Asymmetric allylic monofluoromethylation and methylation of morita-baylis-hillman carbonates with FBSM and BSM by cooperative cinchona alkaloid/FeCl2 catalysis

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201103748

Working together: The title reactions were achieved in high yields with high ee values (see scheme, (DHQD)₂AQN=hydroquinidine(anthraquinone- 1,4-diyl) diether). The cooperative catalysis of bis(cinchona alkaloid) and Lewis acid, particularly FeCl₂, was effective for these transformations and gave the monofluoromethylation products with over 90 % ee and methylation products with up to 97 % ee. Copyright

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201103748

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103748
Organocatalysis
Asymmetric Allylic Monofluoromethylation and Methylation of
Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates with FBSM and BSM by
Cooperative Cinchona Alkaloid/FeCl2 Catalysis**
Tatsuya Furukawa, Jumpei Kawazoe, Wei Zhang, Takayuki Nishimine, Etsuko Tokunaga,
Takashi Matsumoto, Motoo Shiro, and Norio Shibata*
Fluorine-containing organic compounds are well recognized
as potential medicinal and agrochemical candidates.[1] Incor-
poration of a fluorine atom into organic molecules, especially
biomolecules and pharmaceuticals, can dramatically alter
their lipophilicity, membrane permeability, and binding
capacity to target receptors in the body.[2] Metabolic stability
is also improved when a fluorine atom is introduced at a
suitable position of the parent molecule. Fluorine is a close
steric replacement for hydrogen, and also serves as an
isosteric mimic of the hydroxy group.[3] To minimize the
change in the steric bulk of the parent biomolecules, the
introduction of a single fluorine atom is often strategized for
the synthesis of isosteres.[4] Therefore the synthesis of mono-
fluorinated compounds is of great importance. Among
various strategies, direct monofluoromethylation with high
stereoselectivity is particularly attractive as is the direct
monofluorination reaction.[5] In 2006, our group[6b] and group
of Hu[7a] in Shanghai independently developed fluorobis(phe-
nylsulfonyl)methane (FBSM) as a synthetic equivalent of a
monofluoromethide species for the direct construction of a
group to an asymmetric carbon center is not easy, and a
limited number of successful asymmetric monofluoromethy-
lation reactions have been published.[6b–d,7e–i] We disclose
herein the first example of an organocatalyzed enantioselec-
tive allylic monofluoromethylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman
carbonates[9] 1 with FBSM using a bis(cinchona alkaloid), to
provide the medicinally attractive synthons chiral a-methyl-
ene b-monofluoromethyl esters 2 with high ee values of 84–
97% (Scheme 1). Cooperative catalysis using a bis(cinchona
À
C CFH2 bond. FBSM has now become commercially avail-
able and a number of nucleophilic monofluoromethylation
reactions using FBSM have emerged, including Tsuji–Trost
allylation, the Mannich reaction, conjugate addition, the
Mitsunobu reaction, and the monofluoromethylation of
epoxides and benzynes.[6,7] Research into FBSM has also
sparked the imagination of chemists to design similar types of
nucleophilic reactions using a-monofluorocarbonyl com-
pounds as nucleophiles; these reactions afford a variety of
monofluorinated compounds, represented by -CFR1R2 (but
not CFH2).[8] However, the introduction of an entire CFH2
Scheme 1. Enantioselective monofluoromethylation and methylation of
Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates with FBSM and BSM catalyzed by
cooperative catalysts, bis(cinchona alkaloid) and FeCl2.
alkaloid) and a Lewis acid, particularly FeCl2, is more
effective for this transformation and using this cooperative
catalysis compounds 2 are furnished with over 90% ee for all
substrates 1. The b-monofluoromethyl esters 2 obtained can
be efficiently converted into monofluoromethylated ester 4
and interesting carbocyclic compounds 5 without any loss of
enantiomeric purity. Enantioselective allylic methylation of
Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts 1 using bis(phenylsulfonyl)-
methane (BSM), a nonfluorinated analogue of FBSM, was
also performed in the presence of a bis(cinchona alkaloid)
and FeCl2 (or Ti(OiPr)4) to provide methylated adducts 3 in
high yields with high enantioselectivities of up to 96% ee
(Scheme 1).
