Discovery of 4-amino-N-[(1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-1-(7H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (AZD5363), an orally bioavailable, potent inhibitor of Akt kinases

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/jm301762v

Wide-ranging exploration of analogues of an ATP-competitive pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitor of Akt led to the discovery of clinical candidate AZD5363, which showed increased potency, reduced hERG affinity, and higher selectivity against the closely related AGC kinase ROCK. This compound demonstrated good preclinical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) properties and, after oral dosing, showed pharmacodynamic knockdown of phosphorylation of Akt and downstream biomarkers in vivo, and inhibition of tumor growth in a breast cancer xenograft model.

Full text of DOI:10.1021/jm301762v

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Article
Discovery of 4-amino-N-[(1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-1-
(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide
(AZD5363), an orally bioavailable, potent inhibitor of Akt kinases
Matt Addie, Peter Ballard, David Buttar, Claire Crafter, Gordon S Currie, Barry R Davies,
Judit Debreczeni, Hannah Dry, Philippa Dudley, Ryan Greenwood, Paul D Johnson,
Jason Grant Kettle, Clare Lane, Gillian Lamont, Andrew George Leach, Richard Luke,
Jeff Morris, Donald Ogilvie, Ken Page, Martin Pass, Stuart Pearson, and Linette Ruston
J. Med. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/jm301762v • Publication Date (Web): 11 Feb 2013
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 24, 2013
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Discovery of 4-amino-N-[(1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-
d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (AZD5363), an orally bioavailable, potent
inhibitor of Akt kinases
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Matt Addie, Peter Ballard, David Buttar, Claire Crafter, Gordon Currie, Barry R. Davies,
Judit Debreczeni, Hannah Dry, Philippa Dudley, Ryan Greenwood, Paul D. Johnson, Jason
G. Kettle,1 Clare Lane, Gillian Lamont, Andrew Leach, Richard W. A. Luke, Jeff Morris,
Donald Ogilvie,2 Ken Page, Martin Pass, Stuart Pearson, Linette Ruston.
Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
Abstract
Wide ranging exploration of analogues of an ATPꢀcompetitive pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitor of
Akt led to the discovery of clinical candidate AZD5363 which showed increased potency,
reduced hERG affinity and higher selectivity against the closely related AGC kinase ROCK.
This compound demonstrated good preclinical DMPK properties and, after oral dosing,
showed pharmacodynamic knockdown of phosphorylation of Akt and downstream
biomarkers in vivo, and inhibition of tumour growth in a breast cancer xenograft model.
Introduction
1 Corresponding author Jason G. Kettle Tel: +441625 517920, jason.kettle@astrazeneca.com;
AstraZeneca, Oncology iMED, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.
2 Current address: dogilvie@picr.man.ac.uk; The Paterson Institute for Cancer Research,
University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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Akt (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) is a serine threonine kinase which acts as a key
node in the PI3KꢀAkt signalling pathway. This axis is one of the most frequently deꢀ
regulated signalling pathways in human cancers and has been shown to mediate resistance to
a range of cytotoxic, antiꢀhormonal and targeted therapies. The pathway plays a critical role
in cell growth, proliferation, motility and survival1 through modulation of a large number of
downstream substrates,2 and is activated by several mechanisms in different cancer types,
including somatic mutation, deletion, and amplification of genes encoding key components.
Coꢀlocalization of Akt with PDK1 at the plasma membrane allows the phosphorylation of
threonine 308 (T308), located in the Akt activation loop. This phosphorylation event is
necessary and sufficient for Akt activation.3 Further phosphorylation of Akt on serine 473
(S473), located in the Cꢀterminal hydrophobic motif by the mTOR complex 2,4 allows for
maximal activation of Akt enzymes. There are three mammalian isoforms of Akt (Aktꢀ1, ꢀ2,
and ꢀ3) that are broadly expressed in most normal tissues and are also expressed in most
tumour types to varying degrees. The three enzymes have a similar organizational structure:
an Nꢀterminal PH domain, a central serine / threonine catalytic domain, and a short regulatory
region at the Cꢀterminus, also called the hydrophobic motif.5 A unique feature of the Akt
isoforms is the Cꢀterminal extension which folds back over the ATP site to position two
aromatic residues into a hydrophobic groove present in the Nꢀlobe. This results in the
occlusion of the solvent channel present in the hinge region of most other kinases.
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Due to the strong rationale for targeting Akt in cancer, much effort has been made to identify
Akt inhibitors with acceptable pharmaceutical properties, particularly for oral dosing. The
most common approaches described to date have been through the development of
compounds that are either ATPꢀcompetitive or that prevent the formation of the active
enzyme.6 Despite the significant efforts invested in the generation of inhibitors of
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components of this pathway, it remains unclear whether ATPꢀcompetitive or nonꢀcompetitive
inhibitors will be most beneficial for the treatment of cancer. A number of Akt inhibitors are
currently being tested in clinical trials, including allosteric inhibitors of inactive Akt, such as
1 (MKꢀ2206),7 and ATP competitive inhibitors of active enzyme, such as 2 (GDC0068)8
(Figure 1) and GSK2141795.9 Here we describe some aspects of the work leading to the
discovery of an ATP competitive Akt inhibitor, 4ꢀaminoꢀNꢀ[(1S)ꢀ1ꢀ(4ꢀchlorophenyl)ꢀ3ꢀ
hydroxypropyl]ꢀ1ꢀ(7Hꢀpyrrolo[2,3ꢀd]pyrimidinꢀ4ꢀyl)piperidineꢀ4ꢀcarboxamide (AZD5363),
64.
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NH
O
NH2
N
N
Cl
N
N
N
O
N
N
N
H
1
2
OH
Figure 1. Allosteric inhibitor of inactive Akt, MKꢀ2206, 1 and an example of an inhibitor of
active Akt, GDCꢀ0068, 2.
