Microwave-assisted and solvent-free peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone with a CuII-TEMPO catalytic system

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.catcom.2014.01.024

The water-soluble copper(II) complex [Cu(H₂R)(HL)] a?H₂O (1) was prepared by reaction of copper(II) nitrate hydrate with (E)-2-(((1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methylene)amino) benzenesulfonic acid (H₂L) and diethanolamine (H₃R). It was characterized by IR and ESI-MS spectroscopies, elemental and X-ray crystal structural analyses. 1 shows a high catalytic activity for the solvent-free microwave (MW) assisted oxidation of 1-phenylethanol with tert- butylhydroperoxide, leading, in the presence of TEMPO, to yields up to 85% (TON = 850) in a remarkably short reaction time (15 min, with the corresponding TOF value of 3.40 × 10³ h^{- 1}) under low power (25 W) MW irradiation.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.catcom.2014.01.024

Microwave-assisted and solvent-free peroxidative oxidation of 1-
phenylethanol to acetophenone with a CuII-TEMPO catalytic system
Alessandra Sabbatini, Lu´ısa M.D.R.S. Martins, Kamran T. Mahmudov,
Maximilian N. Kopylovich, Michael G.B. Drew, Claudio Pettinari, Armando
J.L. Pombeiro
PII:
DOI:
Reference:
S1566-7367(14)00034-X
doi: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.01.024
CATCOM 3794
To appear in:
Catalysis Communications
Received date:
Revised date:
Accepted date:
27 December 2013
26 January 2014
27 January 2014
Please cite this article as: Alessandra Sabbatini, Lu´ısa M.D.R.S. Martins, Kamran
T. Mahmudov, Maximilian N. Kopylovich, Michael G.B. Drew, Claudio Pettinari, Ar-
mando J.L. Pombeiro, Microwave-assisted and solvent-free peroxidative oxidation of 1-
phenylethanol to acetophenone with a CuII-TEMPO catalytic system, Catalysis Commu-
nications (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.01.024
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Microwave-assisted and solvent-free peroxidative oxidation of
1-phenylethanol to acetophenone with a CuII-TEMPO catalytic system
a,d,
Alessandra Sabbatini,a,b Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins,a,c, Kamran T. Mahmudov,
*
*
Maximilian N. Kopylovich,a Michael G.B. Drewe, Claudio Pettinari,b Armando J. L. Pombeiroa,
*
a
Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa,
Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049–001 Lisbon, Portugal
b School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
c Chemical Engineering Department, ISEL, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1959-007 Lisboa,
Portugal
d Baku State University, Department of Chemistry, Z. Xalilov Str. 23, Az 1148 Baku, Azerbaijan
e
School of Chemistry, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 224, Whiteknights, Reading RG6
6AD, UK
Corresponding authors:
E-mail addresses: lmartins@deq.isel.ipl.pt (Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins)
kamran_chem@yahoo.com (Kamran T. Mahmudov)
pombeiro@tecnico.ulisboa.pt (Armando J. L. Pombeiro)
1

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Abstract
The water-soluble copper(II) complex [Cu(H2R)(HL)]∙H2O (1) was prepared by reaction of
copper(II) nitrate hydrate with (E)-2-(((1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methylene)amino)
benzenesulfonic acid (H2L) and diethanolamine (H3R). It was characterized by IR and ESI-MS
spectroscopies, elemental and X-ray crystal structural analyses. 1 shows a high catalytic activity for
the solvent-free microwave (MW) assisted oxidation of 1-phenylethanol with tert-
butylhydroperoxide, leading, in the presence of TEMPO, to yields up to 85 % (TON = 850) in a
remarkably short reaction time (15 min., with the corresponding TOF value of 3.40 × 103 h-1) under
low power (25 W) MW irradiation.
Keywords: Schiff base, Water-soluble copper(II) complex, Peroxidative oxidation of 1-
phenylethanol, TEMPO, Microwave-assisted oxidation.
2

