Design and synthesis of N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Alkyl-1,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramides as potential antifungal prodrugs

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules180911250

A facile three step synthesis of a group of N¹,N ⁵-bis[4-(5-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramides, N1,N ⁵-bis[4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide and N ¹,N⁵-bis[4-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules180911250

Molecules 2013, 18, 11250-11263; doi:10.3390/molecules180911250
OPEN ACCESS
molecules
ISSN 1420-3049
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
Article
Design and Synthesis of N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-
yl)phenyl]glutaramides as Potential Antifungal Prodrugs
Nageswara Rao Kode 1, Jean J. Vanden Eynde 1,2, Annie Mayence 1, Guangdi Wang 3 and
Tien L. Huang 1,*
1
College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
E-Mails: kode_rao@msn.com (N.R.K.); jean-jacques.vandeneynde@umons.ac.be (J.J.V.E.);
annie.mayence@condorcet.be (A.M.)
2
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons B-7000, Belgium
3
Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
E-Mail: gwang@xula.edu
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: thuang@xula.edu;
Tel.: +1-504-520-7603; Fax: +1-504-520-7954.
Received: 29 July 2013; in revised form: 4 September 2013 / Accepted: 10 September 2013 /
Published: 12 September 2013
Abstract: A facile three step synthesis of a group of N1,N5-bis[4-(5-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-
3-yl)phenyl]glutaramides,
N1,N5-bis[4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide
and
N1,N5-bis[4-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide is described.
These products are designed to function as masked bis-amidine prodrugs of a promising
N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-(carbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide antifungal lead.
Keywords: prodrugs; amidoximes; oxadiazoles; Pneumocystis carinii; Trypanosoma brucei
1. Introduction
We have previously reported on the synthesis of a series of alkanediamide-linked bis-benzamidines
(Figure 1) and their potent in vitro activity against Pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic fungus that
causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, and Trypanosoma brucei, the parasitic protozoa
that causes trypanosomiasis [1,2]. In addition to high potency, several of the tested compounds
demonstrated very low cytotoxicity in the A549 human lung carcinoma cell line. From this study,
bis-benzamidines linked with a pentanediamide (TH-701, Figure 1) or a hexanediamide moiety

Molecules 2013, 18
11251
exhibited the highest selectivity indexes (defined as the ratio of the cytotoxic mammalian IC50 to the
P. carinii or T. brucei IC50 values). A high selectivity index generally indicates that a compound has
reasonable selectivity for binding to the disease-relevant pathogen over mammalian cells in vitro [3].
For example, the lead compound, N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-(carbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide (TH-701,
Figure 1) showed selectivity indexes of 758,667 and 252,889 against P. carinii and T. brucei
respectively, whereas the selectivity indexes for the reference drug pentamidine were 48 and 12,000,
respectively [2]. Further evaluation of several bis-benzamidines in an animal model of pneumocystosis
indicated that N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-(carbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide emerged as the most promising
anti-Pneumocystis lead [4]. However, despite its in vivo efficacy and low cytotoxicity, this compound
has low oral bioavailability because of the highly basic and dicationic nature of the bis-amidine
functional groups. The calculated partition coefficient (cLogP) and pKa values for TH-701 are −0.26
and 10.99 respectively.
Figure 1. Chemical structures of pentamidine and lead compound.
NH
HN
O
O
NH2
H2N
Pentamidine
O
O
NH
HN
H2N
N
H
N
H
(CH2)n
TH-701 : n = 3
NH2
To overcome this drawback of low oral bioavailability in the lead compound TH-701, we decided
to mask the the bis-amidine groups with prodrug functions that are expected to be more lipophilic and
have lower pKa’s, thereby increasing uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. The prodrug functions that we
selected are amidoximes, acylamidoximes and oxadiazoles. These prodrug groups are expected to be
bioactivated by mammalian hepatic enzymes into the active amidine groups. For example, amidoximes
have been shown to function effectively as prodrugs to improve the oral bioavailabity of
amidine-containing drugs [5–8]. Amidoximes can be reduced to amidines via the cleavage of the
N-O bond by the newly discovered mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC) [9,10].
The oxadiazoles (5a–g, 6, 7) are designed based on the observation by Kitamura [11] that the
1,2,4-oxadiazole ring may function as a masked amidine group. Oxadiazoles in general have been
reported to possess a wide range of biological activities. Some of them that are mentioned here include
anti-rhino viral [12], muscarinic [13], analgesic [14], anti-inflammatory [15], anti-HIV [16] and
anti-cancer [17,18].
2. Results and Discussion
The acylamidoximes 4a–f (Figure 2) may be viewed as double prodrugs since they are expected to
undergo in vivo hydrolysis by esterases followed by reduction by mARC. The acylamidoximes are

