98-82-8 Usage
Chemical Description
Cumene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is used as a solvent and in the production of phenol and acetone.
Overview
Also known as 2-phenylpropane, Isopropylbenzene, or 1-methyl ethyl benzene, cumene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is volatile, colorless liquid and has a smell similar to gasoline. Cumene is a natural component of crude oil, coal tar, and can be utilized as a blending component in gasoline. The compound is commonly found in Ceylan cinnamon and is a trace ingredient of ginger oil.
Chemical Properties
Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 98-82-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Cumene is a colorless liquid. Sharp, penetrating, aromatic odor, like gasoline. It is nearly insoluble in water but is soluble in alcohol and many other organic solvents (Windholz, 1983). Structurally, cumene is a member of the alkyl aromatic family of hydrocarbons, which also includes toluene (methylbenzene) and ethylbenzene. Cumene is a natural component of crude oil. It occurs in cigarette smoke and naturally in the environment in plants.
Cumene is an important industrial intermediate in the manufacture of phenolic and polycarbonate resins，nylon and epoxy and is conventionally produced by the Friedel Crafts alkylation of benzene with propylene.
2. cumene is oxidized to its hydroperoxide, which is used to produce propene oxide. The alcohol produced is subsequently converted back to cumene over a copper-chromium oxide catalyst to be reused in the process. The advantage of this process is that cumene is easier to hydroperoxidate (more stable).
Production
Isopropylbenzene can be generated by alkylation or reacting benzene and propylene in the presence of an acid catalyst (1). Most of the modern plants that produce cumene use phosphoric acid as a catalyst, while some use a Friedel-Crafts reaction with aluminum trichloride (1). The reactions involved in the production of cumene from benzene and propylene are as follows:
C3H6 + C6H6 = C6H5-C3H7
The catalytic process that is usually optimized at 25 atm. and 350oC is the best technology for the production of isopropylbenzene
Uses
Different sources of media describe the Uses of 98-82-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Industrial Use
Cumene is utilized in the production of phenol or its product, acetone that is widely used in the manufacture of plastics and petroleum products. It is also used in the production of methyl styrene and acetophenone as well as a thinner in lacquers, paints, and enamels. In addition, the compound is used as a solvent in the manufacture of iron, rubber, and steel as well as paper and pulp.
Pharmaceutical Use
Cumene hydroperoxide produces oxidative stress in the various steps of protein synthesis. Cumene hydroperoxide is used to probe isoenzyme specificity as well as region-and stereoselectivity.
2. It is used as a solvent and in the productionof phenol, acetone, and acetophenone.
3. Raw Material for Phenol, Acetone and Alpha Methyl Styrene production, intermediate for argochemicals
4. Production of phenol, acetone, and α-
methylstyrene; solvent.
5. Around 98% of cumene is used in the production of phenol
and its coproduct, acetone, using cumene hydroperoxide as
chemical intermediate. However, the demand for cumene is
largely dependent on the performance of phenol’s derivatives,
which have resulted in healthy growth rates in demand for
cumene. It is also used as a starting material in the production
of acetophenone, α-methylstyrene, diisopropylbenzene, and
dicumylperoxide. Cumene is used as a thinner for paints,
lacquers, and enamels. It is also used in the manufacture of
acetophenone, methylstyrene, and other chemicals commonly
found in home cleaning products. Minor uses of cumene
include as a constituent of some petroleum-based solvents,
such as naphtha; in gasoline blending diesel fuel and highoctane
aviation fuel; and as a raw material for peroxides and
oxidation catalysts such as polymerization catalysts for acrylic
and polyester-type resins. It is also a good solvent for fats and
resins and has been suggested as a replacement for benzene in
many of its industrial applications.
Occurrence
Cumene is a naturally occurring constituent of crude oil and may be released to the environment from a number of anthropogenic sources, including processed hydrocarbon fuels. Crude oils typically contain approximately 0.1 wt% of cumene, but concentrations as high as 1.0 wt% have been reported.Measurements of various grades of petrol revealed that cumene concentrations range from 0.14 to 0.51 vol% and that the average cumene concentration was 0.3 vol%. Premium diesel fuel contains 0.86 wt% of cumene; furnace oil (no. 2) contains 0.60 wt%.
Environmental Effects
Cumene vaporizes when released into the air where it is immediately reacted into other chemicals. However, in soil and water, bacteria degrade the chemical. Industrial emissions of the compound can lead to elevated concentrations in the atmosphere around the source.
Safety Information
Primarily, humans are exposed to cumene at industrial workplaces that use or produce the compound (2). However, reports have indicated low exposure concentrations during the production of cumene. On the other hand, succeeding reactions of the compound may occur in closed systems.
