Synthesis and glycosidase inhibition of C-7 modified casuarine derivatives

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2017.06.016

A series of C-7 modified analogues of casuarine have been synthesized from sugar-derived nitrone and assayed against various glycosidases. Introduction of C-7 aminomethyl or amide group led to sharp decrease of the inhibitory activities.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2017.06.016

Accepted Manuscript
Title: Synthesis and glycosidase inhibition of C-7 modified
casuarine derivatives
Authors: Bin Cheng, Yuki Hirokami, Yi-Xian Li, Atsushi
Kato, Yue-Mei Jia, Chu-Yi Yu
PII:
S1001-8417(17)30220-6
DOI:
Reference:
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2017.06.016
CCLET 4110
To appear in:
Chinese Chemical Letters
Received date:
Revised date:
Accepted date:
9-5-2017
24-5-2017
12-6-2017
Please cite this article as: Bin Cheng, Yuki Hirokami, Yi-Xian Li, Atsushi Kato, Yue-
Mei Jia, Chu-Yi Yu, Synthesis and glycosidase inhibition of C-7 modified casuarine
derivatives, Chinese Chemical Lettershttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2017.06.016
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Original article
Synthesis and glycosidase inhibition of C-7 modified casuarine derivatives
Bin Chenga,b, Yuki Hirokamic, Yi-Xian Lia,b,*, Atsushi Katoc,*, Yue-Mei Jiaa,b, Chu-Yi Yua,b,d,
a Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for
Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
c Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
d National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
 Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: tamarali@iccas.ac.cn (Y.-X. Li), kato@med.u-toyama.ac.jp (A. Kato), yucy@iccas.ac.cn (C.-Y. Yu)
Graphical Abstract
R2
R2
OH
OH
H
N
H
N
O
N
R1
HO
R1
HO
BnO
OH
OH
O
BnO
OBn
OH
R1 = CH2NH2, R2 = H
1 = H, R2 = CH2NH2
OH
R1 = CONH2, R2 = H
1 = H, R2 = CONH2
R
R
A series of C-7 modified analogues of casuarine have been synthesized from sugar-derived nitrone and assayed against various
glycosidases. Introduction of C-7 aminomethyl or amide group led to sharp decrease of the inhibitory activities.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
A series of C-7 modified analogues of casuarine have been synthesized from sugar-derived
nitrone and assayed against various glycosidases. Introduction of C-7 aminomethyl or amide
group led to sharp decrease of the inhibitory activities.
Received 9 May 2017
Received in revised form 25 May 2017
Accepted 5 June 2017
Available online
Keywords:
Nitrone
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
Ammonolysis
Glycosidase inhibitors
Polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines
1. Introduction
Casuarine (1) was first isolated from the bark of Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) in 1994 [1] and then from the leaves and
bark of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) [2], which are traditionally used for treatment of cancer and diabetes, respectively. Casuarine
(1) and its related analogues constitute an important class of the polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines for their six continuous stereogenic
centres and also the most-oxygenated bicylic framework. This class of alkaloids has been shown to exhibit attractive biological
activities. For example, casuarine (1) was a potent inhibitor of processing glycosidase I [3], rat intestinal maltase and rat intestinal
isomaltase [4], and also showed potent inhibition of amyloglucosidase in a competitive manner [4,5]. Importantly, casuarine (1) was
———

able to inhibit human NtMGAM more strongly than acarbose [6]. The naturally occurring glucoside (2) not only retained the potent
inhibition of amyloglucosidase of casuarine (1) [4,5], but also was a more powerful trehalase inhibitor [4,7] and notably one of the
most potent inhibitors of Tre37 till now [6]. These noteworthy activities have endowed casuarine (1) and its derivatives promise for
development of novel drugs against diabetes, cancer and HIV infection [6,8], and therefore promoted the syntheses of a series of
natural and non-natural structural analogues and subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies.