Molecules 2013, 18
11252
designed to increase the lipophilicity of these molecules and they may be viewed as the acyclic analogs
of the corresponding oxadiazole ring-bearing compounds. The calculated partition coefficients
(cLogP) and predicted pKa values of these compounds are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Structures of acylamidoximes 4a–f.
O
O
N O C R
R C O N
C
N C
H O
C N
O H
NH2
H2N
4
cLogPa
pKab
2.44
R
methyl
0.32
4a
4b
4c
1.66
2.78
4.80
2.44
2.44
2.44
ethyl
propyl
pentyl
4d
4e
4f
(CH2)3CH=CH2
3.76
3.77
2.33
2.44
phenyl
a see ref [19]; b see ref [20].
These compounds were designed based on the observation that the bis-O-acetylamidoxime
derivative of the bis-alkylamidine, 1,12-bis(N,N’acetamidinyl)dodecane, was effective as an
antimalarial prodrug when administered by the oral route [21]. At our laboratory, the isolable
acylamidoximes 4a–f were synthesized in high yields by the reaction of N1,N5-bis{4-[(N'-hydroxy-
carbamimidoyl)pheny]}glutaramide (3) with the appropriate aliphatic or aromatic anhydrides in
DMSO medium in the presence of triethylamine at room temperature for 18–48 h (Scheme 1).
Esterification of 3 employing the appropriate acid chlorides and potassium carbonate was found to be
more complex by TLC when compared to the anhydride route. The anhydride route worked very well
for our molecules, often resulting in only one major product. Further, monitoring the esterification
process of 3 with anhydrides by IR was very helpful where the dominant ester carbonyl absorption
around 1,700 cm−1 could be easily recognized from the isolated crude reaction products free from the
starting anhydrides. Furthermore, IR was also helpful to monitor the disappearance of the ester
carbonyl and amino group absorptions of 4a–f during the cyclization step leading to the formation of
1,2,4-oxadiazoles 5a–f (Figure 3).

Molecules 2013, 18
Scheme 1. Synthetic pathways for compounds 4a–f, 5a–f, 6 and 7.
11253
a
Cl
Cl
NC
N
H
CN
N C
H O
C
O
NC
NH2
+
2
O
O
1b
1a
b
O
O
N OH
HO N
N O C R
R C O N
c
C
C
N
H
N C
H O
C
C
H2N
N C
H O
C N
O H
H2N
NH2
3
NH2
O
4a-4f
e
d
N
N
N
O
N
N
O
O
O
N C
H O
C N
O H
N C
H O
C N
O H
N
H
N
R
N
R
6
H
f
5a-5f
N
N
O
O
N C
H O
C N
O H
N
O
N
7
O
H
H
Reagents and conditions: (a) DMF, r.t.,12–24 h; (b) Hydroxylamine, DMSO, 70 °C, 17 h; (c) Appropriate
anhydride, DMSO, triethylamine, r.t., 18–48 h; (d) DMSO, 80–90 °C, 18–24 h; (e) Trimethylorthoformate,
boron trifluoride etherate (3 drops), 80–82 °C, 2 h; (f) DMSO, 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), 100 °C, 2 h.
Figure 3. Structures of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, 5a–g.
N
N
O
O
N C
H O
C N
O H
N
R
N
5
R
cLogPa
pKab
-1.11
R
methyl
3.15
5a
5b
5c
4.29
5.30
7.43
-1.11
-1.11
-1.11
ethyl
propyl
pentyl
5d
5e
5f
(CH2)3CH=CH2
phenyl
6.39
6.54
-1.48
-2.31
5g
4.97
-5.48
trifluromethyl
a see ref [19]; b see ref [20].
Several studies suggested that the oxadiazolone ring may serve as a masked amidino group with
reduced basicity, increased lipophilicity and hence better oral bioavailability [11,21–24]. The
oxadiazolone derivative of an GP IIB/IIIa antagonist was shown to be metabolized into the amidine
derivative using guinea pig liver homogenate and was active in vivo as a platelet aggregation

Molecules 2013, 18
11254
inhibitor when administered orally in guinea pigs [11]. The oxadiazolone ring in an angiotensin II
receptor antagonist was reported to increase the lipophilicity and hence oral bioavailability of the
antagonist [22,23]. In addition, the oxadiazolone ring in the angiotensin II antagonist was
biotransformed into an amidino group in one of the metabolites [11]. The bis-oxadiazolone derivatives
of a bis-alkylamidine series were shown to be effective prodrugs that displayed oral antimalarial
activity [21,24]. These observations prompted us to design and synthesize a series of bis-oxadiazoles
5a–g, 6 and 7 as potential masked amidino equivalents of the parent lead compound TH-701.
General synthesis oxadiazoles involve the transformation of an amidoxime into an O-acyl-
amidoxime by the reaction of an acid chloride [25], anhydride [26], ester [27] or an
orthoester [28]. The O-acylamidoxime undergoes cyclization under the influence of a strong base [29]
or by heating to 85 °C in 2-methoxyethyl ether [30] or by heating the sample slightly above its melting
point [31]. Microwave-assisted synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles was reported [32,33], while alumina
supported ammonium fluoride was reported to be a useful reagent for the reaction of amidoximes
with acylchlorides under microwave solvent free synthesis [34]. Bora et al. [35] reported the
1,2,4-oxadiazole synthesis by the reaction of amidoximes with acid chlorides in refluxing toluene
medium in presence of molecular sieves, while O-acetylated amidoximes, upon heating in acetic acid,
yielded the 1,2,4-oxadiazoles [36]. The oxadiazolones are conveniently prepared by cyclizing the
amidoxime with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole in 1,4-dioxane [11] or with methylchloroformate in
chloroform [21] or ethylchloroformate in xylene [24]. At our laboratory, the target 1,2,4-oxadiazoles
(Figure 3) were synthesized by the facile cyclization of the in situ generated O-acylamidoximes in
one step by heating 3 with the appropriate anhydrides in DMSO medium at 80–90 °C, 18–24 h.
(Scheme 1). The calculated partition coefficients (cLogP) and predicted pKa values of these
compounds are shown in Figure 3.
It is clear that the prodrugs 4a–f, 5a–g, 6 and 7 synthesized in this study are more lipophilic and less
basic than the lead compound TH-701. The amidoxime 3 was directly reacted with
trimethylorthoformate and boron trifluoride etherate to furnish N1,N5-bis[4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-
yl)phenyl]glutaramide 6 (cLogP and pKa values are 2.71 and −2.27 respectively). Reaction of
3
with 1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole furnished N1,N5-bis[4-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-
yl)phenyl]glutaramide 7 (cLogP and pKa values are 1.60 and −2.85 respectively). The procedure that
we used is simple, mild and the DMSO medium can facilitate better reaction conditions due to
improved solubility for a wide range of complex heteroaromatic ring systems targeted to embrace the
1,2,4-oxadiazole functionality. The trifluoro substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole 5g was easily formed at room
temperature in 0.5 h in THF medium due to the rapid cyclization of the electron-withdrawing
trifluoroacetyl ester precursor.
Preliminary in vitro metabolic studies have been performed on the bis-amidoxime prodrug 3 of the
lead compound TH-701. The prodrug 3 was incubated with rat liver microsomes and the metabolites
were analyzed by HPLC-MS at different time intervals to obtain the chromatograms shown in Figure 4.