Results and Discussion
Benzylamide 3 has previously been reported as an orally bioavailable inhibitor of Akt. This
compound was originally identified as a suitable starting point for further optimisation as a
result of our prior collaboration with Astex Therapeutics Ltd and their collaboration with the
Institute of Cancer Research.10 This lead had arisen from a fragment based screening
campaign from which several alternative hinge binding groups were found which were then
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elaborated into potent Akt inhibitors and a selection of the chemotypes explored are
highlighted in Figure 2.11 Common features of these inhibitors include a small hingeꢀbinding
heteroaromatic ring presenting a donorꢀacceptor motif to Glu228 and Ala230, a phenyl or
piperidine spacing group, a primary or secondary amino functionality which can form a Hꢀ
bonding interaction with the acid hole formed by Glu234 and Glu278 and a lipophilic
aromatic group that is positioned in a hydrophobic pocket under the Pꢀloop of the ATPꢀ
binding site. This pharmacophore for ATP competitive inhibition of Akt matches that which
has subsequently been reported by a number of other groups.12 Following thorough
evaluation of the various lead series we elected to work on the benzylamide series as
exemplified by compound 3 as its efficacy and tolerability were favourable. Key data for 3 is
illustrated in Table 1. Compound 3 is a reasonably potent enzyme inhibitor of all 3 Akt
isoforms and is a moderately potent inhibitor of phosphorylation of GSK3β by Akt in Human
MDAMB468 cells. Following oral dosing, 3 had also demonstrated pharmacodynamic
inhibition of Akt pathway signalling and demonstrated growth inhibition in a relevant
xenograft model.10 However, enzyme selectivity over closely related ROCK2 was judged to
be insufficient at just 5ꢀfold based on enzyme activity. ROCK2 is another member of the
AGC kinases and is involved in regulation of vascular tone and thus control of blood
pressure. There is high homology within the AGC kinase family, with AKT1 and ROCK2
sharing 40% sequence identify (53% similarity) in the kinase domain, this increases to 86%
sequence identity (100% similarity) when the fifteen residues within 3Å of ATP are
considered. A selective ROCK inhibitor has been shown significantly to decrease blood
pressure and cause increased heart rate and cardiac contractility, in a canine in vivo
cardiovascular model.13 Our extensive SAR studies exploring the series had revealed that
achieving selectivity over ROCK while retaining Akt potency was challenging. At the same
time we aspired to resolve the issue of activity at the hERG ion channel, given that compound
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3, with an IC50 of 5 ꢀM for inhibition, may present issues further in development. Activity
against the hERG ion channel is implicated in the development of Torsades de Pointes and
sudden cardiac death. Despite these issues, 3 demonstrated good pharmacokinetics across
three species, showing reasonable absorption, and low to moderate clearance. In vitro hepatic
clearance values were also low, including importantly in human cells. It is noteworthy that
this good DMPK profile is observed in the presence of the required primary amino
pharmacophore. We speculate that the combination of close proximity to the electronꢀ
withdrawing amido group, coupled with high steric hinderance at this tertiary centre mitigates
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against the clearance and absorption issues one might otherwise anticipate.
F
N
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
NH
NH
NH
NH2
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N N
N
N
H
H
H
Cl
NH
N
N
O
N
NH2
NH2
NH2
N
N
H
H
Cl
Cl
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
N
N
H
H
H
H
3
Figure 2. Inhibitors of Akt arising from collaboration with Astex Therapeutics Ltd and the
Institute of Cancer Research.10, 11
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Table 1. Profiling of early lead Akt inhibitor 3
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6
7
8
Parameter
Enzyme potency Akt1, 2, 3 IC50 (nM)
Cell IC50 (nM), inhibition of pGSK3β by Akt
ROCK2 IC50 (nM) , [foldꢀselectivity]
LogD pH7.4
Value
13, 66, 57
328
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60
66, [5]
2.9
Plasma protein binding % free (mouse, rat, dog, human)
Solubility pH7.4 (ꢀM)
14, 14, 11, 22
150
hERG IC50 (nM)
5235
Hepatocyte Clint (ꢀl/min/10ꢀ6 cells) (mouse, rat, dog, human)
10, 19, 6, 15
42, 2.8, 0.8, 88
Mouse
Pharmacokinetics
Rat
Cl (ml/min/kg), Vdss, t1/2 (h), F%
48, 3.1, 2.3, 56
2, 0.6, 3.0, 70
Dog
Chemistry Inhibitors of Akt described in this work were generally assembled in a short
sequence from readily available starting materials (Scheme 1). Piperidine 5 and
chloroheterocycle 4 were condensed to give the key carboxylic acid building block 6, which
was subsequently coupled with a variety of primary amines to give the requisite amide group.
Acid promoted deprotection of the primary amine functionality revealed Akt inhibitors 7.
The amines used in this coupling were often commercially available, however representative
examples of the synthesis of more complex coupling partners is outlined in Schemes 2 and 3.
Scheme 1. General synthesis of Akt inhibitors 7.
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O
H
O
N
O
N
R
NH2
O
HO
N
Cl
N
H
H
O
N
O
HO
(i)
(ii), (iii)
N
+
N
N
N
N
O
N
N
H
N
H
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N
H
N
4
5
H
6
7
Reagents and conditions: (i) NaHCO3, CH3CN/H2O, reflux 24 h; (ii) Nꢀ(3ꢀdimethylaminopropyl)ꢀ3ꢀ
ethylcarbodiimide, HBT, DMF, 16 h; (iii) 4M HCl in dioxane, RT, 16 h.
Amino acid 8 was reduced to amino alcohol 9 which was coupled to building block 6 to give,
after deprotection, inhibitor 61. Amino alcohol 9 also served as a useful precursor to bisꢀ
amine 13 and ether 14 used in the synthesis of Akt inhibitors 45 and 63 respectively. The
alcohol was converted to mesylate 11, which in turn gave bisꢀamine 13 by displacement with
dimethylamine and subsequent deprotection of the benzylamine moiety. Alternatively simple
alkylation of 10 with methyl iodide gave ether 15 after removal of the protecting group.
Similarly amino acid 16 was used as starting material for a range of differently substituted
benzylamines. Reduction of the acid and in-situ protection of the amino group gave alcohol
17, with subsequent mesylate ester 18 proving a versatile intermediate for introduction of a
range of polar substituents. Thioester formation and Nꢀchlorosuccinimide promoted
oxidation give sulfonyl chloride 20. Quenching with ammonia and amine deprotection
yielded βꢀaminosulfonamide 22 used in the synthesis of inhibitor 56. Primary amine 23 was
also synthesized from mesylate 18, through azide displacement and reduction. This amine
was capped with an acyl group to give 25 or mesyl group to give 27, and these ultimately
yielded Akt inhibitors 55 and 58 respectively. Mesylate 18 was also used to access higher
alkyl homologues such as 31 used to deliver inhibitor 59. Displacement with cyanide gave
nitrile 28 which was reduced to primary amine 29. As before, capping with a mesyl group
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and deprotection yielded amine 31. Further details of all the routes used to make the
5
6
compounds described herein can be found in the supplementary information.
7
8
9
Scheme 2. Synthesis of representative substituted benzylamines used in the elaboration of
Akt inhibitors 45, 61 and 63.
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11
12
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NH2
NHBOC
NHBOC
NHBOC
(iii)
(ii)
(iv)
OH
OH
OMs
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
9
10
11
12
(vi)
(v)
(i)
NHBOC
NH2
NH2
NH2
O
(v)
O
O
N
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
8
14
15
13
Reagents and conditions: (i) BH3.THF, RT, 5 h; (ii) Diꢀtertꢀbutyl dicarbonate, DCM, RT, 2 h; (iii) MsCl, Et3N,
DCM, RT, 2 h; (iv) Me2NH, TBAI, THF, 150oC, 0.5 h; (v) 4M HCl, dioxane, DCM, methanol, RT, 4 h; (vi)
NaH, MeI, THF, RT, 4 h.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of representative substituted benzylamines used in the elaboration of
Akt inhibitors 55, 56, 58 and 59.