According to the report of Bonaccini et al. [5] for casuarine (1) and its analogues (2-9) (Fig. 1), the C-6 and C-7 positions have no
significant influence on their inhibitory activity as amyloglucosidase and glucoamylase inhibitors, but the replenishment of a lactam
structure at the C-5 positions (compounds 5 and 8) dramatically decreased their activities due to the block of ammonium cation
formation and the limited conformational flexibility. Computational studies [5] showed that casuarine (1) interacted with the active site
of A. niger amyloglucosidase through a hydrogen bond involving C-6 hydroxyl, whereas the C-7 hydroxyl did not present the correct
geometry for hydrogen-bond formation. Therefore, the C-6 hydroxyl should be retained in potential glycosidase inhibitors, while the
C-7 position could be modified by other electron donor, i.e., an amino group. In combination of our recent SAR study of
polyhydroxylated pyrrolidines and pyrrolizidines [9] and the previous report of 3-epi-casuarine (10) for lost of most inhibitory activity
[10], the relative configuration of A ring of casuarine (1) was thereof believed to be vital for efficient docking of the molecule with
corresponding enzymes. Herein, we report the synthesis and glycosidase inhibition of casuarine derivatives with C-7 hydroxyl replaced
by an aminomethyl or amide group.
Fig. 1. Casuarine and related analogues.
2. Results and discussions
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of polyhydroxylated cyclic nitrones with alkenes is amongst the most efficient methods of constructing the
polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine frameworks. Based on the previous efforts of Goti et al. [6,11] and their cooperators [5], the target
casuarine derivatives 11 and 12 could be achieved from the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition product 13 of nitrone 14 [12] and dimethyl
maleate (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1 Retrosynthesis of casuarine derivatives from nitrone.
According to literature method [5], lactam 13 was obtained by the stereocontrolled cycloaddition of D-arabinose derived nitrone 14
followed by a subsequent reductive ring-opening/cyclization in 89% total yield. Lactam 13 was then put under ammonolysis procedure
to give the expected amide 15a together with its C-7 epimer 15b in quantitative total yield (Scheme 2). The emergence of epimer 15b
can be explained by the acidity of H-7 and the subsequent participation of an enol intermediate. The C-7 configuration of compound
15a was determined as S-configuration through NOESY experiments since a strong interaction of H-1 and H-7 was observed (See
supplementary information), and the C-7 configuration of compound 15b was thereof determined as R-configuration. Since
hydrogenolysis of 15a and 15b in existence of hydrochloric acid would lead to partial hydrolysis of the C-7 amides to the
corresponding acids, the reaction was performed without addition of any acid, affording casuarine analougues 12 and 16 in excellent
yield, respectively.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of C-7 modified casuarine derivatives.
While refluxing the lactams with LiAlH4 led to complex mixtures, reduction of 15a and 15b with NaBH4 in the presence of
BF3·Et2O gave the corresponding amines 17a and 17b, respectively. 17b was obtained smoothly after purification by silica gel column
chromatography, but purification of 17a was somewhat difficult due to the big polarity. 17a was thereof transformed to the N-Boc
derivative 18, which can then be separated easily. Final hydrogenolysis of 18 and 17b according to routine procedures afforded the
target casuarine analogues 11 and 19 respectively.
The synthesized C-7 derivatives of casuarines 11, 12, 16, 19 were assayed against a series of glycosidases (for details, see
Supporting information). In contrast to casuarine (1) and 7-homocasuarine (6) [4,5], lactam 12 and 16 are completely inactive to all the
evaluated enzymes. Amine 11 was a weak inhibitor of yeast α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1000 μmol/L) and A. niger amyloglucosidase (IC50
=
151 μmol/L), and no significant inhibitory activities were observed for its C-7 epimer 19. The above assay results further confirmed the
importance of reserving the free tertiary amine unit in effective interaction with enzymes. In the case of 11 and 19, though the
replacement of C-7 hydroxymethyl with an aminomethyl group might not affect the capability of forming hydrogen bond with amino
acid residues, addition of the primary amine group would obviously change pKa value of compounds 11 and 19, and finally affect their
inhibitory activities.