Molecules 2013, 18
11255
Figure 4. Total ion chromatograms (TIC, D) and reconstructed ion chromatograms (RIC,
A, B, and C) of rat microsomal incubations collected at 60 min (a) and 240 min (b),
respectively. Structures of the bis-amidoxime prodrug (C, m/z 399) and its two major
metabolites, compound TH-701 (A, m/z 367) and the mono-amidoxime (B, m/z 383) are
shown in the RICs.
The two chromatograms showed in Figure 4 were obtained from incubation products collected at
60 min (a) and 240 min (b), respectively. Three major peaks have been identified as those of the
prodrug 3 (peak #3, m/z 399), the mono-amidoxime (peak #2, m/z 383), and the parent bis-amidine
TH-701 (peak #1, m/z 367). At 60 min [Figure 4(a)], most of the prodrug has been converted to the
mono-amidoxime (base peak, normalized to 100), with the remaining prodrug at 17% in relative peak
height, and the desired parent compound TH-701 at 7%. However, at 240 min, the peak abundance of
compound TH-701 has increased significantly to 64% relative to the mono-amidoxime, and nearly
twice that of the prodrug. These results indicate that the bis-amidoxime prodrug 3 of compound TH-701
undergoes facile enzymatic reduction to regenerate the desired parent compound. The mono-amidoxime
intermediate is the most abundant metabolite detected in microsomal incubations, consistent with
previous metabolic studies of the bis-amidoxime prodrugs for various bis-benzamidines [8].
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemistry
Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical
Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Melting points were
1
determined on an Electrothermal MEL-TEMP apparatus and are uncorrected. H-NMR spectra were
recorded in DMSO-d6 on a Varian 500 MHz instrument and the chemical shift (δ) values are reported
in parts per million (ppm) relative to TMS. IR spectra were recorded neat on Perkin-Elmer Spectrum
2000 instrument (samples were directly applied to the probe tip whether liquid or solid). Analytical
TLC was carried out on Sigma-Aldrich (cat # Z122785-25EA), 0.2 mm percolated silica gel polyester

Molecules 2013, 18
11256
sheets with UV indicator. Elemental analysis was carried out by M-H-W Laboratories, (Phoenix, AZ,
USA). Analysis of C, H, N were within ±0.4% of theoretical values.
N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide (3). The previously reported procedure
for 3 [1] has been improved as follows. Glutaroyl dichloride (1b, 25 g, 18.9 mL, 148 mmol) was
diluted with dimethyl formamide (25 mL). This solution was added dropwise to a solution of 4-amino-
benzonitrile (1a, 18.4 g, 156 mmol) in dimethyl formamide (100 mL) at room temperature during 25 min.
After the addition was completed the temperature of the reaction mixture was noticed to be at 55 °C.
The contents were stirred at room temperature for 24 h, when a brownish white soft cake resulted.
Cold 2% sodium bicarbonate (1 L) was added. The product that was separated was filtered, washed
thoroughly with water, ethanol (100 mL), acetone (100 mL) and finally with hexane (50 mL). It was
dried under vacuum to furnish a solid 30 g, 61% yield. The product (N1,N5-bis(4-cyanophenyl)
glutaramide) (2) was found homogeneous on TLC (plastic back silica gel plate, mobile phase 100%
ethyl acetate, Rf value 0.58). It was also found identical on a superimposable IR with an authentic
sample earlier made at our laboratory. Compound 2 (13g, 39.1 mmol) was stirred in dimethyl sulfoxide
(200 mL) at 70 °C for 20 min whereby a solution resulted. Hydroxylamine (50% solution in water, 24 mL,
391 mmol) diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (24 mL) was slowly added to the above stirring solution at
70 °C during 15 min. The contents were stirred overnight at 70 °C for 17 h until the nitrile peak
(~2214 cm−1) was no longer detected in the IR. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature
and poured on to crushed ice, about 1 kg and mixed for 5 min. After the ice melted, the product that
was separated was filtered, washed thoroughly with water until the washings were neutral to pH. The
product was further washed in succession with cold ethanol (100 mL), cold acetone (100 mL), hexane
(50 mL) and dried under vacuum to furnish a snow white solid 14.0 g, 90% yield. It was found
homogeneous on TLC (plastic back silica gel plate, mobile phase dichloromethane–methanol 3:1 v/v,
Rf 0.45) and identical with an authentic sample on a superimposable IR spectrum. This product was
used for all the reactions as such in this work. Analytical sample was prepared by crystallization of the
above solid from acetone-DMF-Water 8:1:1 v/v/v as shining cream white solid, mp decomposes at 225 °C;
1H-NMR: δ 9.99 (s, 2H), 9.50 (s, 2H), 7.59 (s, 8H), 5.71 (s, 4H), 2.39–2.37 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.92
(m, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C19H22N6O4 (398.42): C, 57.28; H, 5.57; N, 21.09; Found: C, 57.30; H, 5.50;
N, 21.03.
3.1.1. General Synthesis of Acylamidoximes 4a–f
To a stirred solution of N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide (3, 1.0 g,
2.51 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (25 mL) at room temperature was added triethylamine (0.84 mL,
6.0 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. The appropriate anhydride (5 mmol) was then added
and the contents stirred at room temperature for 18–48 h. The reaction mixture was poured on to
crushed ice (500 g), stirred for 2 min and the ice was allowed to melt. The white solid separated was
filtered, washed thoroughly with water and dried under vacuum.
N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-Acetoxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide (4a). The product was crystallized from
acetone-DMF as cream white solid 0.9 g, yield 70%, mp 225–228 °C; IR: 3480 (NH2 stretching) 1524
(NH2 bending), 3336 (NH-C=O stretching), 1604 (NH-C=O bending), 1752 (ester -C=O), 1682

