fabric) and 60°C (for polyester fabric) raised at a rate of 2°C/min to 98°C (for polyamide fabric) and 130°C (for
polyester fabric) and maintained there for 60 min. After cooling, the fabric was taken out and washed in a
solution containing 5 g/l detergent at 60°C for 15 min. Finally, the washed fabric samples were rinsed with
water and dried at ambient conditions.
Color fastness tests. The results are collected in Table 5.
(i) Fastness to washing.
A specimen of dyed fabric was stitched between two pieces of undyed wool and cotton fabric, all of
equal length, and then washed at 50°C for 30 min. The change in color of the dyed fabric and staining on the
undyed adjacent fabric were assessed according to the following grey scale: 1 – poor, 2 – fair, 3 – moderate, 4 –
good, 5 – excellent.
(ii) Fastness to perspiration.
The samples were prepared by stitching a piece of dyed fabric between two pieces of undyed wool and
cotton fabric, all of equal length, and then immersed into the acid solution for 30 min. The change in color of the
dyed fabric and staining on the undyed adjacent fabric were assessed according to the following grey scale: 1 –
poor, 2 – fair, 3 – moderate, 4 – good, 5 – excellent. The acid solution (pH 3.5) contained sodium chloride (10
g/l–1), lactic acid (1 g/l–1), disodium orthophosphate (1 g/l–1), and histidine monohydrochloride (0.25 g/l–1).
(iii) Fastness to rubbing.
The dyed fabric was placed on the base of the Crockmeter, so that it rested flat on the abrasive cloth
with its long dimension in the direction of rubbing. A square of white testing cloth was allowed to slide on the
tested fabric back and forth twenty times by making ten complete turns of the crank according to the
international standard procedure. For the wet rubbing test, the testing squares were thoroughly immersed into
distilled water. The rest of the procedure was the same as in the dry test. The staining on the white testing cloth
was assessed according to the grey scale: 1 – poor, 2 – fair, 3 – moderate, 4 – good, 5 – excellent.
(iv) Fastness to sublimation.
Sublimation fastness was measured with an iron tester (Yasuda No. 138). The samples were prepared by
stitching a piece of dyed fabric between two pieces of undyed fabric, one of which was cotton and the other
similar to the fabric under test, all of equal length, and then treated at 160 and 180°C in case of testing
polyamide and 160, 180, and 210°C in case of testing polyester each for 1 min. Any staining on the undyed
adjacent fabric or change in color of the dyed fabric was assessed according to the following grey scale: 1 – poor,
2 – fair, 3 – moderate, 4 – good, 5 – excellent.
(v) Fastness to light.
Light fastness was determined by exposing the dyed fabric on a Xenotest 150 (Original Hanau, chamber
temperature 25–30°C, black panel temperature 60°C, relative humidity 50–60%, dark glass UV-filter system) for
40 h. The changes in color were assessed according to the following blue scale: 1 – poor, 3 – moderate, 5 – good, 8
– very good.
Color assessment. Table 6 reports the color parameters of the dyed fabric assessed by tristimulus
colorimetry. The color parameters of the dyed fabric were determined on a spectral multichannel photodetector
(model MCPD-110A), equipped with D65, tungsten, and fluorescent sources. The color of the dyed fabric was
assessed in terms of tristimulus colorimetry. The values of the chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor
and the positions of colors in the CIELAB color solid are reported.
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