[*] T. Furukawa, J. Kawazoe, W. Zhang, T. Nishimine, E. Tokunaga,
Prof. N. Shibata
Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology
Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555 (Japan)
E-mail: nozshiba@nitech.ac.jp
T. Matsumoto, Dr. M. Shiro
Rigaku Corporation
3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666 (Japan)
[**] This study was financially supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (21390030, 22106515, Project No. 2105:
Organic Synthesis Based on Reaction Integration). We also thank
TOSOH F-TECH INC. and the Asahi Glass Foundation.
FBSM=fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane, BSM=bis(phenylsul-
fonyl)methane.
Our initial investigation started by establishing a suitable
catalyst for the allylic addition of FBSM to Morita–Baylis–
Hillman carbonate 1a (Table 1). Quinidine gave FBSM
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201103748.
9684
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 9684 –9688

Table 1: Optimization of the reaction conditions.[a]
fluoromethylation reaction using FBSM was investigated
(Scheme 2). Compounds 2 were obtained with high yields and
high enantioselectivities and these results were almost
Entry
Catalyst
Solvent
Yield [%][b]
ee [%]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Quinidine
Quinine
Cinchonine
Cinchonidine
b-ICD
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
CH2Cl2
THF
Toluene
PhCF3
PhCF3
PhCF3
PhCF3
PhCF3
38
75
51
78
31
75
76
81
92
81
87
60
15
68
66
90
93
80
70
9 (S)
14 (R)
18 (S)
65 (R)
11 (R)
75 (R)
55 (R)
76 (R)
59 (S)
10 (S)
15 (S)
85 (R)
35 (R)
95 (R)
96 (R)
94 (R)
94 (R)
88 (R)
64 (S)
(DHQD)2PYR
(DHQD)2PHAL
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQ)2PYR
(DHQ)2PHAL
(DHQ)2AQN
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQD)2AQN
(DHQ)2PYR
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16[c]
17[d]
18[e]
19[d]
[a] Reactions were carried out using 1a (1.1 equiv), FBSM (1.0 equiv),
catalyst (10 mol%) in solvent at room temperature for 3–4 days unless
otherwise noted. [b] Yield of the isolated product. [c] Reaction was
performed at 308C. [d] Reaction was performed at 408C. [e] Reaction was
performed at 508C. b-ICD=b-isocupreidine, DCE=1,2-dichloroethane,
(DHQD)2PHAL=hydroquinidine 1,4-phthalazinediyl diether,
(DHQD)2PYR=hydroquinidine-2,5-diphenyl-4,6-pyrimidinediyl diether,
(DHQ)2AQN=hydroquinine anthraquinone-1,4-diyl diether,
(DHQ)2PYR=hydroquinine-(2,5-diphenyl-4,6-pyrimidindiyl) diether,
THF=tetrahydrofuran.
Scheme 2. Enantioselective monofluoromethylation of Morita–Baylis–
Hillman carbonates with FBSM catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids.
adduct 2a in low yield with low enantioselectivity (entry 1).
The use of quinine and cinchonine slightly improved the
yields and enantioselectivities of 2a (entries 2 and 3, respec-
tively). When cinchonidine was used, the enantioselectivity
was improved to 65% ee (entry 4). In contrast, b-ICD was
found to be ineffective (entry 5). We next attempted to use
independent of the nature (halides, electron-donating, and
electron-withdrawing groups) and position (ortho, meta, and
para positions) of the substituent on the aromatic ring of the
Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates. Functional groups, such
as chloro (1b–d), bromo (1e–g), methyl (1h–i), methoxy (1j–
k), and nitro (1l) groups, were well tolerated under the
reaction conditions and the corresponding allylic FBSM
adducts 2b–l were obtained with up to 97% ee. Sterically
demanding 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl Morita–Baylis–Hill-
man carbonates 1m and 1n were also nicely converted into
the desired adducts 2m and 2n in high yields and with high
ee values of 96% (2m) and 92% (2n). However, the non-
aromatic Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonate 1o failed to
undergo the FBSM addition reaction with high enantiocon-
trol, thus giving 2o with 22% ee (Scheme 2). This lack of
enantiocontrol for nonaromatic substrates is a limitation of
the present method.[10] The absolute stereochemistry of 2 was
confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the derivative
(1S,2S)-7 (see Scheme 5 and Figure S1 in the Supporting
Information).
