C5-azobenzene-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine-containing oligodeoxynucleotides for photo-switching hybridization

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/molecules19045109

A new photoisomeric nucleoside dUAz bearing an azobenzene group at the C5-position of 2'-deoxyuridine was designed and synthesized. Photoisomerization of dUAz in oligodeoxynucleotides can be achieved rapidly and selectively with 365 nm (forward) and 450 nm (backward) irradiation. Thermal denaturation experiments revealed that dUAz stabilized the duplex in the cis-form and destabilized it in the trans-form with mismatch discrimination ability comparable to thymidine. These results indicate that dUAz could be a powerful material for reversibly manipulating nucleic acid hybridization with spatiotemporal control.

Full text of DOI:10.3390/molecules19045109

Molecules 2014, 19, 5109-5118; doi:10.3390/molecules19045109
OPEN ACCESS
molecules
ISSN 1420-3049
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
Communication
C5-Azobenzene-substituted 2'-Deoxyuridine-containing
Oligodeoxynucleotides for Photo-Switching Hybridization
Shohei Mori 1, Kunihiko Morihiro 1,2,* and Satoshi Obika 1,2,
*
1
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita,
Osaka 565-0871, Japan; E-Mail: mori-s@phs.osaka-u.ac.jp
2
National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: morihiro@phs.osaka-u.ac.jp (K.M.);
obika@phs.osaka-u.ac.jp (S.O.); Tel.: +81-6-6879-8202 (K.M.); +81-6-6879-8200 (S.O.);
Fax: +81-6-6879-8204 (K.M & S.O.).
Received: 3 March 2014; in revised form: 15 April 2014 / Accepted: 17 April 2014 /
Published: 22 April 2014
Abstract: A new photoisomeric nucleoside dUAz bearing an azobenzene group at the
C5-position of 2'-deoxyuridine was designed and synthesized. Photoisomerization of dUAz
in oligodeoxynucleotides can be achieved rapidly and selectively with 365 nm (forward)
and 450 nm (backward) irradiation. Thermal denaturation experiments revealed that dUAz
stabilized the duplex in the cis-form and destabilized it in the trans-form with
mismatch discrimination ability comparable to thymidine. These results indicate that dUAz
could be a powerful material for reversibly manipulating nucleic acid hybridization with
spatiotemporal control.
Keywords: azobenzene; molecular switch; nucleoside; oligonucleotide; photochromism
1. Introduction
Regulation of nucleic acid hybridization by some external stimuli is a rewarding challenge due to its
potential to control gene expression flow from DNA to protein at a predetermined place and time. This
technique could allow for spatiotemporal controllable pharmacotherapy based on nucleic acid agents.
The regulation of nucleic acid hybridization is also important in the field of nanotechnology, such as in
the construction of DNA-origami [1–3]. Modified oligonucleotides (ONs) that can reversibly alter the
hybridization ability by noninvasive external stimuli are therefore necessary. The most promising

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external stimulus is light, due to the possibility of accurately controlling the location, dosage and time
of the irradiation. For example, Asanuma et al. have reported reversible photoregulation of DNA
duplex formation via installation of azobenzene moieties on ONs [4,5]. Azobenzene and its derivatives
are commonly adopted due to their rapid photoisomerization and drastic changes in geometry and
dipole moment [6,7].
In this study, we describe a new type of azobenzene-modified nucleoside that reversibly changes its
properties upon photoisomerization by ultraviolet (365 nm) or visible light (450 nm). There are several
positions to attach a photochromic moiety to a nucleoside, and we have selected the C5 position of
2'-deoxyuridine (dUAz, Figure 1) [8]. It is predicted that the azobenzene moiety of dUAz is projected
into the major groove of the double helix via a rigid ethynyl linker. We assumed that the duplexes
containing trans-dUAz would be destabilized because the hydrophobic azobenzene moiety extends to
the outside of the groove [9] which surrounded by a highly polar aqueous phase, and interferes with
hydration and the formation of interstrand cation bridges to stabilize the duplexes [10,11]. Meanwhile,
cis-dUAz-modification would not affect the duplex stability due to compact conformation of the
azobenzene moiety. In other words, the affinity of ONs containing dUAz for complementary
single-stranded DNA or RNA may be reversibly changed, triggered by light.
Figure 1. Photoisomeric nucleoside used in this study.
N
N
N
N
O
N
O
N
365 nm
450 nm
NH
NH
O
O
HO
HO
O
O
trans
dUAz (1)
cis
OH
OH
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Synthesis of dUAz Phosphoramidite and dUAz-Modified Oligodeoxynucleotides
The synthetic route of dUAz phosphoramidite is outlined in Scheme 1. dUAz nucleoside 1 was
synthesized from the corresponding 2'-deoxy-5-iodouridine (2) through a palladium-catalyzed
cross-coupling reaction [12] with 4-ethynylazobenzene 3 [13]. Tritylation at the primary hydroxyl group of
1 with DMTrCl and phosphitylation at the secondary hydroxyl group yielded phosphoramidite 5. The
amidite 5 was incorporated into the oligodeoxynucleotide using conventional solid-phase phosphoramidite
synthesis and purified by reverse-phase HPLC (29% yield). The ON sequences used in this study are
shown in Table 1.

