskers and nanowhiskers of Fe2O 3 and Co3O4, and thermolysis in an inert atmosphere affords Fe3O4 and Co whiskers. The thermolysis of FeC2O4(HOCH2CH2OH) in helium yields a new structural modification of FeC2O4 as an intermediate product. The resulting compounds and their thermolysis products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric and chemical analyses. The particle shape and size were determined by scanning electron microscopy.
- Krasil'nikov,Gyrdasova,Bazuev
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p. 1854 - 1861
(2009/03/11)
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- Non-isothermal decomposition of NiC2O4-FeC2O4 mixture aiming at the production of NiFe2O4
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The non-isothermal decomposition of NiC2O4·2H2O-FeC2O4 ·2H2O (1:2 mole ratio) mixture was studied on heating to the formation of NiO-Fe2O3 mixture at 350 °C in air atmosphere using thermogravimetry. Kinetic analysis of data according to the integral composite method showed that the oxidative decomposition of FeC2O4 and NiC2O4 are best described by the three-dimensional phase boundary model. The activation parameters were calculated and discussed. The solid products at different decomposition stages were identified using XRD, Mo?ssbauer and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Some characteristic XRD lines of NiFe2O4 start to appear at 800 °C beside the characteristic lines of NiO and Fe2O3, whereas at 1000 °C, only the characteristic lines of single phase cubic NiFe2O4 appeared. The Mo?ssbauer spectrum at 1000 °C fitted into two Zeeman sextets characteristic of Fe3+ on the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites of NiFe2O4 inverse spinel. Consistent results were obtained using FT-IR where the absorption bands appeared at 602 and 407 cm-1 for the mixture calcined at 1000 °C. These can be assigned to the intrinsic vibrations of tetrahedral and octahedral sites of NiFe2O4, respectively.
- Gabal
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p. 1375 - 1385
(2008/10/08)
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- Secondary catalytic reactions during thermal decomposition of oxalates of zinc, nickel and iron(II)
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Thermal decomposition of the oxalates of zinc, nickel and iron(II) have been reexamined from a fresh experimental approach. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG) of the individual oxalates and of mixtures of zinc oxalate with either nickel/iron oxalate or products of decomposition of the latter two, were carried out in air in sample cells made of different materials (Pt, Al, Al2O3, Ni). The information gathered from thermoanalytical experiments, together with information derived from specific chemical tests for the evolution of carbon monoxide during decomposition, chemical analyses, XRD and stoichiometric and thermochemical considerations helped to specify some of the inadequately explained features of the courses and kinetics of decomposition of the metal oxalates. Demonstrative evidence strongly indicates that secondary exothermic oxidation of carbon monoxide liberated in situ, takes place at relatively low temperatures in the presence of Pt (sample cell material), NiO and Fe3O4 (decomposition products) which act as catalysts and are reflected in overall exothermic DTA responses that are endothermic in air/oxygen in the absence of catalyst surfaces.
- Majumdar,Sarkar,Ray,Roy Mukhopadhyay
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- Study of thermal decomposition of FeC2O4.2H2O under hydrogen
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Thermal decomposition of FeC2O4.2H2O under Ar, H2/Ar mixture and H2, wasstudied by thermogravimetric measurements with quantitative analysis of the gaseous products by both mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscop y. The oxalate decomposition appears rather independent of the H2 partial pressure, giving a mixture of Fe3O4, α-Fe, CO and CO2. But, in fact, when the H2 partial pressure is high enough, CO produced by the decomposition is hydrogenated in CH4 (and in less extent into C2H6) according to a Fischer-Tropsch reaction catalyzed by α-Fe. This reaction is also accompanied by the formation of cementite (θ-Fe3C). Upon further heating, Fe3O4 reduction to metallic ion occurs followed by decomposition of iron carbide also into α-Fe. The effect of experimental parameters on the reaction process is discussed.
- Carles, Valerie,Alphonse, Pierre,Tailhades, Philippe,Rousset, Abel
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p. 107 - 114
(2008/10/09)
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- Phase transformation of FeC2O4 · 2H2O heat treated in H2/NH3
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The phase transformation of FeC2O4 · 2H2O heat treated in H2/NH3 is studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results indicate that
- Xue,Li,Kong,Yang
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p. 461 - 465
(2008/10/08)
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- Thermal analysis of some mixed metal oxalates
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The mixed metal oxalates, FeCu(ox)2·3H2O, CoCu(ox)2·3H2O, and NiCu(ox)2·3.5H2O, [ox = C2O4] have been prepared by coprecipitation from solution. The thermal behaviour of these compounds in nitrogen and in oxygen has been examined using thermogravimetry (TG), thermomagnetometry (TM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and evolved gas analysis (EGA). The thermal behaviour of the mixed oxalates, MCu(ox)2·xH2O, differed from that of the individual metal oxalates, Coux, Coox·2H2O, Niox·2H2O and Feox·2H2O. All three mixed oxalates, on heating in N2, first dehydrate and then decompose in two overlapping endothermic stages. Both CO and CO2 were evolved in proportions which varied with the surrounding atmosphere, and from compound to compound, and with extent of reaction of a given compound. The mixed oxalates, MCu(ox)2·xH2O, do not show the exothermic behaviour characteristic of Cuox, and reasons for this are discussed.
- Coetzee,Eve,Brown
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p. 947 - 973
(2008/10/08)
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- Photolysis of Alkaline Earth Metal Tris(oxalato)ferrates(III): A Mossbauer Study
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Photolysis of alkaline earth metal tris(oxalato)ferrates(III) in solid and liquid states has been investigated using Mossbauer and electronic spectroscopy.Iron(II) species is formed in solid as well as liquid state.The effect of outer cations, viz.Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba has been observed on the formation of intermediates and quantum yields for Fe(II) species in the liquid state.
- Brar, A. S.,Brar, S.,Sandhu, S. S.
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