NH
2 O
NHBOC
R
NHBOC
NHAc
NH2
NH2
S
(vi)
NHAc
(vi)
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
22
24
25
19 R = SAc
20 R = SO2Cl
21 R = SO2NH2
(iv)
(v)
(viii)
(iii)
NHBOC
OH
NHBOC
OMs
NHBOC
NHBOC
NHMs
(vii)
(ii)
NH2
(ix)
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
17
18
23
26
(x)
(vi)
(i)
NHBOC
R
NH2
NH2
NH2
(vi)
NHMs
O
NHMs
OH
16
Cl
(xi)
(ii)
Cl
Cl
Cl
31
27
28 R = CN
29 R = CH2NH2
30 R = CH2NHMs
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Reagents and conditions: (i) NaBH4, I2, THF, reflux, 12 h then diꢀtertꢀbutyl dicarbonate, Et3N, RT, 2 h; (ii)
MsCl, DIPEA, DCM, RT, 2ꢀ18 h; (iii) KSAc, DMF, 50oC, 1 h; (iv) NCS, 2M HCl, CH3CN, 10oC, 0.3 h; (v)
NH3, CH3CN, RT, 16 h; (vi) TFA, RT, 0.3 h; (vii) NaN3, DMF, 80oC, 1 h then H2, 10% Pd/C, ethanol, RT, 1 h;
(viii) Ac2O, DIPEA, THF, RT, 2 h; (ix) MsCl, DIPEA, THF, RT, 2 h; (x) NaCN, DMF, 80oC, 3 h; (xi) LiAlH4,
THF, RT, 2 h.
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α-Substitution with alkyl groups A crystal structure of 3 bound to Akt2 was available to
AstraZeneca from our collaboration10 (PDB code 2X39) which showed that the
pyrrolopyrimidine of 3 formed hydrogen bonds to the hinge domain, the amino group
interacted with an acidic hole and the paraꢀchlorophenyl group entered a pocket under the Pꢀ
loop. SAR around this lead has been reported although no further improvements in potency
were found in the analogues tested.10 Indeed our own extensive medicinal chemistry
exploration of this lead also indicated many different modifications ultimately proved
unproductive in achieving the desired combination of properties, including changes to the
hinge binding group, amide functionality and any changes to the nature and position of the
primary amine. We were intrigued however by the potential to substitute on the αꢀcarbon of
the benzyl group since inspection of the available crystal structure suggested space to
accommodate such a change. No obvious interactions would result from this however, so it
was unclear what effect this would have on potency or other key properties. Initially the
racemic αꢀmethylated compound 32 was synthesised and despite showing broadly similar
enzyme potency to 3, a modest improvement in cell activity was observed, in addition to
slightly better selectivity. To understand whether one isomer was more responsible than the
other for this profile, both individual enantiomers were synthesised. The Sꢀenantiomer 34
proved significantly more active than the Rꢀenantiomer 33, and despite absolute ROCK
activity also being greater in 33, the improvements in Akt enzyme potency meant the
selectivity ratio was also improved. No significant movement in hERG inhibition was
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observed for this small change however. It was hypothesised that the introduction of the αꢀ
methyl chiral centre introduced a ligand conformational preference with respect to the Pꢀloop
aryl group and consequently that the selectivity differences observed could potentially arise
from differences in the nature of the Pꢀloop hydrophobic pocket between Akt1 and ROCK2.
If this hypothesis was correct, different selectivity profiles might be achievable, enhancing
Akt1 potency and reducing ROCK2 potency through the development of ligands that might
exploit this proposed difference.
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Additional αꢀalkyl analogues were synthesised to explore the effect of further substitution,
and for synthetic convenience the initial followꢀup studies were performed using racemic
samples. Small lipophilic substituents such as ethyl 35 and cyclopropyl 36 showed a similar
potency to methyl, and hERG activity was also unchanged, although ROCK selectivity was
improved, particularly for the latter. Larger αꢀsubstituents were generally less potent in both
enzyme and cell assays. The compound with an αꢀphenyl group 37 led to a significant
reduction in cellular potency as did other compounds with large aromatic substituents such as
the benzylic analogue 38. Alkyl substituents larger than methyl generally came with an
expected increase in lipophilicity, and concomittant reduction in solubility, and this issue was
particularly acute for αꢀsideꢀchains that contained aromatic rings. For these larger groups,
hERG inhibition also appeared to increase in line with LogD.
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O
N
R
NH2
N
H
Cl
N
N
10
11
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13
14
15
16
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19
20
21
22
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25
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60
N
H
Table 1. Akt enzyme and cell potency, selectivity and hERG activity for αꢀalkyl substituted
benzylamide analogues.
Solubility
Akt1 IC50
(nM)1
Akt2 IC50
(nM)
Akt3 IC50
(nM)
Cell IC50
(nM)2
ROCK2
hERG IC50
(nM)4
R
LogD
IC50 (nM)3
(ꢀM)5
3
H
Me
13
8
66
40
57
30
328
197
66 [5]
5235
7200
9092
6747
6495
2600
1600
3500
2.9
2.7
3.3
2.7
3.5
3.4
4.1
4.1
150
180
77
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
101 [13]
1396 [5]
55 [15]
RꢀMe
SꢀMe
Et
276
4
836
20
523
16
4594
134
110
13
7
23
15
144
126 [19]
261 [52]
576 [14]
586 [19]
cꢀPr
Ph
5
30
24
208
31
41
31
210
190
270
150
1620
1650
< 1
< 1
Bn
1,2,3
All IC50 data are reported as nanomolar and are the mean of at least n=2 independent measurements. Each
has a SEM ± 0.2 log units. 2 Inhibition of phosphorylation of GSK3β mediated by Akt in MDAMB468 cells.
3
4
5
Value in parentheses indicates enzyme selectivity ratio to Akt1.
Thermodynamic solubility in 0.1M phosphate buffer at pH7.4 (25°C).
CHO cells, IonWorksTM assay.
Aromatic ring substitution Previous studies had demonstrated that while a range of other
pendant phenyl substituents could be tolerated, in the limited compounds studied, a paraꢀ
chloro group offered the best overall balance particularly with respect to potency.10 As
methyl appeared to be the optimal αꢀsubstituent in this initial limited expansion, this group
was fixed, and variation of the aromatic ring in the benzyl group revisited in an attempt to
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explore in particular the effect on hERG potency. Table 2 shows a selection of the aromatic
substitutions examined, all in a racemic αꢀmethyl series to aid synthetic tractability.
Removal of the chloro group to give unsubstituted compound 39 resulted in a reduction in
potency, both at the enzyme and cellular level, consistent with earlier observations.