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1. Introduction
The oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds is one of the most
important reactions in synthetic organic chemistry [1,2]. Although traditional oxidation reactions
can be efficient and selective, they often involve the use of harmful oxidants, such as CrO3 or
KMnO4, and/or halogenated solvents, what results in the generation of large amounts of waste. To
eliminate the harmful wastes, the development of catalytic oxidation procedures which involve
green oxidants, e.g. dioxygen or peroxides [H2O2, tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP)], is a matter of
current interest [2,3]. Moreover, it is known that microwave irradiation (MW) can provide a much
more efficient synthetic method than conventional heating, so that similar yields can be obtained in
a shorter time and/or the selectivity can be improved [3−6].
Another advantage is obtained via the promotion of the use of environmentally benign
solvents and catalysts. Thus, the synthesis of water-soluble catalysts with pH-tunable sites is of
interest for novel green catalytic processes and recycling systems [7]. The sulfo group is a good
candidate to be introduced into the catalyst to fulfil these goals [8,9]. On the other hand, Schiff
bases and amines are relatively cheap and environmentally tolerable ligands, which are available
commercially or through simple synthetic procedures [10−12]. For example, Schiff base complexes
with O,N,O-donor sites have drawn much attention due to their interesting catalytic properties [10],
while many copper compounds are inexpensive but effective catalysts for a number of oxidation
reactions, in particular aerobic or peroxidative (with tert-butylhydroperoxide) oxidation of 1-
phenylethanol into acetophenone (Scheme) [3,6,13,14].
From another perspective, the TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) radical is an
efficient mediator for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols [15−17], and hence it would be interesting
to check its cooperative action with a copper(II) Schiff base complex towards the peroxidative
oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone. The choice of those model reactions was justified by
their importance in organic synthesis used by the chemical industry [18].
Scheme. MW-assisted oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone.
Hence, taking in mind all the above considerations, in this contribution we describe the
synthesis of a new copper(II) complex with Schiff base and diethanolamine ligands and evaluate its
activity in the production of acetophenone by MW-assisted and TEMPO-mediated solvent-free
peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol.
3

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2. Experimental
2.1. General procedure for the peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol
In a typical experiment, 1-phenylethanol (5.00 mmol), TBHP (70 % aqueous solution, 10.0
mmol) and catalyst precursor 1 (5 µmol, 0.1 mol% vs. substrate) were introduced to a cylindrical
Pyrex tube, which was then placed in the focused microwave reactor. The system was stirred and
irradiated (25 W) for 15 min at 80 ºC. After the reaction, the mixture was allowed to cool down to
room temperature. 300 L of benzaldehyde (internal standard) and 5 mL of NCMe (to extract the
substrate and the organic products from the reaction mixture) were added. The obtained mixture
was stirred for 10 min and then a sample (1 L) was taken from the organic phase and analysed by
GC (or GC-MS) using the internal standard method. Blank tests indicate that only traces (< 0.5%)
of acetophenone are generated in a Cu-free system.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis and characterization of H2L and 1
The new Schiff base (E)-2-(((1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methylene)amino)benzenesulfonic
acid (H2L) was prepared by reaction of 2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with 1-hydroxy-2-
naphthaldehyde in methanol (see Electronic Supplementary Information). Greenish-black crystals
of complex [Cu(H2R)(HL)]∙H2O (1, Fig. 1) were obtained after reaction of Cu(NO3)2∙2.5H2O with
1
H2L in the presence of diethanolamine (H3R) in methanol. In the H-NMR spectrum of H2L in
DMSO-d6, CH=N and OH are observed at 9.82 and 12.00 ppm, respectively. The bands at 1627
cm−1 and 1285, 1202, 1085 cm−1 in its IR spectrum are assigned to ν(C=N) and ν(SO3),
respectively. In the complex 1, these bonds shift correspondingly to 1608 cm−1 and 1271, 1167,
1071 cm−1, what testifies the coordination of the N atom and the sulfonate group to the metal ion. In
addition, the strong and broad ν(OH) absorptions at 3665 and 3263 cm−1 are assigned to the
crystallization water molecule. Elemental analysis and ESI-MS in methanol (peak at m/z 495.1 [M–
H2O+H]+) support the proposed formulation of 1 as a monomer, which is shown by X-ray
crystallography (see Electronic Supplementary Information).
a
b
Fig 1. Schematic representation (a) and crystal structure (b) of 1. Hydrogen bonds shown as dotted
lines.
3.2. Microwave-assisted catalytic peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol
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Complex 1 was tested as a catalyst precursor for the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to
acetophenone using aqueous tert-butylhydroperoxide (ButOOH, TBHP) as oxidizing agent, under
typical conditions of 80 ºC, low power (25 W) microwave irradiation (MW), 15 min reaction time
and in a solvent-free medium (Scheme). The influence of various reaction parameters such as the
amounts of catalyst precursor and oxidant, type of oxidant, time, temperature and presence of
additives were investigated, and the results are summarized in Table 1 and Figure 2.
Table 1. MW-assisted solvent-free oxidation 1-phenylethanol using 1 as catalyst precursor.a
Entry
Catalyst Amount
(mol% vs. substrate)
Reaction
Time (h)
Additive
(mol% vs. substrate)
Yieldb (%)
TON [TOF (h-1)]c
1
2
3
4
5
0.1
0.1