3. Conclusion
In conclusion, casuarine analogues with C-7 aminomethyl or amide groups have been designed and synthesized from D-arabinose-
derived nitrones with 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition as key step. Evaluation of the analogues against a series of glycosidases showed
sharply decreased inhibitory activities, which may be attributed to obvious pKa change or limitation of configurations.
4. Experimental
4.1 General methods
All reagents were used as received from commercial sources or prepared according to the literature. Analytical TLC were
performed with 0.20 mm silica gel 60F plates and visualized by ultraviolet light or by treatment with a spray of Pancaldi reagent
(NH4)6MoO4, Ce(SO4)2, H2SO4, H2O. Column chromatographic purification of products was carried out on silica gel (200–300 mesh).
Melting points were determined using an electrothermal melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. Infrared spectra were recorded
1
on an FT-IR spectrometer. H NMR spectra were measured in CDCl3 (with TMS as an internal standard) or D2O on a magnetic
resonance spectrometer (1H at 300 or 500 MHz, 13C at 75 MHz). High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on an LTQ/FT
linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Polarimetry was carried out using an Optical Activity AA-10R or Rudolph AutopolVI polarimeter
and the measurements were made at the sodium D-line with a 0.5 dm or 1 dm path length cell. Concentrations (c) are given in gram per
100 mL.
4.2 1,2,8-Tribenzyl-5-oxo-7-deoxy-7-methylcarboxylate casuarine (13)
To a solution of nitrone 14 (7.0 g, 16.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL, distilled from CaH2) was added dimethyl maleate (4.2
mL, 33.6 mmol) and stirred overnight. After TLC showed completion of the reaction, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the
crude product was directly purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, petroleum ether/EtOAc = 4:1) to give the
cycloaddition product as a light yellow solid (9.2 g). The intermediate was then dissolved in acetic acid/water (55 mL, 10:1), followed
by activated zinc powder (10.6 g, 0.16 mol), the suspension was stirred at 50 oC for 4 h until TLC showed completion of the reaction.
The mixture was filtered, washed with EtOAc (3 × 50 mL), and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in
dichloromethane/water (100 mL, 1:1), neutralized by aqueous NaHCO3 solution, and then extracted with dichloromethane (2 × 20 mL).
The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was recrystallized in petroleum
1
ether/EtOAc (3:1) to give the target product 13 as a light yellow solid (7.9 g, 89% yield). Mp: 106–108 oC; H NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3): δ 7.33–7.24 (m, 15H, PhCH2O), 4.77 (d, 1H, J = 9.6 Hz, H6), 4.56–4.43 (m, 6H, PhCH2O), 4.28–4.21 (m, 2H, H2 and H3),
3.98–3.89 (m, 2H, H1 and H7a), 3.77 (s, 3H, OMe), 3.58–3.48 (m, 2H, H8), 3.04 (t, 1H, J = 9.0 Hz, H7); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3):

δ 173.5, 171.4, 137.8, 137.43, 137.36, 128.50, 128.49, 128.4, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7 (Ph), 87.4 (C1), 84.7 (C2), 74.3 (C6), 73.2,
72.2, 71.9 (PhCH2O), 68.2 (C8), 62.7 (C7a), 59.3 (C3), 54.8 (C7), 52.6 (Me) (Lit.[5]).
4.3 1,2,8-Tribenzyl-5-oxo-7-deoxy-7-carboxamide casuarine (15a) and 1,2,8-tribenzyl-5-oxo-7-deoxy-7-epi-carboxamide casuarine
(15b)
To a suspension of compound 13 (3.61 g, 6.80 mmol) in methanol (50 mL) was added aqueous NH3 (15 mol/L, 50 mL), and stirred
at room temperature for three days. After TLC showed completion of the reaction, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and purified
by flash column chromatography (silica gel, MeOH/EtOAc = 1:5) to afford the target product 15a (1.17 g, 33% yield) together with its
C-7 epimer 15b (2.30 g, 66% yield), both as yellow solids.