Introduction of a paraꢀfluoro group as in compound 40 recovered some of this potency, but
not to the level seen with chloro analogue 32. In both these examples however, absolute
hERG affinity was lowered, broadly consistent with lowered lipophilicity, but this did not
result in improvements to solubility. Heterocycles in this region were also poorly tolerated,
with both 2ꢀ and 3ꢀpyridyl analogues 41 and 42 showing no cellular activity at the top
concentration tested. Despite significant improvements in both hERG activity and solubility
for this change, selectivity at the enzyme level versus ROCK was also severely compromised.
A range of other simple substitutions were explored as typified by sulfone 43 and dimethoxy
analogue 44. The picture relative to chloro lead 32 was again consistent, with compounds
often showing improved hERG margin, but generally weaker Akt cell activity and
compromised selectivity profile.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
O
NH2
R
N
H
N
N
N
N
H
Table 2. Akt enzyme and cell potency, selectivity and hERG activity for selected aryl
substituted benzylamide analogues.
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Solubility
Akt1 IC50
(nM)1
Akt2 IC50
(nM)
Akt3 IC50
(nM)
Cell IC50
(nM)2
ROCK2
hERG IC50
(nM)4
R
LogD
IC50 (nM)3
(ꢀM)5
6
7
8
9
39
40
149
9
709
344
582
176
6710
1776
132 [1]
>33300
26957
2.2
2.4
98
96
F
135 [15]
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
41
42
1313
2753
8111
4260
8065
>30132
>3250
1297 [1]
3149 [1]
>33300
>33300
1.2
1.3
> 2600
> 2400
N
16498
N
O
S
43
183
805
756
5165
1144 [6]
1072 [1]
>33300
1.0
1.8
230
O
O
44
1192
8578
2893
>3250
>100000
> 740
O
1,2,3
All IC50 data are reported as nanomolar and are the mean of at least n=2 independent measurements. Each
has a SEM ± 0.2 log units. 2 Inhibition of phosphorylation of GSK3β mediated by Akt in MDAMB468 cells.
3
4
5
Value in parentheses indicates enzyme selectivity ratio to Akt1.
Thermodynamic solubility in 0.1M phosphate buffer at pH7.4 (25°C).
CHO cells, IonWorksTM assay.
α-Substitution carrying a basic side chain Following initial exploration of the vector
provided by the benzyl methylene group that led to SꢀMe analogue 34, this region was
revisited with a broader range of functionalities. The impact of appending basic groups in
this region was explored with a focused set of targets, since although the modest solubility of
lead 3 does not compromise its PK profile, further improvements might be beneficial. Initial
exploration targeted a dimethylamino side chain as in homologues 45 and 46. Both
analogues showed potent enzyme and cellular inhibition, with a 3 carbon side chain
seemingly offering modest advantage over a 2 carbon side chain with respect to ROCK
selectivity. In both molecules hERG activity is dramatically reduced. Further exploration of
the SAR around the basic group with analogues such as pyrrolidine 47, morpholine 48 and
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piperidine 49 led to compounds with a very similar overall profile – improved potency and
selectivity and lowered hERG affinity. A number of chirally pure Sꢀenantiomers were also
synthesised. Compound 50 is the Sꢀenantiomer of racemate 45, and in this case the profile is
largely identical with 50 showing potent cell activity, high solubility and good hERG margin,
albeit with a lower selectivity over ROCK. Varying the base further such as with pyrrolidine
51 or piperidine 52 again led to compounds with a good balance of properties, but with lower
than ideal ROCK selectivity. Single Sꢀisomers 50 - 52 were all tested in a Rat DMPK study
and all showed clearance at a rate significantly in excess of liver blood flow, and
consequently no oral bioavailability. A contribution to this from limited absorption cannot be
ruled out however.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
O
R
NH2
N
H
Cl
N
N
N
N
H
Table 3. Akt enzyme and cell potency, selectivity and hERG activity for αꢀsubstituted
benzylamide analogues carrying a basic side chain
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Solubility
Akt1 IC50 Akt2 IC50 Akt3 IC50
Cell IC50
(nM)2
ROCK2
hERG IC50
(nM)4
R
LogD
(nM)1
(nM)
14
(nM)
7
IC50 (nM)3
(ꢀM)5
45
46
47
2
96
31 [16]
71 [25]
104 [29]
>100000
>100000
>100000
N
3
4
15
96
4
126
209
1.4
1.3
> 1700
> 1500
N
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
36
N
N
N
O
48
49
5
5
42
30
15
10
156
81
134 [25]
112 [24]
74807
2.7
1400
>33300
50
51
3
4
110
43
34 [12]
39 [10]
>33300
21030
2320
S-
N
31
13
18
6
>2470
S-
S-
N
52
4
78
34 [10]
29367
2.4
>2090
N
1,2,3
All IC50 data are reported as nanomolar and are the mean of at least n=2 independent measurements. Each
3
has a SEM ± 0.2 log units. 2 Inhibition of phosphorylation of GSK3β mediated by Akt in MDAMB468 cells.
4
5
Value in parentheses indicates enzyme selectivity ratio to Akt1.
Thermodynamic solubility in 0.1M phosphate buffer at pH7.4 (25°C).
CHO cells, IonWorksTM assay.
α-Substitution in the benzylamide series carrying a neutral side chain Since sideꢀchains
carrying a basic group had led to high clearance and low oral bioavailability, the exploration
of nonꢀbasic polar substituents was initiated. Amides 53 and 54, and reversed amide 55
showed much reduced hERG activity, but cell potency and overall ROCK selectivity was
compromised. A similar profile was observed with sulfonamides 56 and 57, one of
compromised cell activity and selectivity. Two carbon sideꢀchain analogue 56 showed
slightly greater activity than the three carbon 57, but worse absolute selectivity, and solubility
was poor despite comparable logD to other examples. This pattern was reinforced when
reversing the sulphonamide as in 58 and 59, where again a two carbon spaced compound 59
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gave better cell activity, and here improved selectivity, over the shorter one carbon linker 58.