0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.12
0.5
65.9
85.0
8.6
16.9
65.2
26.2
40.6
53.8
8.4
659 (2.63×103)
850 (3.40×103)


TEMPO (2.5)
TEMPO (2.5)
0.02
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
845 (3.38×103)
326 (1.30×103)
262 (1.05×103)
406 (1.62×103)
538 (2.15×103)
84 (336)



6 d
7 d
8e
TEMPO (2.5)
TEMPO (2.5)

K2CO3 (2.5)
HNO3 (2.5)
Ph2NH (100)
CBrCl3 (100)
TEMPO (2.5)

9 f
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 g
18 h
19 i
11.2
18.3
4.8
112 (448)
183 (732)
48 (193)
5.1
51 (205)
79.8
31.8
19.2
83.1
27.5
21.7
798 (6.65×103)
318 (636)
1
192 (192)

0.25
0.25
0.25
TEMPO (2.5)
TEMPO (2.5)

831 (3.32×103)
275 (1.10×103)
217 (868)
a Reaction conditions unless stated otherwise: 5 mmol of 1-phenylethanol, 1-10 mol (0.02 – 0.2 mol% vs. substrate) of
1, 10 mmol of TBHP (2 eq., 70% in H2O), 80 ºC, MW irradiation (25 W power). b Moles of ketone product per 100 mol
c
of alcohol. Turnover number = number of moles of product per mol of catalyst precursor; TOF = TON per hour
(values in brackets). d 10 mmol of H2O2 (30% aqueous solution) instead of TBHP. e 50 mmol of H2O2 instead of TBHP.
f 50 mmol of TBHP. g T = 90 ºC. h T = 50 ºC. i 5 mmol of TBHP.
Under typical solvent- and additive-free conditions (Table 1, entry 1), 1 exhibits a high
catalytic activity, leading to the production of acetophenone in 66% yield and TON (moles of
product per mol of catalyst precursor) of 6.59×102 in the short reaction time of 15 min., with the
corresponding TOF (TON per hour) value of 2.63×103 h-1. High selectivity towards the formation of
ketone was found, and no traces of by-products were detected by GC and GC-MS analyses of the
final reaction mixtures (only unreacted alcohol, apart from the ketone product).
In the present study, hydrogen peroxide (30% aqueous solution) is not such an efficient
oxidant as TBHP, and 26% yield of acetophenone was achieved (entry 6, Table 1, Fig. 2). The
lower yield in this case can be related to the decomposition of H2O2 under the used reaction
conditions. On the other hand, while a 10-fold excess of the TBHP oxidant does not lead to a better
conversion (entry 9, Table 1), a similar excess of hydrogen peroxide leads to a significant increase
5