Data for 15a: Mp: 111–113 oC; [α]D20 –21.1 (c 0.38 in MeOH); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3343 m, 2923 m, 2866 m, 1686 s, 1454 m, 1364 m,
1266 m, 1100 s, 1028 m, 736 s, 699 s; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.37–7.25 (m, 15H, PhCH2O), 6.30 (s, 1H, CONH2), 5.95 (s, 1H,
CONH2), 4.95 (s, 1H, br, OH), 4.69 (dd, 2H, J = 26.5, 12.0 Hz), 4.59–4.46 (m, 4H), 4.33–4.30 (m, 1H), 4.23 (t, 1H, J = 2.8 Hz), 4.14
(dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 5.0 Hz), 3.91 (t, 1H, J = 4.0 Hz), 3.56 (qd, 2H, J = 21.8, 6.5, 5.5 Hz), 2.90 (t, 1H, J = 10.0 Hz); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
CDCl3): δ 174.0, 172.8, 137.9, 137.7, 137.6, 128.52, 128.48, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8 (Ph), 87.1, 85.1, 74.4, 73.2, 72.0, 71.9, 68.2, 61.6,
59.2, 54.9; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C30H33N2O6+ 517.2333 [M+H]+, found 517.2337.
o
20
Data for 15b: Mp: 92–94 C; [α]D +15.0 (c 1.47 in MeOH); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3346 m, 2924 m, 1699 s, 1453 m, 1365 m, 1204 m,
1
1098 s, 1028 s, 737 m, 698 m; H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.25 (s, br, 1H, ), 7.22–7.18 (m, 15H, PhCH2O), 4.85 (d, 1H, J = 9.4
Hz), 4.60–4.35 (m, 6H, PhCH2O), 4.21–4.15 (m, 2H), 3.98–3.92 (m, 2H), 3.46 (s, 2H), 3.10 (t, 1H, J = 8.5 Hz); 13C NMR (75 MHz,
CDCl3): δ 174.4, 174.1, 137.8, 137.60, 137.56, 128.5, 127.96, 127.92, 127.88, 127.82 (Ph), 87.4, 84.9, 74.6, 73.2, 72.3, 71.8
(PhCH2O), 68.1, 62.9, 59.3, 55.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C30H33N2O6 517.2333 [M+H]+, found 517.2337.
+
4.4 5-Oxo-7-deoxy-7-carboxamide casuarine (12) and 5-oxo-7-deoxy-7-epi-carboxamide casuarine (16)
Compound 15a (0.30 g, 0.58 mmol) or 15b (0.21 g, 0.41 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (20 mL), followed by 10% Pd/C (30 mg). The
suspension was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for 48 h when TLC showed completion of the reaction. Hydrogen was replaced by
nitrogen, catalyst was removed from the reaction mixture by filtration, and then washed with MeOH/H2O (1:1, 3 × 30 mL). The filtrate was
concentrated in vacuo to give the target debenzylated product 12 (0.13 g, 91% yield) or 16 (0.09 g, 90% yield), both as light yellow syrup.
Data for 12: [α]D –13.5 (c 0.74 in H2O); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3340 s, 2926 m, 1675 s, 1436 m, 1331 m, 1055 m; H NMR (300 MHz,
D2O): δ 4.70 (s, 1H), 4.06 (dt, 1H, J = 6.6, 3.3 Hz), 3.81–3.77 (m, 1H), 3.76–3.71 (m, 1H), 3.65 (t, 1H, J = 8.1 Hz), 3.59–3.54 (m, 2H),
2.96 (dd, 1H, J = 9.9, 8.1 Hz); 13C NMR (75 MHz, D2O): δ 174.2, 173.7, 79.6, 77.5, 74.4, 61.3, 61.1, 59.5, 55.3; HRMS (ESI) calcd.
for C9H14N2O6Na+ 269.0744 [M+Na]+, found 269.0742.