Molecules 2013, 18
11257
1
(NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.12 (s, 2H), 7.65–7.59 (m, 8H), 6.34 (s, 4H), 3.74 (s, 6H), 2.39 (t,
J = 9.6 Hz, 4H), 2.9 (m, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C23H26N6O6 (482.49): C, 57.25; H, 5.43; N, 17.42.
Found: C, 57.16; H, 5.37; N, 17.26.
N1,N5-bis{4-[N'-(Propionyloxy)carbamimidoyl]phenyl}glutaramide (4b). The product was first
crystallized from acetone-DMSO-water followed by a second crystallization from ethyl acetate-DMF
as brownish white solid, 0.85 g, 66% yield and mp 186–188 °C; IR: 3486 (NH2 stretching), 1532
(NH2 bending), 3344 (NH-C=O stretching), 1620 (NH-C=O bending), 1747 (ester -C=O), 1682
(NH-C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR: δ 10.1 (s, 2H), 7.66 (s, 8H), 6.67 (s, 4H), 3.33 (s, 6H), 2.51–2.40 (m, 12H),
1.92 (m, 2H), 1.09 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 6H). Anal. Calcd. for C25H30N6O6 (510.54): C, 58.81; H, 5.92; N,
16.46. Found: C, 58.48; H, 6.00, 12; N, 16.11.
N1,N5-bis{4-[N'-(Butyryloxy)carbamimidoyl]phenyl}glutaramide (4c). The product was crystallized
from acetone-DMSO 7:1 v/v as feathery white crystals 3.0 g, 60% yield, mp 194–196 °C; IR: 3484
(NH2 stretching), 1524 (NH2 bending), 3329 (NH-C=O stretching), 1614 (NH-C=O bending), 1733
1
(ester -C=O), 1674 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.12 (s, 2H), 7.65 (s, 8H), 6.68 (s, 4H), 2.41 (m,
6H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.63 (m, 4H), 0.94 (t, J = 9.0 Hz). Anal. Calcd. for C26H34N6O6 (526.59): C, 59.30;
H, 6.51; N, 15.96. Found: C, 59.45; H, 6.36; N, 15.83.
N1,N5-bis{4-[N'-(Hexanoyloxy)carbamimidoyl]phenyl}glutaramide (4d). The product was crystallized
from acetone-DMSO 5:1 v/v as a shining white solid, 1.92 g, yield 64% and mp 182–184 °C; IR: 3493
(NH2 stretching), 1529 (NH2 bending), 3345 (NH-C=O stretching), 1615 (NH-C=O bending), 1743
1
(ester -C=O), 1679 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.11 (s, 2H), 7.63 (s, 8H), 6.67 (s, 4H), 2.43 (m,
8H), 1.90 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.56 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.27 (m, 8H), 0.86 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H). Anal.
Calcd. for C31H42N6O6 (594.70): C, 62.61; H, 7.12; N, 14.13. Found: C, 62.36; H, 7.01; N, 13.96.
N1,N5-bis{4-[N'-(Hex-5-enoyloxy)carbamimidoyl]phenyl}glutaramide (4e). The product was
crystallized from acetone-DMSO 9:1 v/v as a snow white solid 2.7 g, yield 73%, mp 178–180 °C;
IR: 3480 (NH2 stretching), 1524 (NH2 bending), 3324 (NH-C=O stretching), 1614 (NH-C=O bending),
1
1733 (ester -C=O), 1674 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.12 (s, 2H), 7.65 (s, 8H), 6.70 (s, 4H), 5.87
(m, 2H), 5.11–4.99 (m, 4H), 2.55 (m, 4H), 2.41–2.35 (m, 8H), 1.92 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H). Anal. Calcd.
for C29H34N6O6 (562.62): C, 61.91; H, 6.09; N, 14.94. Found: C, 61.73; H, 5.97; N, 14.88.
N1,N5-bis{4-[N'-(Benzoyloxy)carbamimidoyl]phenyl}glutaramide (4f). The product was crystallized
from acetone-DMF as snow white solid 1.1g, yield 72%, mp 253–255 °C; IR: 3507 (NH2 stretching),
1540 (NH2 bending), 3373 (NH-C=O stretching), 1643 (NH-C=O bending), 1738 (ester -C=O), 1672
1
(NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.15 (s, 2H), 8.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.74–7.64 (m, 10H), 7.56–7.52
(m, 4H), 6.88 (s, 4H), 2.44 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.94 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C33H30N6O6
(606.63): C, 65.34; H, 4.98; N, 13.85. Found: C, 65.50; H, 4.87; N, 13.99.
3.1.2. General Synthesis of 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles 5a–f
N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide (3, 2.0 g, 5.02 mmol) was stirred in
DMSO (25 mL) for 15 min at room temperature and then the appropriate anhydride (25 mmol) was