Both compounds had an acceptable hERG margin, but again, sulfonamides consistently
demonstrated only modest solubility. The impact of spacing a hydroxyl substituent at
varying distances from the methylene group was explored with homologues 60 - 62. As
before, a clear preference for a two carbon spacer emerged with 61 showing the greatest cell
potency, ROCK selectivity and hERG margin. One carbon spacing as in 60 also had much
reduced hERG potency, but with compromised cell potency, and three carbon spacer 62,
whilst more potent than 60, showed measurable hERG inhibition. Methylating 61 to give
ether 63 led to an increase in lipophilicity, much increased hERG inhibition, and also
compromised cellular potency. Finally, isolation of the more active Sꢀenantiomer of 61, gave
64, subsequently designated AZD5363. This compound showed potent panꢀAkt enzyme
inhibition (3ꢀ8 nM) and cell activity (89 nM), high hERG margin (>100,000) with excellent
solubility and 18ꢀfold selectivity for Akt1 enzyme over ROCK2. The corresponding Rꢀ
enantiomer was synthesised and exhibited markedly lower enzyme and cell potency of 90 nM
and 3300 nM respectively, confirming a chiral preference for binding.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
O
N
R
NH2
N
H
Cl
N
N
N
H
Table 4. Akt enzyme and cell potency, selectivity and hERG activity for αꢀsubstituted
benzylamide analogues carrying a neutral side chain
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Solubility
Akt1 IC50 Akt2 IC50 Akt3 IC50
Cell IC50
(nM)2
ROCK2
hERG IC50
(nM)4
R
LogD
2.2
(nM)1
(nM)
(nM)
IC50 (nM)3
(ꢀM)5
O
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
30
159
105
1126
681
2893
489
874
995
414
302
91
351 [12]
266 [6]
182 [6]
37 [3]
>100000
>33300
>33300
>33300
>33300
>33300
80124
460
400
H2N
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
42
31
12
6
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
2.4
2.4
2.2
N
O
O
> 1200
N
H
O
H2N
S
ꢀ
ꢀ
5
O
O
H2N
S
ꢀ
ꢀ
62 [10]
90 [6]
O
O
S
16
7
ꢀ
ꢀ
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.0
2.5
29
86
N
O
H
H
O
N
36
46
22
24
130
8
30
40
15
22
100
8
153 [22]
89 [12]
112 [27]
76 [12]
204 [22]
56 [18]
S
O
7
>100000
>100000
57793
47
HO
4
21
HO
HO
6
138
303
89
130
52
O
10
3
9369
64
S-
HO
>100000
780
AZD5363
1,2,3
All IC50 data are reported as nanomolar and are the mean of at least n=2 independent measurements. Each
3
has a SEM ± 0.2 log units. 2 Inhibition of phosphorylation of GSK3β mediated by Akt in MDAMB468 cells.
4
5
Value in parentheses indicates enzyme selectivity ratio to Akt1.
Thermodynamic solubility in 0.1M phosphate buffer at pH7.4 (25°C).
CHO cells, IonWorksTM assay.
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X-ray crystallography studies A crystal structure of 64 bound to AKT1 (PDB code 4GV1)
was obtained (Figure 3). This revealed key interactions and features that may contribute to
the high Akt affinity of this compound. The protein is in the active form with the Cꢀterminal
tail folding back over the Nꢀterminal lobe to position Phe469 and Phe472 in the hydrophobic
pocket essential for regulatory control of Akt1. The pyrrolopyrimidine ring forms two
hydrogen bonds to the kinase hinge through residues Ala230 and Glu228. Interestingly the
central piperidine ring adopts an axial conformation with respect to both the
pyrrolopyrimidine hinge group and the Pꢀloop aryl group. This axial over equatorial
preference is influenced by the orthoꢀsp2 nitrogen in the pyrrolopyrimidine core and adoption
of this conformation positions the basic amino group in the acidic hole formed by Glu234 and
Glu278, and the paraꢀchlorophenyl group in a hydrophobic pocket under the Pꢀloop formed
by the side chains of Lys179, Leu181, Val164 and backbone atoms of Lys158 and Gly162.
The conformation of the central piperidine observed in the Akt1 crystal structure is consistent
with the conformation observed previously for the initial lead 3.10a Although the axial
positioning of the substituents is likely to be energetically less favourable than the
corresponding equatorially substituted analogue, this conformation is believed to be adopted
to position the central ring substituents optimally with respect to the AKT1 binding site. It is
also of note that the basic amino group forms a close contact with the sulphur of Met28110
and hydrogen bonds with the side chain of Glu234, the backbone carbonyl of Glu278 and an
associated water molecule. The pKa of the amino group of 64 was experimentally
determined, and was found to have a relatively low value of 6.1. The amide NH does not
form any direct contacts with the protein, although it could form a water mediated interaction
to Asp292 and Asn279. The hydroxyethyl sideꢀchain also does not appear to form any direct
interactions with the protein, but occupies a solvent filled region and possibly forms a water
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22
23
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32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
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58
59
60
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mediated interaction to Glu278. This residue Glu278 corresponds to Asp218 in ROCK2,
consequently the presence of the hydoxyethyl group may result in a different interaction
profile between the two proteins in this region. However from the available information it is
not possible to definitively explain how this group contributes to the increased potency and
selectivity of this compound.
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11
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13
14
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19
20
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Figure 3. (a) Ligand binding mode of compound 64 in Akt1 determined by Xꢀray
crystallography at 1.49
Å resolution. 2FoꢀFc electron density map is displayed in orange and
contoured at 1σ around the inhibitor. Nearby water molecules are represented as red spheres.
(b) Molecular surface representation of the Akt1 binding pocket, looking towards the kinase
hinge region. (c) Hydrogen bond network formed by 64 and Akt1 residues within 3Å of the
inhibitor.
Pharmacokinetic profiling The DMPK profile of 64 is highlighted in Table 5. Protein
binding remained low across all species, consistent with initial lead 3. Compound 64 is
extensively distributed outside of blood with volumes of distribution ranging from 2 to 4 L/kg
in preꢀclinical species. Oral bioavailability in mouse remains high despite higher clearance,
which may indicate a saturation of first pass metabolism with the oral dose or extraꢀhepatic
metabolism. The profile in Rat is somewhat worse however – whole blood clearance is
relatively high, and consequently bioavailability remains a modest 13%. Optimisation of the
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critical parameters of cell potency, ROCK selectivity and absolute hERG margin of 3 has
been achieved, but here at the expense of some of the favourable PK properties the early lead
demonstrated. The profile in dog appears more balanced – moderate clearance and moderate
bioavailability. As with the initial lead, in vitro intrinsic hepatic clearance (Clint) measured
in hepatocytes are generally low, with turnover in human cells only measurable using an
assay with a 2h incubation.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Table 5. Selected DMPK properties of compound 64.
Parameter
Mouse1
Rat2
23.5ꢀ25.1
13
Dog3
19.2ꢀ22.9
37
Human
Protein binding free drug %
Oral bioavailability (%)
Blood Cl (ml/min/kg)
Vdss (L/kg)
14.3ꢀ16.7
22.3
86
207
4.1
0.2
6
ꢀ
ꢀ
95
22
4.0
2.1
ꢀ
Half life (i.v., h)
0.5
1.7
ꢀ
Clint, Hepatocytes (ꢁL/min/1x106 cells)
32
10
1.9
1 Alderley Park Mouse. 2 Han Wistar Rat. 3 Alderley Park Beagle.
Biological activity In order to understand the compounds selectivity profile, 64 was assayed
against a larger enzyme panel of 75 kinases, of which 35 were also AGC family kinases.