20
1
Data for 16: [α]D20 –17.8 (c 0.67 in H2O); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3340 s, 2919 m, 1694 s, 1422 m, 1275 m, 1193 m, 1032 m; 1H NMR (300
MHz, D2O): δ 4.74 (d, 1H, J = 10.2 Hz), 4.07 (t, 1H, J = 6.2 Hz), 3.83 (t, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.76–3.68 (m, 2H), 3.66–3.55 (m, 2H), 3.13–
3.02 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, D2O): δ 173.7, 173.6, 79.7, 77.6, 73.9, 61.1, 59.7, 54.0; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C9H14N2O6Na+
269.0744 [M+Na]+, found 269.0742.
4.5 1,2,8-Tribenzyl-7-deoxy-7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl casuarine (18) and 1,2,8-tribenzyl-5-oxo-7-deoxy-7-epi-aminomethyl
casuarine (17b)
To the solution of compound 15a or 15b (0.15 g, 0.29 mmol) in THF (20 mL, dried over 4 Å molecular sieve) was added NaBH4
(65.0 mg, 1.76 mmol) at 5 oC. The mixture was stirred for 5 min, and BF3·Et2O (0.26 mL, 2.07 mmol) was added dropwise. The system
was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h, then heated at 50 oC for 3 h, TLC showed disappearance of the raw material. The suspension
was cooled to room temperature, and poured into iced 1 mol/L HCl carefully, solvent and water was then removed in vacuo. The
resulting mixture was basified by aqueous NaHCO3 solution, and extracted with EtOAc (3 × 20 mL). The organic layers were
combined, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel,
MeOH/EtOAc = 1:10) to give the reductive product 17a (0.17 g, with impurities) or 17b (0.12 g, 85% yield), both as light yellow syrup.
Compound 17a was then dissolved in methanol (20 mL), followed by K2CO3 (0.12 g, 0.87 mmol) and Boc2O (0.10 g, 0.55 mmol), and
then reacted at room temperature for 1 h. After TLC showed completion of the reaction, solvent was removed in vacuo, and water (20
mL) as added. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 20 mL), the organic phases were combined and dried over MgSO4, then
concentrated in vacuo. The crude product were purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, MeOH/EtOAc = 1:10) to give the
target product 18 (0.16 g, 94% yield for 2 steps) as a light yellow syrup.
Data for 18: [α]D +5.9 (c 3.07 in CH2Cl2); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3344 m, 2930 m, 1699 m, 1497 m, 1454 m, 1367 m, 1252 m, 1166 s,
20
1
1073 s, 1028 s, 738 m, 699 m; H NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.22–7.12 (m, 15H, PhCH2O), 5.36 (s, 1H, NH), 4.51–4.39 (m, 8H,
PhCH2O and OH), 4.05-3.97 (m, 3H), 3.57–3.31 (m, 5H), 3.14–3.09 (m, 1H), 3.02–2.94 (m, 1H), 2.88 (dd, 1H, J = 10.5, 5.4 Hz), 2.19
(t, 1H, J = 6.3 Hz), 1.50 (s, 2H, br, H2O), 1.30 (s, 9H, Boc); 13C NMR (75 MHz; CDCl3): δ 156.9, 137.8, 137.7, 137.6, 128.5, 128.4,
127.94, 127.89, 127.79 (Ph), 86.7, 84.6, 79.7, 74.7, 73.4, 72.6, 72.1, 70.8, 70.3, 69.3, 61.0, 51.8, 40.8, 28.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for
C35H45N2O6 589.3272 [M+H]+, found 589.3272.