Molecules 2013, 18
11258
added and stirred for 15 min at room temperature. The stirred solution was heated at 80–90 °C for
18–24 h and then cooled to room temperature. It was then poured on to cold (10–15 °C) 2% sodium
bicarbonate solution in water (500 mL) and stirred until a solid separated. The precipitated white solid
was filtered, washed thoroughly with water and dried under vacuum.
N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide (5a). The product was crystallized
from methylene chloride–methanol 5:1 v/v as brownish white flakes 1.6 g, yield 69%, mp 235–237 °C;
1
IR: 3346 (NH-C=O stretching), 1601 (NH-C=O bending), 1667 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.2 (s,
2H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 4H), 2.64 (s, 6H), 2.44 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.95 (m,
J = 7.5 Hz, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C23H22N6O4 (446.46): C, 61.88; H, 4.97; N, 18.83. Found: C, 61.64;
H, 5.18; N, 18.68.
N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Ethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide (5b). The product was chromatographed
on a column of silica gel using 100% ethyl acetate as the eluent. A white solid resulted, 1.7 g, 71%
yield, mp 200–202 °C; IR: 3344 (NH-C=O stretching), 1668 (NH-C=O bending), 1692 (NH-C=O) cm−1;
1H-NMR: δ 10.22(s, 2H), 7.94 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 7.79 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 2.99 (quartet,
J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.34 (t, J = 8 Hz, 6H). Anal. Calcd. for
C25H26N6O4 (474.51): C, 63.28; H, 5.52; N, 17.71. Found: C, 63.24; H, 5.58; N, 17.86.
N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Propyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide (5c). The product was crystallized
from ethyl acetate–methanol 7:1 v/v as brownish white solid 2.8 g, yield 74% and mp 196–198 °C; IR:
1
3323 (NH-C=O stretching), 1607 (NH-C=O bending), 1667 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.23 (s,
2H), 7.94 (d, J = 11 Hz, 4H), 7.80 (d, J = 11 Hz, 4H), 2.97 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.46 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H),
1.96 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H). Anal. Calcd. for
C27H30N6O4 (502.57): C, 64.53; H, 6.02; N, 16.72. Found: C, 64.70; H, 6.22; N, 16.87.
N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Pentyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide
(5d).
The
product
was
chromatographed on a column of silica gel (3.5 × 34 cm) using ethyl acetate-hexane 1:1 and 3:1 v/v as
eluents. The fractions were monitored by TLC (plastic back silica gel plate), mobile phase ethyl
acetate-hexane: 19:1 v/v, Rf value of the product 0.74. The resulting product from the column was
further crystallized from 100% methanol as shining white solid 2.6 g, yield 62%, mp 171–173 °C;
IR: 3361(NH-C=O stretching), 1615 (NH-C=O bending), 1695 (NH-C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR: δ 10.22 (s,
2H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 2.95 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H), 2.44 (t, J = 7.2 Hz,
4H), 1.92 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.75 (m, 4H), 1.32 (m, 8H), 0.85 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H). Anal. Calcd. for
C31H38N6O4 (558.67): C, 66.65; H, 6.86; N, 15.04. Found: C, 66.80; H, 6.65; N, 14.92.
N1,N5-bis{4-[5-(Pent-4-en-1-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl}glutaramide (5e). The product was
chromatographed on a short column (3.5 × 27.5 cm) of silica gel. The product was eluted with light
petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (1:3 v/v) and was further crystallized from 100% acetone as cream white
rosettes, 2.1 g, yield 57%, mp 168–170 °C; IR: 3357 (NH-C=O stretching), 1601 (NH-C=O bending),
1676 (NH-C=O) cm−1; 1H-NMR: δ 10.23 (s, 2H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.8 (d, J = 8.8 Hz), 5.93–5.83
(m, 2H), 5.14–5.01 (m, 4H), 3.09 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 4H), 2.58–2.42 (m, 8H), 1.94 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H).
Anal. Calcd. for C29H30N6O4 (526.59): C, 66.15; H, 5.74; N, 15.96. Found: C, 66.28; H, 5.69; N, 15.81.