Significant activity, defined herein as > 75% inhibition at a fixed concentration of 1 ꢀM was
seen for just 15 kinases, of which 14 were unsurprisingly from the AGC family. In addition
to Akt1ꢀ3, these were ROCK2, MKK1, MSK1, MSK2, PKCγ, PKGα, PKGβ, PRKX, RSK2,
RSK3, P70S6K and PKA. Only the latter two kinases, P70S6K and PKA were inhibited with
enzyme IC50 values comparable to Akt1ꢀ3 inhibition however, at 6 and 7 nM respectively.
However in cellular endpoints of these two kinases, activity was relatively reduced compared
to the primary Akt pharmacology. The cellular IC50 against P70S6K was approximately 5
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ꢀM as measured by inhibition of S6 phosphorylation in TSC1 null RT4 bladder cancer cells,
5
6
7
8
whilst activity against PKA was around 1 ꢀM, as determined by inhibition of VASP
phosphorylation in A431 cells. Activity against related ROCK1 isoform was much reduced
relative to ROCK2, with an IC50 of 470 nM. Compound 64 was also very effective at
inhibiting the phosphorylation of downstream Akt substrates in a variety of cell lines (Table
6). Potent inhibition was seen against pGSK3β and pPRAS40 as direct markers of Akt cell
activity. The growth inhibitory effect of 64 was also examined across a much larger in house
cellular panel of 182 tumour cell lines in standard proliferation assay format. Sensitive cell
lines were defined as those inhibited with an IC50 of 3 ꢀM or less. A majority of breast cell
lines proved to be sensitive (64%), with gastric, endometrial, prostate and haematoligic lines
showing intermediate sensitivity (24 to 33% responsive). Lines that showed a poor response
to 64 were derived from lung (12% sensitive), colorectal (7%) and bladder (0%). The degree
of sensitivity of a line could be correlated with a variety of oncogenic markers. Specifically
activating mutations in PIK3CA, loss or inactivation of tumour suppressor PTEN or HER2
amplification all were significantly predictive of responsiveness to therapy. Additionally,
correlation was also seen between the RAS mutation status of cell lines and resistance to 64.14
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Table 6. The effect of 64 on Akt driven cellular endpoints in various cell lines.
Marker
pGSK3β
pPRAS40
BT474c IC50 (ꢀM)1
LNCaP IC50 (ꢀM)2
MDAꢀMBꢀ468 IC50 (ꢀM)3
0.76
0.31
0.06
0.22
0.38
0.39
1 HER2+, PIK3CA mutant, breast line. 2 PTEN null, prostate line. 3 PTEN null, breast line.
The effect of 64 in vivo was characterized firstly by measuring pharmacodynamic activity in
a BT474c breast adenocarcinoma xenograft model. Following single oral doses of 100 and
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300 mg/kg, 64 potently inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt downstream substrates pGSK3β
and pPRAS40 as well as pS6 in a manner that was directly linked to plasma exposure (Figure
4). Potent inhibition of pPRAS40 and pGSK3β was seen out to 4 hours, which started to
recover at 8 hours, and was back to basal levels by 24 hours as compound was eliminated.
The more distal cellular marker pS6 showed a similar exposure response despite overall less
marked inhibition. The impact on tumour growth of continuous oral dosing of 64 was also
assessed in the same model over 14 days. When dosed at 200mg/kg once per day, 64 was
less effective than dosing at 100 mg/kg twice per day (39% inhibition versus 80%
respectively). Greatest inhibition of growth was observed with a dose of 200 mg/kg twice per
day which led to 104% inhibition, and this proved to be the maximum well tolerated
continuous twice daily dose (Figure 5).
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Figure 4. Pharmacodynamic activity of 64 in a BT474c xenograft model in nude mice.
Concentration response was established by dosing groups at either 100 or 300 mg/kg, and
assaying for compound and effect at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hour timepoints. Each point
represents the mean of 4 animals
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Figure 5. Activity of 64 in a BT474c tumorꢀbearing Nude Mouse disease model. Each error
bar is constructed using one standard error from the mean.
Conclusions Compound 3 served as a lead Akt inhibitor with an acceptable DMPK profile in
preclinical species and in vivo antitumor efficacy with modulation of biomarkers following
oral dosing. Nevertheless it had an unfavorably low ROCK selectivity, only modest cell
activity and unwanted activity at the hERG ion channel. A crystal structure of this compound
bound to Akt1 suggested a possible vector for further substitution, and this position was
ultimately explored with a range of diverse substituents and chain lengths, leading ultimately
to compound 64, AZD5363. This agent inhibits all Akt isoforms with a potency of <10 nM
in vitro, and is a potent inhibitor of phosphorylation of the Akt substrates, GSK3β, PRAS40
and S6 in a range of cell lines. It has good selectivity over both the hERG ion channel, and
closely related AGC kinase ROCK and shows pharmacodynamic and xenograft activity in
vivo. It has potential in cancer therapy and is currently in phase 1 clinical trials.
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Acknowledgements We would like to thank our former colleagues at AstraZeneca for their
contributions to this work: Keith Johnson, Glen Hatter, Geoff Bird, Bish Matusiak and
Ciorsdaidh Watts, and to Anja Jestel, Stefan Steinbacher and Holger Steuber of Proteros for
crystallography determination. We would also like to acknowledge our former collaborators
at Astex Therapeutics and the Institute of Cancer Research for the discovery of the various
lead series that provided the starting points for this work.
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Abbreviations Used
ATP, adenosine triphosphate; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; PDK1, 3ꢀ
phosphoinositide dependent protein kinaseꢀ1; mTOR, mammalian target of Rapamycin; PH,
pleckstrin homology; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3ꢀkinase; SAR, structure activity relationship;
Experimental Section
Chemistry All reactions were performed under inert conditions (nitrogen) unless otherwise
stated. Temperatures are given in degrees Celsius (°C); operations were carried out at room
or ambient temperature, that is, at a temperature in the range of 18 to 25°C. All solvents and
reagents were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification. For
coupling reactions, all solvents were dried and degassed prior to reaction. Reactions
performed under microwave irradiation utilized either a Biotage Initiator or CEM Discover
Microwave. Upon work up, organic solvents were typically dried prior to concentration with
anhydrous MgSO4 or Na2SO4. Flash silica chromatography was typically performed on an
Isco Companion, using Silicycle silica gel, 230ꢀ400 mesh 40ꢀ63 ꢀm cartridges, Grace Resolv
silica cartridges or Isolute Flash Si or Si II cartridges. Reverse phase chromatography was
performed using a Waters XBridge Prep C18 OBD column, 5ꢁ silica, 19 mm diameter, 100
mm length), using decreasingly polar mixtures of either water (containing 1% NH3) and
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acetonitrile, or water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile, as eluents. Analytical
LCꢀMS was performed on a Waters 2790 LC with a 996 PDA and 2000 amu ZQ Single
Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer using a Phenomenex Gemini 50 x 2.1mm 5 ꢀm C18 column,
or UPLC was performed on an Waters Acquity Binary Solvent Manager with Acquity PDA
and an SQD mass spectrometer using a 50 x 2.1 mm 1.7 ꢀm BEH column from Waters, and
purities were measured by UV absorption at 254 nm or TIC and are ≥ 95% unless otherwise
stated. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Av400 or Bruker DRX400 spectrometer at
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400 MHz in d6ꢀDMSO at 303K unless otherwise indicated. H NMR spectra are reported as
chemical shifts in parts per million (ppm) relative to an internal solvent reference. Yields are
given for illustration only and are not necessarily those which can be obtained by diligent
process development; preparations were repeated if more material was required.