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in yield as shown in Table 1 via a comparison of entries 7 and 8. Moreover, an equimolar amount
of TBHP relative to substrate does not seem to be sufficient to achieve high yields (compare entries
1 and 19, Table 1) within 15 min reaction time.
The activity of 1 in the peroxidative (with tert-butylhydroperoxide) oxidation of 1-
phenylethanol was also studied in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)
[13−16]. The TEMPO additive provided the significant increase in yield of acetophenone (Fig. 2)
from 66% to 85% under the same reaction conditions (entries 1 and 2, Table 1). A similar increase
was observed when the reaction was carried out with hydrogen peroxide (instead of TBHP) in the
presence of TEMPO (entries 6 and 7, Table 1 and Fig. 2).
To our knowledge, no MW-assisted TBHP (or H2O2)/TEMPO/Cu catalytic system has been
previously reported, while several efficient aerobic TEMPO-mediated oxidations of primary and
secondary alcohols in the presence of copper(II) complexes have been reported [6,19]. Hence, this
study demonstrates the viability of using the TEMPO additive for the MW-assisted peroxidative
oxidations of alcohols.
The previously recognised promoting effect of basic additives [15,16,20−26] is not observed
for the present catalytic system; in contrast, addition of 1 M solution of K2CO3 hampers the reaction
(Table 1, entries 1 and 10). The presence of HNO3 also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the
acetophenone yield (Table 1, entries 1 and 11, Fig. 2), as found e.g., for the MW-assisted oxidation
of 1-phenylethtanol with TBHP catalysed by Cu(II) complexes bearing the 1,6-bis(2’-pyriyl)-2,5-
dithiahexane ligand [26,27]. In fact, the mechanism of alcohol oxidation with TBHP does not seem
to require the presence of protons as verified [13,14] in the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol with
TBHP catalysed by bi- or tetra-nuclear cage-like copper(II) silsesquioxanes.
Moreover, carrying out the reaction in water (2 mL) does not change markedly the yield of
acetophenone (Fig. 2), either using H2O2 or TBHP as oxidant.
The effect of the amount of catalyst precursor 1 was also studied (entries 1, 4 and 5, Table
1). It was observed that its increase from 1 mol (0.02 mol% vs. substrate) to 5 mol (0.1 mol%)
results in an yield growth from 17% to 66%. However, if more than 10 mol of the catalyst
precursor is added, the yield remains almost unchanged, leading to the corresponding TON decrease
(compare e.g. entries 4 and 5, Table 1). Blank tests in the absence of the catalyst precursor,
performed under the typical reaction conditions, reveal no significant conversions (< 0.5%). It
should be noted that TEMPO, by itself (i.e., in the absence of 1), leads to a low but noticeable yield
(entry 3, Table 1).
The relevance of the ligands on the catalytic activity of 1 is shown by testing also the
catalytic performance of Cu(NO3)2 in the same oxidation experiment and comparing the result,
under the same reaction conditions, with that obtained from 1. The oxidation of 1-phenylethanol (5
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mmol) at 80 ºC and after 15 min, in the presence of the same molar amount of Cu(NO3)2, led to a
much lower yield of acetophenone (14 %) than that obtained with 1 (66%, entry 1, Table 1).
Fig. 2. Influence of different additives (TEMPO, H2O solvent, K2CO3, HNO3, radical traps) on the
yield of acetophenone from MW-assisted proxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol.
The reaction strongly depends on the temperature. Attempts to perform the oxidation of 1-
phenylethanol in the presence of 1 at room temperature failed, whereas when the reaction was
conducted at 50 ºC, this resulted in a marked drop in the yield of acetophenone relative to that
obtained at 80 ºC (from 85% at 80 ºC to 28% at 50 ºC, entries 2 and 18, respectively, Table 1). A
temperature above 80 ºC does not lead to a higher ketone yield (entry 17, Table 1).
A noteworthy feature of the studied oxidations is that the MW-assisted reaction proceeds
very fast even under low irradiation power (25 W). In fact, after 7 min. the maximum yield has
nearly reached (80%, Table 1, entry 14) with a remarkable TOF (6.65×103 h-1) value. This contrasts
with most of the known MW-assisted organic reactions [4,5,29,30], which require a much higher
power (typically above 200 or even 500 W).
The peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol is believed to proceed mainly via a radical
mechanism which involves both carbon- and oxygen-centred radicals [31−34]. In the example
studied here a strong inhibition effect (Fig. 2) is observed when the reaction is carried out in the
presence of either a carbon-radical trap CBrCl3 (Table 1, entry 13) or an oxygen-radical trap Ph2NH
(Table 1, entry 12). Thus, we can suppose that the MW-assisted oxidation of 1-phenylethanol
involves free-radicals, e.g. tBuO [9,13,21] produced in the Cu promoted decomposition of TBHP.
It may proceed via the coordination of 1-phenylethanol to an active site of the catalyst, and its
deprotonation to form the ethoxide ligand, followed by a metal-centred (and TEMPO assisted)
dehydrogenation [15,24]. As a result, the formation of TEMPOH and of a subsequent alkoxy-Cu(II)
7