Molecules 2013, 18
11259
N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide
(5f).
The
product
was
chromatographed on a column of silica gel (3.5 × 45 cm) using ethyl acetate-light petroleum ether
3:1 v/v and 100% ethyl acetate where the oxadiazole was eluted. The product from the column
fractions was further crystallized from acetone as cream white solid, 1.75 g, yield 61%; IR: 3313
1
(NH-C=O stretching), 1604 (NH-C=O bending), 1671 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.23 (s, 2H),
8.19 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 8.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.76–7.64 (m, 6H), 2.46
(t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.96 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C33H26N6O4 (570.60): C, 69.46; H, 4.59;
N, 14.73. Found: C, 69.31; H, 4.40; N, 14.68.
N1,N5-bis[4-(5-Fluoro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide (5g). To a suspension of N1, N5-bis
[4-(N'-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide (3), (1.0 g, 2.5 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran
(THF) (50 mL) was added triethylamine (2.1 mL, 99.5%, 15 mmol) at room temperature and stirred
for 15 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0 °C and trifluoroacetic anhydride (1.8 mL 99%,
13 mmol) diluted with THF (2.9 mL) was added during 10 min. The reaction mixture clarified into a
solution after 35 min of stirring at 0–5 °C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature
for 23 h. The reaction mixture was poured on to 5% sodium bicarbonate (250 mL) at 10 °C. The solid
separated was filtered, washed thoroughly with water and dried under vacuum. The product was then
crystallized from acetone as brownish white needles 0.91 g, yield 65%, mp 235–237 °C; IR: 3313
1
(NH-C=O stretching), 1615 (NH-C=O bending), 1663 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.31 (s, 2H),
8.01 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 7.85 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 2.48 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.96 (m, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H).
Anal. Calcd. for C23H16N6F6O4 (550.40): C, 49.83; H, 2.91; N, 15.16. Found: C, 50.04; H, 3.15; N, 15.34.
N1,N5-bis[4-(1,2,4-Oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide (6). The literature procedure [10] was suitably
modified as follows to prepare 6. To a mixture of N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-hydroxy-carbamimidoyl)
phenyl]glutaramide (3, 1.0 g, 2.5 mmol) in DMSO (25 mL) at room temperature was added trimethyl
orthoformate (1.134 mL, 10.4 mmol) and stirred for 15 min when a solution resulted. Then boron
trifluoride-diethyl etherate (3 drops) were added to the reaction mixture when some white cloud of
fumes were seen and disappeared in 20 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room
temperature for 1.0 h and then heated in an oil bath at 80–82 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was
allowed to cool to room temperature and stirred with 150 mL of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract
was successively washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and water (50 mL) each. The ethyl
acetate phase was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and crystallized from ethyl acetate-
acetone-methanol 1:1 v/v as an off white granules, 0.8 g and yield 76%, mp 208–210 °C; IR: 3349
1
(NH-C=O stretching), 1609 (NH-C=O bending), 1706 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.30 (s, 2H),
9.65 (s, 2H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.82 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 4H), 2.44 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.94 (m,
J = 7.2 Hz, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C21H18N6O4 (418.81): C, 60.28; H, 4.34; N, 20.09. Found: C, 60.40;
H, 4.57; N, 20.21.
N1,N5-bis{[4-(5-Oxo-4,5-dihydro)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl}glutaramide (7). The literature
procedure [11] was suitably modified as follows to prepare 7. To a solution of N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-
hydroxycarbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide (3, 1.0 g, 2.5 mmol) in DMSO (75 mL) at room
temperature was added 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (1.0 g, 6.2 mmol). The contents were stirred at

Molecules 2013, 18
11260
room temperature for 30 min when a solution resulted. The reaction mixture was then heated at 100 °C
for 2 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated under high vacuum when a light brown
semi-solid resulted. It was cooled in a freezer for one day when it solidified. Acetone (50 mL) was
added to the product, mixed and filtered. The solid was washed with cold ethanol followed by cold
acetone and hexane (50 mL) each and dried under vacuum. The product was crystallized from
DMF-water as pale yellow granular solid. It was filtered, washed with water (100 mL) followed by
ethanol, acetone and hexane (50 mL) each. The product was dried under vacuum to afford 0.85 g, yield
75%, mp 230 °C decomposed.; IR: 3501 (NH-C=O stretching), 1611 (NH-C=O bending), 1761
1
(1,2,4-oxadiazol-(4H)-5C=O), 1669 (NH-C=O) cm−1; H-NMR: δ 10.24 (s, 2H), 7.78–7.70 (m, 8H),
7.07 (s, 2H), 2.42 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.91 (m, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H). Anal. Calcd. for C21H18N6O6 (450.41):
C, 56.00; H, 4.03; N, 18.66. Found: C, 56.10; H, 4.00; N, 18.69.
3.2. Metabolism Studies with Prodrug 3
The in vitro metabolism of the prodrug was investigated according to the method published
previously [6]. In brief, the prodrug was dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 20 mM as a stock
solution of which 1 µL was added to the incubation aliquots. The 0.2-mL incubation aliquots contained
2 mg/mL rat liver microsomal proteins, 75 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.4), 17 mM magnesium
chloride, 7 mM NADPH, 17 mM glucose 6-phosphate, and 1.2 units/mL of glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase. Incubation times ranged from 0.5 to 4 h, each halted by placing the vials in an ice bath,
followed by adding an equal volume of methanol (0.2 mL). The quenched incubation mixtures were
stored at −20 °C until analysis. Before HPLC separation, microsomal proteins were precipitated by
centrifugation (10,000 × g, 15 min) at room temperature, and the supernatant was evaporated with a
stream of nitrogen at 37 °C to 0.2 mL. The residual solution was applied to a 6-mL Supelco (Bellefonte,
PA, USA) C18 solid-phase extraction column pretreated with water and methanol. The column was washed
with HPLC-grade water (2 × 3 mL) and eluted with methanol; the effluents were again concentrated by
a nitrogen stream at 37 °C to 1.0 mL. Using a Zorbax (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA)
Rx-C8 column (2.1 × 150 mm; 5-µm pore size) coupled to a Supelco C18 guard column (2 × 18 mm, 5
µm) was used for separation. A Shimadzu LC-MS 2010 was used for initial screening of possible
metabolic products generated from the microsomal incubations by obtaining the mass spectra of all
chromatographic peaks. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-10 mM heptansulfonate-10 mM
TMAC-4.2 mM H3PO4 in H2O with a linear 22.5% to 45% acetonitrile gradient over 25 min.
4. Conclusions
A
series of potential prodrugs of
a
promising antifungal agent, N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-
(carbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide, has been designed and synthesized. The highly basic and polar
bis-amidine groups in the parent molecule were replaced with amidoximes, acylamidoximes or
oxadiazoles functional groups that have reduced pKa values and greater partition coefficients.
Metabolism study with the amidoxime prodrug showed that the designed strategy was effective in
producing the bis-amidine metabolite following incubation with rat liver microsomes. Future studies
will include the in vivo evaluation of these prodrugs in the animal model of pneumocystosis and the
ability of the prodrug functions to be biotransformed into the active bis-amidine functional groups.