4-(Tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-
carboxylic acid (6). To a mixture of 4ꢀ[(2ꢀmethylpropanꢀ2ꢀyl)oxycarbonylamino]piperidineꢀ
4ꢀcarboxylic acid 5 (115.6 g, 473 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 L) and water (4.5 L) was added
sodium bicarbonate (181 g, 2.2 mol), followed by 4ꢀchloroꢀ7Hꢀpyrrole[2,3ꢀd]pyrimidine 4
(72.7 g, 473 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux under nitrogen for 24 hours and then
extracted with ethyl acetate (4 x 1L). The aqueous layer was concentrated and methanol (1.5
L) was added. The mixture was shaken for 30 min at 45oC and filtered. The filtrate was
concentrated again and dissolved in water (300 mL). 6N HCl was added until the pH reached
4.5 (ca. 80 mL). The mixture was filtered and the solid was dried under vacuum to afford the
crude product, which was further purified by silica gel chromatography (eluting with
methanol/ DCM, 1:3) to yield the title compound 6 as pale grey solid (105 g, 63%); 1H NMR
δ 1.40 (9H, s), 1.88 ꢀ 1.95 (2H, m), 2.02 ꢀ 2.06 (2H, m), 3.44 ꢀ 3.51 (2H, m), 4.30 (2H, d),
6.60 ꢀ 6.61 (1H, m), 7.16 ꢀ 7.18 (1H, m), 7.29 (1H, s), 8.14 (1H, s), 11.68 (1H, s); MS m/z
MH+ = 362.
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4-Amino-N-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-
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carboxamide (32). Compound 6 (362 mg, 1 mmol), 1ꢀ(4ꢀchlorophenyl)ethanamine (172
mg, 1.1 mmol), Nꢀ(3ꢀdimethylaminopropyl)ꢀ3ꢀethylcarbodiimide (231 mg, 1.5 mmol) and 1ꢀ
hydroxybenzotriazole (163 mg, 1.1 mmol) were stirred together in DMF (2 mL) under
nitrogen for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (20 mL)
and brine (4 x 20 mL). The organics were combined, dried and evaporated in vacuo. The
resultant white solid was dissolved in 1,4ꢀdioxane (5 mL) and a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4ꢀ
dioxane (5 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 hours, then diluted with
diethyl ether (50 mL). The crude product was isolated by filtration as the HCl salt which was
purified by ion exchange chromatography, using an SCX column. The desired product was
eluted from the column using 7M ammonia/methanol and pure fractions were evaporated to
dryness. This material was purified by preparative LCMS. Fractions containing the desired
compound were evaporated to dryness to afford 32 as a white solid (168 mg, 42%); 1H NMR
δ 1.33ꢀ1.49 (m, 5H), 1.84ꢀ2.04 (m, 2H), 2.12ꢀ2.22 (br s, 2H), 3.54 (t, 2H), 4.39 (t, 2H), 4.81ꢀ
4.92 (m, 1H), 6.55ꢀ6.59 (m, 1H), 7.13ꢀ7.18 (m, 1H), 7.31ꢀ7.39 (m, 4H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d,
1H), 11.62 (s, 1H); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 399.16934 (theoretical 399.16946).
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(R)-4-Amino-N-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-
yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (33). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using (R)ꢀ1ꢀ
1
(4ꢀchlorophenyl)ethanamine, 33 was obtained as a white solid (53%); H NMR δ 1.37 (3H,
d), 1.39 – 1.48 (2H, m), 1.86 – 2.02 (2H, m), 2.19 (2H, s), 3.49 – 3.58 (2H, m), 4.34 – 4.43
(2H, m), 4.83 – 4.91 (1H, m), 6.56 – 6.59 (1H, m), 7.14 – 7.16 (1H, m), 7.32 – 7.38 (4H, m),
8.12 (1H, s), 8.30 (1H, d), 11.62 (1H, s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 399.16943 (theoretical
399.16946).
(S)-4-Amino-N-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-
yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (34). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using (S)ꢀ1ꢀ
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(4ꢀchlorophenyl)ethanamine, 34 was obtained as a white solid (70%); H NMR δ 1.37 (3H,
d), 1.42 ꢀ 1.45 (2H, m), 1.88 ꢀ 2.01 (2H, m), 2.27 (2H, s), 3.49 ꢀ 3.59 (2H, m), 4.34 ꢀ 4.44
(2H, m), 4.83 ꢀ 4.90 (1H, m), 6.57 ꢀ 6.58 (1H, m), 7.14 ꢀ 7.16 (1H, m), 7.32 ꢀ 7.38 (4H, m),
8.12 (1H, s), 8.30 (1H, d), 11.62 (1H, s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 399.16946 (theoretical
399.16946).
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4-Amino-
N
-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl)-1-(7
H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-
4-carboxamide (35).
In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ(4ꢀ
chlorophenyl)propanꢀ1ꢀamine, 35 was obtained as a white solid (67 %); 1H NMR δ 0.87 (3H,
t), 1.42 ꢀ 1.55 (2H, m), 1.72 ꢀ 1.79 (2H, m), 1.91 ꢀ 2.05 (2H, m), 2.21 (2H, s), 3.54 – 3.62
(2H, m), 4.38 – 4.45 (2H, m), 4.65 – 4.70 (1H, m), 6.61 (1H, dd), 7.18 (1H, dd), 7.32 ꢀ 7.37
(4H, m), 8.31 (1H, d), 8.12 (1H, s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 413.18515 (theoretical
413.18511).
4-Amino-N-((4-chlorophenyl)(cyclopropyl)methyl)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-
yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (36). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ(4ꢀ
chlorophenyl)cyclopropylmethanamine (65, supplementary information), 36 was obtained as
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a white solid (79 %); H NMR δ 0.27 ꢀ 0.37 (2H, m), 0.48 ꢀ 0.52 (2H, m), 1.18 ꢀ 1.24 (1H,
m), 1.40 ꢀ 1.48 (2H, m), 1.88 ꢀ 2.02 (2H, m), 2.20 (2H, s), 3.50 ꢀ 3.59 (2H, m), 4.15 (1H, t),
4.36 ꢀ 4.42 (2H, m), 6.57 ꢀ 6.58 (1H, m), 7.14 ꢀ 7.16 (1H, m), 7.35 ꢀ 7.40 (4H, m), 8.12 (1H,
s), 8.47 (1H, d), 11.62 (1H, s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 425.18509 (theoretical
425.18511).