bis(cinchona
alkaloids),
such
as
(DHQD)2PYR,
(DHQD)2PHAL, (DHQD)2AQN, (DHQ)2PYR, (DHQ)2-
PHAL, and (DHQ)2AQN (entries 6–11). High enantioselec-
tivities of 2a (up to 76% ee) were observed in the presence of
(DHQD)2PYR and (DHQD)2AQN (entries 6 and 8, respec-
tively). The effect of the solvent was next surveyed
(entries 12–15); toluene and 1,1,1-trifluorotoluene were
found to be equally suitable for this reaction with a catalytic
amount of (DHQD)2AQN (entries 14 and 15, respectively).
The reaction temperature was studied and the yield of 2a was
improved at
a
slightly higher reaction temperature
(entries 16–18). Thus, the best result ((R)-2a, 93% yield
with 94% ee) was obtained at 408C (entry 17). It should be
mentioned that the ee value of the other enantiomer of 2a
((S)-2a) was also improved to an acceptable value under the
best temperature and solvent conditions in the presence of
(DHQ)2PYR (entries 9–11 and 19).
With the optimized reaction conditions established, the
scope of substrates 1 for the enantioselective allylic mono-
This procedure works particularly well with the aromatic
Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates 1a–n as substrates and
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Communications
gives high levels of enantioselectivity[10] (14 examples, up to
97% ee), although half of the products did not have fully
satisfactory ee values, that is they had values of less than
90% ee (7 examples: 2b, 2c, 2d, 2 f, 2g, 2i and 2l; 84–
89% ee). To improve the enantioselectivity of the corre-
sponding substrates to over 90% ee we next examined the
effect of the Lewis acid on the reaction outcome. After
considerable investigation using a variety of Lewis acids,
including FeCl3, FeBr2, Ti(OiPr)4, AlCl3, and Y(OTf)3 (see
Table S1 in the Supporting Information for details), both
FeCl2 and Ti(OiPr)4 were found to be equally effective
cooperative catalysts with (DHQD)2AQN for this trans-
formation, and over 90% ee was achieved for all the
substrates 1 (Scheme 3; FeCl2 gave slightly better results
Scheme 5. Conversion of chiral a-methylene b-monofluoromethylated
esters 2a and 2e into monofluoromethylated compounds 4 and 5.
tively in good yield without any loss of enantiopurity.
2) Intramolecular radical cyclization of 2e was carried out
in the presence of nBu3SnH and AIBN to afford dihydroin-
dene derivative 7 in 70% yield with diastereoselectively. The
stereochemistry of 7 was assigned a cis configuration by X-ray
analysis (see Figure S1 in the Supporting Information).[13] The
dihydroindene 7 was converted into 1-monofluoromethyl-
indene 5 (47% yield)[14] by reductive desulfonylation medi-
ated by Mg in MeOH without any loss of enantiopurity of the
starting substrate 2e (Scheme 5).
Scheme 3. Improvement of enantioselectivity by up to 10% ee was
observed by cooperative catalysts, cinchona alkaloid and FeCl2 or
Ti(OiPr)4.