Molecules 2013, 18
11261
Extension of this strategy could also be successfully applied to bis-benzamidines exhibiting potential
to treat brain disorders [37,38], myotonic dystrophy [39], or Epstein-Barr virus caused diseases [40].
Acknowledgments
The work described in this manuscript has been funded in part by the NIH under grant
number 8G12MD007595.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. Vanden Eynde, J.J.; Mayence, A.; Huang, T.L.; Collins, M.S.; Rebholz, S.; Walzer, P.W.;
Cushion, M.T. Novel bisbenzamidines as potential drug candidates for the treatment of
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 4545–4548.
2. Huang, T.L.; Vanden Eynde, J.J.; Mayence, A.; Collins, M.S.; Cushion, M.T.; Rattendi, D.;
Londono, I.; Mazumder, L.; Bacchi, C.J.; Yarlett, N. Synthesis and SAR of alkanediamide-linked
bisbenzamidines with anti-trypanosomal and anti-pneumocystis activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
2009, 19, 5884–5886.
3. Kaminsky, R.; Schmid, C; Brun, R. An “in vitro selectivity index” for evaluation of
antitrypanosomal compounds. In Vitro Toxicol. J. Mol. Cell. Toxicol. 1996, 9, 315–324.
4. Cushion, M.T.; Walzer, P.D.; Ashbaug, A.; Rehbolz, S.; Brubkaker, R.; Vanden Eynde, J.J.;
Mayence, A.; Huang, T.L. In vitro selection and in vivo efficacy of piperazine- and
alkanediamide-linked bisbenzamidines against Pneumocystis pneumonia in mice. Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother. 2006, 50, 2337–2343.
5. Clement, B.; Raether, W. Anti-Pneumocystis activities of aromatic diamidoxime prodrugs.
Arzneim. Forsch. 1985, 35, 1009–1014.
6. Huang, T.L.; Bacchi, C.J.; Kode, N.R.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, G.; Yarlett, N.; Rattendi, D.; Londono, I.;
Mazumder, L.; Vanden Eynde, J.J.; et al. Trypanocidal activity of piperazine-linked
bisbenzamidines and bisbenzamidoxime, an orally active prodrug. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
2007, 30, 555–561.
7. Weller, T.; Alig, L.; Beresini, M.; Blackburn, B.; Bunting, S.; Hadvary, P.; Muller, M.H.; Knopp, D.;
Levet-Trafit, B.; Lipari, M.T.; et al. Orally active fibrinogen receptor antagonists. 2. Amidoximes
as prodrugs of amidines. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 3139–3147.
8. Hall, J.E.; Kerrigan J.E.; Ramachandran, K.; Bender, B.C.; Stanko, J.P.; Jones, S.K.;
Patrick, D.A.; Tidwell, R.R. Anti-Pneumocystis activities of aromatic diamidoxime prodrugs.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998, 42, 666–674.
9. Gruenewald, S.; Wahl, B.; Bittner, F.; Hungeling, H.; Kanzow, S.; Kotthaus, J.; Schwering, U.;
Mendel, R.R.; Clement, B. The fourth molybdenum containing enzyme mARC: Cloning and
involvemet in the activation of n-hydroxylated prodrugs. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 8173–8177.