Employers and workers must follow safe handling practices that are often found in the Manufacturer's Safety Data Sheet to enhance employee safety. Inhalation exposure to the chemical may cause drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, unconsciousness, and slight incoordination. It is an irritant when exposed to the skin and eye.
As such, workers should wear protective clothing, gloves, respirators, and safety goggles. Furthermore, workplaces that cumene is being handled or produced should be well-ventilated to minimize the potential for employee exposure.
Description
Cumene is a common name for isopropylbenzene, an organic
compound. Cumene is a volatile colorless liquid at room
temperature with a characteristic sharp, penetrating, aromatic
odor. It is insoluble in water but is soluble in alcohol and many
other organic solvents. Cumene is structurally a member of the
alkyl aromatic family of hydrocarbons, which also includes
toluene (methylbenzene) and ethylbenzene.Cumene can be
found in crude oil, refined fuels, and is a part of processed highoctane
gasoline.
Cumene is manufactured by reacting benzene with
propylene at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence
of a catalyst. It is considered an environmental pollutant
because it is a natural component of petroleum and is present
in tobacco smoke. Cumene vapor can be absorbed by the respiratory tract. Sufficiently high levels of exposure to cumene
causes central nervous system (CNS) depression leading to
death, internal bleeding of numerous organs, as well as irritation
of the eyes and respiratory system, skin, and mucous
membranes. Cumene is a high production volume chemical.
Physical properties
Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor
threshold concentrations were 40 μg/m3 (8 ppbv) and 230 μg/m3 (47 ppbv), respectively (Hellman
and Small, 1974). The taste threshold concentration in water is 60 ppb (Young et al., 1996).
Air & Water Reactions
Flammable. Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Mixing CUMENE in equal molar portions with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, oleum, NFPA 1991.
Hazard
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin
absorption; a narcotic. Moderate fire risk. Eye, skin,
and upper respiratory tract irritant, and central nervous system impairment. Possible carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Different sources of media describe the Health Hazard of 98-82-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Narcotic action with long-lasting effects; depressant to central nervous system. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to cumene may cause headaches, dizziness, drowsiness, slight incoordination, and unconsciousness in humans. Cumene has a potent central nervous system (CNS) depressant action characterized by a slow induction period and long duration of narcotic effects in animals. Cumene is a skin and eye irritant. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of cumene in humans. Animal studies have reported increased liver, kidney, and adrenal weights from inhalation exposure to cumene. EPA has classified cumene as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.
2. Cumene is an irritant to the eyes, skin, andupper respiratory system, and a low acutetoxicant. It is narcotic at high concentrations.The narcotic effect is induced slowly andis of longer duration relative to benzeneand toluene (ACGIH 1986). Although thetoxicity may be of same order, the hazardfrom inhalation is low due to its high boilingpoint and low vapor pressure. An exposureto 8000 ppm for 4 hours was lethal to rats.The oral toxicity of cumene was determinedto be low in animals. In addition to narcosis, itcaused gastritis. An LD50 value documentedfor mice is 1400 mg/kg (NIOSH 1986).Chronic inhalation toxicity of cumene wasvery low in animals. Repeated exposurescaused congestion in the lungs, liver, andkidney and an increase in the kidney weight.A major portion of cumene absorbed into the body is metabolized in the liver andexcreted. The urinary metabolites constitutedconjugated alcohols or acids.
Safety Profile
Moderately toxic by
ingestion. Mdly toxic by inhalation and skincontact. Human systemic effects by
inhalation: an antipsychotic, unspecified
changes in the sense of smell and respiratory
system. An eye and skin irritant. Potential
narcotic action. Central nervous system
depressant. There is no apparent difference
between the toxicity of natural cumene and
that derived from petroleum. See also
BENZENE and TOLUENE. Flammable
liquid when exposed to heat or flame; can
react with oxidizing materials. Violent
reaction with HNO3, oleum, chlorosulfonic
acid. To fight fKe, use foam, CO2, dry
chemical.
Potential Exposure
Different sources of media describe the Potential Exposure of 98-82-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Cumene is a constituent of crude oil and finished fuels. It is released to the environment as a result of its production and processing from petroleum refining, the evaporation and combustion of petroleum products, and by the use of a variety of products containing cumene. The most probable route of human exposure is by the inhalation of contaminated air from the evaporation of petroleum products. Exposure may also occur through the consumption of contaminated food or water.
2. Cumene is used primarily in the manufacture acetone and phenol which are widely used as solvents for paints, laquers, and varnishes and to make plastics. Cumene is used in gasoline blending and as a high-octane gasoline component. It is also found as a component in tobacco smoke.
Carcinogenicity
Cumene was not a developmental toxicant
in either rats or rabbits after exposure to levels
(1200ppm and 2300ppm, respectively) associated
with maternal toxicity.9 Most genotoxic
tests with cumene have been negative.