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complex is postulated. The latter reacts with another molecule of TEMPO, leading to the aldehyde
and TEMPOH, with regeneration of the copper catalyst.
Other secondary alcohols (C6, linear and cyclic) were also tested (Table 2) as substrates. The
ketones are the only oxidation products obtained. As expected, aliphatic alcohols are less reactive
than the benzylic 1-phenylethanol, leading, under the same reaction conditions, to moderate yields
(Table 2), as reported in other cases [6,28]. To achieve considerably better conversions, an
extended reaction time (3 h) is required.
Table 2. MW-assisted solvent-free oxidation of selected secondary alcohols using 1 as catalyst
precursor.a
Entry
Substrate
Product
Reaction Time Yieldb (%)
(h)
TON
Selectivity
(%)
[TOF (h-1)]c
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cyclohexanol
2-Hexanol
Cyclohexanone
2-Hexanone
3-Hexanone
0.25
3
0.25
3
0.25
3
28.1
65.6
21.3
59.9
18.4
41.8
281 (1.12×103)
656 (219)
213 (852)
599 (200)
184 (736)
418 (139)
77.2
89.0
53.3
66.4
61.7
49.5
3-Hexanol
a
Reaction conditions unless stated otherwise: 5 mmol of substrate, 5 mol (0.1 mol% vs. substrate) of 1, 10 mmol of
b
TBHP (2 eq., 70% in H2O), 125 mol of TEMPO, 80 ºC, 15 min. reaction time, MW irradiation (25 W power). Moles of
c
ketone product per 100 mol of alcohol. Turnover number = number of moles of product per mol of catalyst precursor;
TOF = TON per hour (values in brackets). d Moles of ketone per mole of converted substrate.
Another important benefit of 1 concerns the fact that only low loadings (typically 0.1 mol%
vs. substrate) are necessary to reach high yields of ketone (e.g. up to 85% for acetophenone) with
substantial TON and TOF values (850 and 3.40 x 103 h-1, respectively, Table 1, entry 2).
Furthermore, 1/TBHP (or H2O2)/MW is a solvent-free oxidation system, which is an obvious
advantage over the many state-of-the-art oxidations of alcohols which involve organic solvents or
costly ionic liquids [29,35].
4. Conclusions
In summary, a new copper(II) complex [Cu(H2R)(HL)]∙H2O (1) was prepared by an easy
and convenient synthesis and fully characterized. 1 acts as an effective catalyst precursor for the
mild and selective peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone in a solvent-free
MW-assisted process, thus widening the scope of peroxidative catalytic systems suitable for MW
assisted oxidative transformations of alcohols. Moreover, the use of low power MW irradiation in a
solvent-free process is a significant step towards the development of green and energy saving
catalytic systems in that field.
8

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Acknowledgements
This work has been partially supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT),
Portugal (PTDC/EQU-EQU/122025/2010 and PEst-OE/QUI/UI0100/2013 projects). We thank the
University of Reading and the EPSRC (U.K) for funds for the diffractometer.
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Graphical Abstract
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Highlights
► Water-soluble mixed-ligand CuII complex, derived from Schiff base and diethanolamine
►The complex catalyzes the peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone
►The solvent-free catalysis is promoted by TEMPO and microwave irradiation
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