Molecules 2013, 18
11262
10. Havemeyer, A.; Lang, J.; Clement, B. The fourth mammalian molybdenum enzyme mARC:
Current state of research. Drug Metab. Rev. 2011, 43, 524–539.
11. Kitamura, S.; Fukushi, H.; Miyawaki, T.; Kawamura, M.; Terashita, Z.-I.; Naka, T. Orally active
GPIIb/IIIa antagonists: Synthesis and biological activities of masked amidines as prodrugs of
2-[(3S)-4-[(2S)-2-(4-Amidinobenzoylamino0–3-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoyl]-3-(2-oxoethyl)-2-
oxopiperazinyl]acetic acid. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2001, 49, 268–277.
12. Diana, G.D.; Volkots, D.L.; Nitz, T.J.; Bailey, T.R.; Long, M.A.; Vescio, N.; Aldous, S.; Perear, D.C.;
Dutko, F.J. Oxadiazoles as ester bioisosteric replacements in compounds related to disoxaril with
antirhinovirus activity. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 2421–2436.
13. Dannhardt, G.; Kiefer, W.; Lambrecht, G.; Laufer, S.; Mutschler, E.; Schweiger, J., Striegel, H.G.
Regioisomeric 3-, 4- and 5-aminomethylisoxazoles: Synthesis and muscarinic activity. Eur. J.
Med. Chem. 1995, 30, 839–850.
14. Afiatpour, P.; Srivastava, R.M.; de-Oliveira, M.L.; Barrein, E.J. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory
effects of 3-[3-(phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]propionic acid. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1994, 27,
1403–1406.
15. Dahlgren, S.E.; Dalham, T. Anti-inflammatory action of phenylmetholoxadiazole (PMO).
Experimental study on the guinea pig trachea. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1972, 31, 193–202.
16. Sakamoto, T.; Cullen, M.D.; Hartman, T.L.; Watson, K .M.; Buckheit, R.W.; Pannecouque, C.;
de Clercq, E.; Cushman, M. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of new metabolically stable
alkenyldiarylmethane
non-nucleoside
reverse
transcriptase inhibitors incorporating
N-methoxyimidoylhalide and 1,2,4-oxadiazole systems. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 3314–3321.
17. Steglich, W. Two novel synthesis of substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from amidoximes.
Syn. Commun. 1982, 12, 457–461.
18. Kumar, D.; Patel, G.; Chavers, A.K.; Chang, K.-H.; Shah, K. Synthesis of novel 1,2,4-oxadiazoles
and analogues as potential anticancer agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 3085–3092.
19. Cheminformatics on the Web. Available online: www.molinspiration.com (accessed on 1 July 2013).
20. SPARC (ARChem’s physicochemical calculator). Available online: http://archemcalc.com/sparc
(accessed on 1 July 2013).
21. Ouattara, M.; Wein, S.; Calas, M.; Hoang, Y.V.; Vial, H.; Escale, R. Synthesis and antimalarial
activity of new 1,12-bis-(N,N’-acetamidinyl)dodecane derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
2007, 17, 593–596.
22. Kohara, Y.; Imamiya E.; Kubo, K.; Wada, T.; Inada, Y.; Naka, T. A new class of angiotensin II
receptor antagonists with a novel acidic bioisostere. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1995, 5, 1903–1908.
23. Kohara, T.; Kubo, K.; Imamiya, E.; Wada, T.; Inada, Y.; Naka, T. Synthesis and angiotensin II
receptor antagonistic activities of benzimidazole derivatives bearing acidic heterocycles as novel
tetrazole bioisosteres. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 5228–5235.
24. Ouattara, M.; Wein, S.; Denoyelle, S.; Ortial, S.; Durand, T.;Escale, R.; Vial, H.; Vo-Hoang, Y.
Design and synthesis of amidoxime derivatives for orally potent C-alkylamidine-based
antimalarial agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 624–626.
25. Chiou, S.; Shine, H.J. A simplified procedure for preparing 3,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-oxadiazoles by
reaction of amidoximes with acylchlorides in pyridine solution. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1989, 26,
125–128.

Molecules 2013, 18
11263
26. Claisse, J.A.; Foxton, M.W.; Gregory, G.I.; Sheppard, A.H.; Tiley, E.P.; Warburton, W.K.;
Wilson, M.J. Some 5-unsubstituted acetylenic and vinylic 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. J. Chem. Soc.
Perkin. Trans. 1 1973, 2241–2249.
27. LaMattina, J.L.; Mularski, C.J. Utility of p-nitrophenyl 3-bromo-2,2-diethoxypropionate
(NPBDP) in heterocyclic synthesis. J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 4800–4805.
28. Kim, C.K.; Zielinski, P.A. Maggiulli, C.A. A new synthetic route to 3-acylamino-1-aryl-2-
pyrazolin-5-ones. J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 5247–5250.
29. Korbonits, D.; Horvath, K. Synthesis of heterocycles from amino amidoximes. Heterocycles
1994, 37, 2051–2068.
30. Normand, H.; Hannah, A.L.; Sutton, S.C. Synthesis of oxadiazoles on solid support.
Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 8547–8550.
31. Srivastava, R.M.; Oliverira, F.J.S.; Machado, D.S.; Souto-maior, R.M. Synthesis of 3-aryl-5-
{thien-3-ylmethyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Syn. Commun. 1999, 29, 1437–1450.
32. Kurz, T.; Lolak, N.; Geffken, D. Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of 5-amino-3-
aralkoxy(methoxy)amino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 2733–2735.
33. Vincenzo, S.; Francesco, F.; Elisa, P.; Donatella, C.; Sara, T.; Giuseppe, C. A suitable 1,2,4-
oxadiazoles synthesis by microwave irradiation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 4491–4493.
34. Kaboudin, B.; Saadati, F. Novel method for the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles using alumina
supported ammonium fluoride under solvent-free condition. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2005, 42, 699–701.
35. Bora, R.O.; Farooqui, M. Synthesis of substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from substituted acid
chlorides and amidoximes under mild conditions. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2007, 44, 645–649.
36. Dosa, S.; Daniels, G.; Guetschow, M. Biaryl sulfonoamides from O-acetylamidoximes:
1,2,4-oxadiazole cyclization under acidic conditions. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2011, 48, 407–413.
37. Tao, B.; Huang, T.L.; Sharma, T.A.; Reynolds, I.J.; Donkor, I.O. Novel bis-benzamidines and
bis-benzimidazolines as noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
1999, 9, 1299–1304.
38. Vamecq, J.; Maurois, P.; Pages, N.; Bac, P.; Stables, J.P.; Gressens, P.; Stanicki, D.;
Vanden Eynde, J.J. 1,2-Ethane bis-1-amino-4-benzamidine is active against several brain insult
3
and seizure challenges through anti-NMDA mechanisms targeting the H-TCP binding site and
antioxidant action. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3101–3110.
39. Waaf, M.B.; Nakamori, M.; Matthys, C.M.; Thornton, C.A.; Berglund, J.A. Pentamidine reverses
the splicing defects associated with myotonic dystrophy. PNAS 2009, 106, 18551–18556.
40. Whang, X.; Fiorini, Z.; Smith, C.; Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Watkins, L.R.; Yin, H. Repositioning
antimicrobial agent pentamidine as a disruptor of the lateral interactions of transmembrane
domains 5 of EBV latent membrane protein 1. PLoS One 2012, 7, e47703.
Sample Availability: Samples of most compounds are available from the authors.
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).