The LD50 for penetration of rabbit skin
was 12.3 ml/kg after 14 days.4 Contact of the
liquid with the skin causes erythema and irritation.
11 Eye contamination may produce conjunctival
irritation.
It generally is agreed that cumene has no
damaging effect on the hematopoietic system,
despite its chemical similarity to benzene.5
Furthermore, cumene is not anticipated to be
a significant carcinogenic hazard because it is
metabolically similar to toluene, a substance
that showed no carcinogenic activity in 2-year
inhalation studies.
Source
As of October 1995, no MCLGs or MCLs have been proposed
although isopropylbenzene has been listed for regulation (U.S. EPA, 1996). A DWEL of 400 μg/L
was recommended (U.S. EPA, 2000).
Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 94 octane gasoline and Gasohol at
concentrations of 0.14 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively (Potter, 1996).
Thomas and Delfino (1991) equilibrated contaminant-free groundwater collected from
Gainesville, FL with individual fractions of three individual petroleum products at 24–25 °C for
24 h. The aqueous phase was analyzed for organic compounds via U.S. EPA approved test method
602. Average isopropylbenzene concentrations reported in water-soluble fractions of unleaded
gasoline and kerosene were 235 and 28 μg/L, respectively. When the authors analyzed the
aqueous-phase via U.S. EPA approved test method 610, average isopropylbenzene concentrations
in water-soluble fractions of unleaded gasoline and kerosene were lower, i.e., 206 and 22 μg/L,
respectively. Isopropylbenzene was detected in both water-soluble fractions of diesel fuel but were
not quantified.
Isopropylbenzene was detected in California Phase II reformulated gasoline at a concentration
of 830 mg/kg (Schauer et al., 2002).Isopropylbenzene naturally occurs in Ceylon cinnamon, cumin, and ginger (1 ppm in rhizome)
(Duke, 1992).
Environmental fate
ological. When isopropylbenzene was incubated with Pseudomonas putida, the substrate was converted to ortho-dihydroxy compounds in which the isopropyl part of the compound remained
intact (Gibson, 1968). Oxidation of isopropylbenzene by Pseudomonas desmolytica S44B1 and
Pseudomonas convexa S107B1 yielded 3-isopropylcatechol and a ring fission product, (+)-2-
hydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxooctanoic acid (Jigami et al., 1975).
Surface Water. Mackay and Wolkoff (1973) estimated an evaporation half-life of 14.2 min from
a surface water body that is 25 °C and 1 m deep.
Photolytic. Major products reported from the photooxidation of isopropylbenzene with nitrogen
oxides include nitric acid and benzaldehyde (Altshuller, 1983). A n-hexane solution containing
isopropylbenzene and spread as a thin film (4 mm) on cold water (10 °C) was irradiated by a
mercury medium pressure lamp. In 3 h, 22% of the applied isopropylbenzene photooxidized into
α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol, 2-phenylpropionaldehyde, and allylbenzene (Moza and Feicht,
1989).
A rate constant of 3.7 x 109 L/molecule·sec was reported for the reaction of isopropylbenzene
with OH radicals in the gas phase (Darnall et al., 1976). Similarly, a room temperature rate
constant of 6.6 x 10-12 cm3/molecule·sec was reported for the vapor-phase reaction of
isopropylbenzene with OH radicals (Atkinson, 1985). At 25 °C, a rate constant of 6.25 x 10-12
cm3/molecule·sec was reported for the same reaction (Ohta and Ohyama, 1985).
Chemical/Physical. Complete combustion in air yields carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Isopropylbenzene will not hydrolyze because it does not contain a hydrolyzable functional
group.
The calculated evaporation half-life of isopropylbenzene from surface water 1 m deep at 25 °C
is 5.79 h (Mackay and Leinonen, 1975).
Shipping
UN1918 Cumene, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid
Toxicity evaluation
Cumene is released into the environment as a result of
production and processing from petroleum refining and the
evaporation and combustion of petroleum products. Cumene
also occurs in a variety of natural substances including
essential oils from plants and foodstuffs. When released to
soil, cumene is expected to biodegrade and may volatilize
from the soil surface. Cumene is expected to have low
mobility based on its estimated adsorption coefficient (Koc) of
820. Based on Henry’s law constant of 0.0115 atm m3 mol-1,
cumene volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to
be an important environmental fate and it may volatilize from
dry soil surfaces based on its vapor pressure. Cumene is
expected to strongly adsorb to soils and is not expected to
leach to groundwater.When released into the atmosphere, a vapor pressure of
4.5 mmHg at 25°C indicates that cumene exists solely as
a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Cumene in the vapor
phase reacts with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals.