4-Amino-N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-
yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (37). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using (4ꢀ
1
chlorophenyl)ꢀphenylmethanamine, 37 was obtained as a colourless solid (45%); H NMR δ
11.65 (1H, s), 8.76 (1H, s), 8.13 (1H, s), 7.42 ꢀ 7.25 (9H, m), 7.17 ꢀ 7.15 (1H, m), 6.60 ꢀ 6.58
(1H, m), 6.07 (1H, s), 4.45 ꢀ 4.39 (2H, m), 3.59 ꢀ 3.51 (2H, m), 2.34 ꢀ 2.27 (2H, m), 2.02 ꢀ
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1.93 (2H, m), 1.52 ꢀ 1.46 (2H, m); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 461.18533 (theoretical
461.18511).
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4-Amino-N-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenylethyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-
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yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (38). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ(4ꢀ
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1
chlorophenyl)ꢀ2ꢀphenylethanamine, 38 was obtained as a white solid (90%); H NMR δ 1.21
– 1.42 (2H, m), 1.72 – 1.94 (2H, m), 2.98 – 3.10 (2H, m), 3.44 – 3.62 (2H, m), 4.13 – 4.23
(1H, m), 4.24 – 4.35 (1H, m), 4.98 – 5.12 (1H, m), 6.54 (1H, d), 7.12 – 7.29 (6H, m), 7.32 –
7.44 (4H, m), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.44 (1H, d), 11.63 (1H, s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ =
475.20389 (theoretical 475.20365).
4-Amino-N-(1-phenylethyl)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-
carboxamide (39). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀphenylethanamine,
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39 was obtained as a white solid (63%); H NMR δ 1.38 (3H, d), 1.89 ꢀ 2.03 (2H, m), 2.17
(2H, s), 3.50 ꢀ 3.57 (2H, m), 4.37 ꢀ 4.43 (2H, m), 4.84 ꢀ 4.92 (1H, m), 6.57 ꢀ 6.58 (1H, m),
7.15 (1H, dd), 7.19 ꢀ 7.26 (1H, m), 7.31 ꢀ 7.32 (4H, m), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.28 (1H, d), 11.62 (1H,
s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 365.20847 (theoretical 365.20844).
4-Amino-
N-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-
carboxamide (40).
In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ(4ꢀ
1
fluorophenyl)ethanamine, 40 was obtained as a white solid (58%); H NMR δ 1.38 (3H, d),
1.40 ꢀ 1.46 (2H, m), 1.87 ꢀ 1.91 (1H, m), 1.96 ꢀ 2.01 (1H, m), 2.16 (2H, s), 3.50 ꢀ 3.58 (2H,
m), 4.35 ꢀ 4.43 (2H, m), 4.84 ꢀ 4.92 (1H, m), 6.57 ꢀ 6.58 (1H, m), 7.10 ꢀ 7.15 (3H, m), 7.34 ꢀ
7.37 (2H, m), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.28 (1H, d), 11.62 (1H, s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ =
383.19894 (theoretical 383.19901).
4-Amino-
N-(1-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-
carboxamide (41).
In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ(3ꢀ
1
pyridyl)ethanamine, 41 was obtained as a white solid (64%); H NMR δ 1.42 (3H, d), 1.44 –
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1.48 (2H, m), 1.85 ꢀ 2.02 (2H, m), 2.20 (2H, s), 3.50 ꢀ 3.59 (2H, m), 4.35 ꢀ 4.42 (2H, m), 4.88
ꢀ 4.96 (1H, m), 6.57 ꢀ 6.58 (1H, m), 7.14 ꢀ 7.16 (1H, m), 7.32 ꢀ 7.35 (1H, m), 7.71 ꢀ 7.74 (1H,
m), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.36 (1H, d), 8.42 ꢀ 8.44 (1H, m), 8.54 (1H, d), 11.62 (1H, s); HRMS m/z
(ES+) (M+H)+ = 366.20367 (theoretical 366.20368).
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4-Amino-
N-(1-pyridin-2-ylethyl)-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-
carboxamide (42).
In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ(2ꢀ
1
pyridyl)ethanamine, 42 was obtained as a white solid (38%); H NMR (700 MHz) δ 1.36
(3H, d), 1.39 – 1.43 (1H, m), 1.44 – 1.47 (1H, m), 1.93 – 1.97 (1H, m), 1.98 – 2.03 (1H, m),
2.22 (2H, br s), 3.48 – 3.55 (2H, m), 4.38 – 4.44 (2H, m), 4.91 (1H, p), 6.56 (1H, d), 7.14
(1H, d), 7.25 (1H, ddd), 7.35 (1H, d), 7.74 (1H, td), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.52 (1H, ddd), 8.63 (1H,
d), 11.62 (1H, br s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 366.20365 (theoretical 366.20368).
4-Amino-N-{1-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]ethyl}-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-
yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (43). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ(4ꢀ
1
methylsulfonylphenyl)ethanamine, 43 was obtained as a white solid (32%); H NMR δ 1.42
(3H, d), 1.43 ꢀ 1.48 (2H, m), 1.86 ꢀ 2.03 (2H, m), 2.19 (2H, s), 3.19 (3H, s), 3.52 ꢀ 3.59 (2H,
m), 4.36 ꢀ 4.42 (2H, m), 4.91 ꢀ 4.99 (1H, m), 6.57 ꢀ 6.58 (1H, m), 7.14 ꢀ 7.16 (1H, m), 7.58
(2H, d), 7.87 (2H, d), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.40 (1H, d), 11.62 (1H, s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ =
443.18582 (theoretical 443.18599).
4-Amino-N-[1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-
yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (44). In a similar manner to that described for 32, using 1ꢀ
1
(3,4ꢀdimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine, 44 was obtained as a white solid (32%); H NMR (700
MHz) δ 1.36 (3H, d), 1.39 – 1.45 (2H, m), 1.9 – 1.95 (1H, m), 1.97 – 2.02 (1H, m), 2.19 (2H,
br s), 3.5 – 3.56 (2H, m), 3.71 (3H, s), 3.73 (3H, s), 4.36 – 4.41 (2H, m), 4.82 (1H, p), 6.56
(1H, d), 6.81 (1H, dd), 6.86 (1H, d), 6.90 (1H, d), 7.14 (1H, dd), 8.12 (1H, s), 8.20 (1H, d),
11.61 (1H, br s); HRMS m/z (ES+) (M+H)+ = 425.22937 (theoretical 425.22957).
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