+
Data for 17b: [α]D +9.9 (c 1.62 in MeOH); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3347 m, 2870 m, 1454 m, 1366 m, 1074 s, 1028 s, 738 m, 698 m; 1H
20
NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.32–7.19 (m, 15H, PhCH2O), 5.45 (s, br, 3H), 4.61–4.43 (m, 6H, PhCH2O), 4.32–4.28 (m, 1H), 4.16 (t,

1H, J = 4.5 Hz), 4.04 (t, 1H, J = 4.5 Hz), 3.73–3.49 (m, 7H), 3.08 (dd, 1H, J = 11.4, 4.8 Hz), 2.30 (t, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz); 13C NMR (75
MHz; CDCl3): δ 137.8, 137.6, 137.4, 128.5, 128.4, 128.0, 127.93, 127.89, 128.82, 127.77 (Ph), 86.6, 84.3, 74.1, 73.3, 72.6, 72.1, 70.4,
70.1, 69.0, 61.4, 61.3, 53.4; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C30H37N2O4+ 489.2748 [M+H]+, found 489.2744.
4.6 7-Deoxy-7-aminomethyl casuarine (11) and 5-oxo-7-deoxy-7-epi-aminomethyl casuarine (19)
Compound 18 (0.06 g, 0.10 mmol) or 17b (0.08 g, 0.16 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (10 mL), followed by 10% Pd/C (30 mg)
and 1 mol/L HCl (5 mL). The suspension was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere for 24 h when TLC showed completion of the
reaction. Hydrogen was replaced by nitrogen, catalyst was removed from the reaction mixture by filtration, and then washed with
MeOH/H2O for three times. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and neutralized with conc. NH3 and concentrated again. The residue
was then purified by an acidic ion exchange column (Dowex 5W×8-400, H+ form, Aldrich, column size: 1.3 cm ×14 cm), eluting with
distilled water (100 mL) and then 1 mol/L NH4OH (50 mL), affording the target debenzylated product 11 (25.0 mg, 93% yield) or 19
(32.8 mg, 92% yield), both as light yellow syrup.
Data for 11: [α]D20 +32.5 (c 1.36 in MeOH); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3347 s, 2921 m, 1366 m, 1074 m, 1028 m; 1H NMR (300 MHz; D2O) δ
4.54 (dd, 1H, J = 10.8, 5.4 Hz), 4.41 (t, 1H, J = 7.4 Hz), 4.09 (dd, 1H, J = 9.0, 7.5 Hz), 3.99 (dd, 1H, J = 12.9, 3.3 Hz), 3.89 (dd, 1H, J
= 5.4, 2.4 Hz), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J = 5.4, 1.5 Hz), 3.81 (d, 1H, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.77–3.71 (m, 1H), 3.46 (dd, 1H, J = 12.6, 5.7 Hz), 3.22 (d, 2H,
J = 7.8 Hz), 2.85 (td, 1H, J = 13.5, 7.2 Hz); 13C NMR (75 MHz; D2O): δ 78.0, 74.5, 73.6, 72.3, 70.5, 59.0, 56.9, 47.2, 39.9; HRMS
+
(ESI) calcd. for C9H19N2O4 219.1339 [M+H]+, found 219.1338.
Data for 19: [α]D20 +30.5 (c 1.64 in MeOH); IR (KBr, cm-1): 3344 s, 2925 m, 1368 m, 1095 m, 1032 m; 1H NMR (300 MHz; D2O): δ
4.15 (d, 1H, J = 4.8 Hz), 4.04 (t, 1H, J = 7.8 Hz), 3.74–3.66 (m, 2H), 3.55–3.42 (m, 3H), 3.19 (dd, 1H, J = 11.4, 4.2 Hz), 3.03–2.95 (m,
2H), 2.81 (d, 1H, J = 7.1 Hz), 2.21 (t, 1H, J = 5.7 Hz); 13C NMR (75 MHz; D2O): δ 79.9, 77.0, 74.2, 70.6, 68.6, 61.9, 61.0, 60.2, 52.6;
HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C9H19N2O4+ 219.1339 [M+H]+, found 220.1340.
Acknowledgment
Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21642012 and 21272240), National Science and
Technology Major Projects for "Major New Drugs Innovation and Development" (No. 2013ZX09508104) and National Engineering
Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis of Jiangxi Normal University are gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported in
part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (No. 26460143) (AK) from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science
(JSPS).
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