The reaction of cumene in the vapor phase with ozone has an
estimated half-life of 2.5 days. Cumene may also react with
ozone radicals found in the atmosphere but not at an environmentally
important rate.
Incompatibilities
Vapor may form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, 942 Cumene fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Air contact forms cumene hydroperoxide. Attacks rubber. May accumulate static electrical charges, and may cause ignition of its vapors.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 98-82-8 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 9 and 8 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 8 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 98-82:
(4*9)+(3*8)+(2*8)+(1*2)=78
78 % 10 = 8
So 98-82-8 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C9H12/c1-8(2)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8H,1-2H3
98-82-8Relevant articles and documents
On the Mechanism of Reductive Cleavage of the Carbon-Nitrogen Bond of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds with Tributyltin Hydride
Kamimura, Akio,Ono, Noboru
, p. 3629 - 3636 (1988)
Denitrohydrogenation reaction of aliphatic nitro compounds with tributyltin hydride (Bu3SnH) is accelerated in the presence of radical initiators.ESR and electrochemical measurements reveal that the reductive cleavage of the carbon-nitrogen bond proceeds not via anion radicals of nitro compounds such as SRN1 reaction but via β-scission of (tributylstannyloxy)nitroxyl radicals.The relative reactivities of tin radicals toward substituted α-nitrocumenes, α-nitroethylbenzenes, and α-nitropropiophenones exhibits excellent Hammett correlations with positive ρ values.This tendency has also been found in the reaction of benzyl halides with tin radical.These results suggest that the carbon-nitrogen bond breaking from nitroxyl radical intermediates should take place in rate-determining step for the reaction.
Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid catalysis in a mesh microreactor
Abdallah, Radwan,Meille, Valerie,Shaw, John,Wenn, David,De Bellefon, Claude
, p. 372 - 373 (2004)
A microstructured mesh contactor that can offer residence time of more than minutes is used for gas-liquid-solid hydrogenations and gas-liquid asymmetric hydrogenations. Applications for catalyst/chiral inductor screening and for kinetic data acquisition
-
Toptschiew et al.
, p. 976; engl. Ausg. S. 929 (1955)
-
HYDROGENATION OF α-METHYLSTYRENE ON MEMBRANE CATALYSTS
Lebedeva, V. I.,Gryaznov, V. M.
, p. 1018 - 1020 (1988)
-
Effect of Surface Fluorination with CClF3 on Catalytic Activity of SiO2-Al2O3 for Alkylation of Benzene with Propene
Kurosaki, Akito,Okazaki, Susumu
, p. 2363 - 2367 (1990)
For surface modification, the vapor-phase fluorination of SiO2-Al2O3 with CClF3 was carried out at various temperatures ranging from 350 to 550 deg C in a conventional flow recator.It was found that surface fluorination at about 400 deg C was especially e
Protodesilylation of Arylsilanes by Visible-Light Photocatalysis
García Manche?o, Olga,Kuhlmann, Jan H.,Uygur, Mustafa
supporting information, p. 1689 - 1694 (2022/03/14)
The first visible-light-mediated photocatalytic, metal- and base-free protodesilylation of arylsilanes is presented. The C(sp2)-Si bond cleavage process is catalyzed by a 5 mol % loading of a commercially available acridinium salt upon blue-light irradiation. Two simple approaches have been identified employing either aerobic or hydrogen atom transfer cocatalytic conditions, which enable the efficient and selective desilylation of a broad variety of simple and complex arylsilanes under mild conditions.
Ligand-enabled and magnesium-activated hydrogenation with earth-abundant cobalt catalysts
Han, Bo,Jiao, Hongmei,Ma, Haojie,Wang, Jijiang,Zhang, Miaomiao,Zhang, Yuqi
, p. 39934 - 39939 (2021/12/31)
Replacing expensive noble metals like Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, and Rh with inexpensive earth-abundant metals like cobalt (Co) is attracting wider research interest in catalysis. Cobalt catalysts are now undergoing a renaissance in hydrogenation reactions. Herein, we describe a hydrogenation method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and olefins with a magnesium-activated earth-abundant Co catalyst. When diketimine was used as a ligand, simple and inexpensive metal salts of CoBr2in combination with magnesium showed high catalytic activity in the site-selective hydrogenation of challenging PAHs under mild conditions. Co-catalyzed hydrogenation enabled the reduction of two side aromatics of PAHs. A wide range of PAHs can be hydrogenated in a site-selective manner, which provides a cost-effective, clean, and selective strategy to prepare partially reduced polycyclic hydrocarbon motifs that are otherwise difficult to prepare by common methods. The use of well-defined diketimine-ligated Co complexes as precatalysts for selective hydrogenation of PAHs and olefins is also demonstrated.