Although the number of possible conformations of the
cinchona alkaloids in solution make it difficult to analyze the
transition-state structure of the substrate/catalyst complexes,
the reaction intermediate for the R-selective formation of 2
catalyzed by (DHQD)2AQN is presumably in the open
conformation, similar to the conformation reported for the
reaction intermediates of the osmium-catalyzed asymmetric
dihydroxylation[15] and the asymmetric direct aldol reaction[16]
(Scheme 6a). With (DHQD)2AQN in the open conformation,
the quinuclidine nitrogen atom of (DHQD)2AQN could
attack the MBH carbonate 2a in a SN2’ manner to afford the
cationic intermediate I. The (DHQD)2AQN–MBH adduct
would be preferentially formed as the E isomer II, in
accordance to the conformational analysis of quinuclidine-
MBH ester adducts by Mayr and co-workers (Scheme 6b).[9o]
The MBH moiety (from 1a) in I might be in part stabilized
through the p–p stacking in the U-shape cleft of
(DHQD)2AQN. The Si face of adduct is blocked by the left
half of the quinidine moiety, which is bonded to the MBH
than Ti(OiPr)4). The enantioselectivity was improved by as
much as 10% (2g). It should be noted that the method was
also found to be applicable for the enantioselective methyl-
ation of aromatic Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates 1m and
1n using BSM,[11] the nonfluorinated analogue of FBSM, to
furnish the corresponding methylated products 3m and 3n in
96% ee and 92% ee, respectively. The slightly lower ee value
for 3n was improved to 96% ee by using the cooperative
catalyst, FeCl2 (Scheme 4).
The FBSM adducts 2 were smoothly transformed into
pure monofluoromethylated compounds. Two examples were
carried out (Scheme 5): 1) Reduction of 2a using H2 over Pd/
C followed by reductive desulfonylation with Mg/MeOH
furnished monofluoromethylated ester 4[12] diastereoselec-
À
moiety by a N C covalent bond. Thus, the FBSM anion would
presumably approach the Re face in the preferable SN2’/anti-
elimination manner (Scheme 6a). The low enantioselectivity
of the nonaromatic MBH carbonate 1o could be explained by
the lack of corresponding p–p stacking interactions in the
transition state. The addition of a Lewis acid, either FeCl2 or
Ti(OiPr)4, improves the enantioselectivity of 2, but the effect
is not so striking (maximum 10% ee increase). This could be
explained by bidentate chelation[17] of FBSM with the Lewis
acid, thus locking the FBSM conformation so as to favor a
closed conformation (III; Scheme 6c), although the closed
Scheme 4. Enantioselective methylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman
carbonates with BSM, a nonfluorinated analogue of FBSM.
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conformation is an inherent preference of a FBSM carbanion
even in the absence of Lewis acid.[19] A 1H NMR investigation
of 1:1 mixture of FBSM and Ti(OiPr)4 in [D6]benzene
strongly supports this hypothesis, since the methine proton
of FBSM gives a signal that is d = 0.036 ppm downfield
relative to the signal in the original spectrum of FBSM (see
Figure S2 and S3 in the Supporting Information). In the
locked closed conformation III, FBSM would easily approach
the reaction center and avoid steric interactions in the
transition state I, although this outcome is dependent on the
substate structure (Scheme 6a).[19,20]
In summary, the organocatalyzed enantioselective allylic
monofluoromethylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbo-
nates using FBSM was achieved in high yields with high
ee values for the first time.[19b] Cooperative catalysis with
bis(cinchona alkaloid) and FeCl2 was found to be most
suitable for this transformation. Addition of Ti(OiPr)4 instead
of FeCl2 also improves the enantioselectivity. This should be a
powerful protocol to access enantiomeric a-methylene b-
monofluoromethyl esters, which are useful synthetic building
blocks for further transformations. Enantioselective allylic
methylation was also achieved using BSM instead of FBSM
under identical catalytic conditions.
Received: June 1, 2011
Published online: September 1, 2011
Keywords: fluorine · monofluoromethyl · Morita–Baylis–
.
Hillman reaction · nucleophilic substitution · organocatalysis
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www.angewandte.org 9687

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[19] During the reviewing process of this manuscript, related work
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[20] Discussion of the optimized geometries of the catalyst/substrate
complex using DFT calculations for the reaction of Morita–
Baylis–Hillman carbonates with FBSM without cooperative
catalysis appeared during the reviewing process of this manu-
script, see reference [19b].
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