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Scheme 1. Route for the synthesis of dUAz phosphoramidite.
N
N
O
I
O
N
NH
Pd (PPh3)4, CuI
N
NH
N
O
N
+
HO
O
THF, Et3N
60 °C, 4 h
86 %
O
HO
dUAz (1)
2
3
O
OH
OH
N
Cl
N
N
P
O
N
N
O
N
O
CN
DMTrCl
DIPEA
NH
NH
pyridine
rt, 4 h
88 %
CH2Cl2
rt, 1.5 h
83 %
O
N
O
DMTrO
DMTrO
O
O
4
5
OH
N
O
P
O
CN
Table 1. The oligonucleotides used in this study.
ON
6
Sequence
5'-d(GCGTTTTTTGCT)-3'
5'-d(GCGTTUAzTTTGCT)-3'
5'-d(AGCAAAAAACGC)-3'
5'-d(AGCAAATAACGC)-3'
5'-d(AGCAAACAACGC)-3'
5'-d(AGCAAAGAACGC)-3'
5'-r(AGCAAAAAACGC)-3'
5'-r(AGCAAAUAACGC)-3'
5'-r(AGCAAACAACGC)-3'
5'-r(AGCAAAGAACGC)-3'
control DNA
7
dUAz-modified DNA
full match DNA
8
9
mismatch DNA (T)
mismatch DNA (C)
mismatch DNA (G)
full match RNA
10
11
12
13
14
15
mismatch RNA (U)
mismatch RNA (C)
mismatch RNA (G)
2.2. Photoisomerization Property of dUAz
We initially investigated the efficiency of the dUAz cis-trans photoisomerization property in ON by
UV spectra and HPLC analysis. UV spectra of trans/cis ON 7, showed that photoisomerization of
trans-dUAz to cis-dUAz decreased absorbance at 365 nm and increased absorbance at 310 nm and
450 nm (Figure 2a). The λmax of cis-form (340 nm) was blue-shifted compared to that of the trans-form
(365 nm), as was the case with previous reports [6,7,14]. The trans-form dUAz was photoisomerized to
the cis-form by a 10-second irradiation of 365 nm monochromic light with 60% conversion, as determined
by the HPLC peak areas (Figure 2b). In addition, subsequent 10-second irradiation of 450 nm yielded the
trans form isomer with 80%. The HPLC analysis showed no side products from the reactions.
Even when the photoirradiation was repeated three times, the efficiency of the dUAz cis-trans
photoisomerization was not attenuated (Figure 2c). It can therefore be concluded that dUAz has a rapid

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and highly efficient cis-trans photoisomerization property and the potential to work as a photo-switch
for various biomolecules.
Figure 2. Photoisomerization properties of dUAz in oligodeoxynucleotide. (a) Absorbance
spectra of trans- (black line) and cis- (red line) ON 7. (b) HPLC analysis of the
photoisomerization of ON 7; (i) Before irradiation; (ii) after 365 nm irradiation for 10 s;
(iii) subsequent irradiation at 450 nm, 10 s. (c) Repetitive photoisomerization of ON 7
induced by alternative light irradiation at 365 nm and 450 nm. The percentages of
trans- (black line) and cis- (red line) ON 7 obtained from the HPLC peak areas are shown.
Conditions: ON 7 (4.0 µM), NaCl (100mM) in sodium phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.0)
was irradiated at room temperature.
We investigated the differences in the thermal stability of 12-bp duplexes containing dUAz in the
trans- and cis-forms by monitoring the melting temperature (Tm) following the way of azobenzene-
modified nucleoside containing ONs (Table 2) [15,16]. DNA duplex 7/8 showed a modest Tm
difference (ΔTm) between the trans- and cis-forms, namely, the Tm value of the cis-form was 2 °C
higher than that of the trans-form. On the other hand, the ON 7/RNA 12 duplex showed a larger Tm
difference. The Tm value of the cis-form was 5 °C higher than that of the trans-form. It is noteworthy
that the cis-ON 7/RNA 12 duplex showed a Tm value comparable to that of natural DNA 6/RNA 12

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duplex. According to past studies, the cis-form photochromic moieties generically destabilize the
duplex because of its interference with the vicinity bases stacking interaction [4,5,17–19].In this study,
ON containing dUAz showed a higher hybridization ability when dUAz is cis-form rather than trans-
form, unlike ONs containing the exiting photochromic nucleoside. Brown et al. have reported that
hydrophobic buta-1,3-diynyl anthracene in ON leads to significant destabilization of the duplex,
probably because the aromatic moiety is exposed to the aqueous environment [9]. The azobenzene
moiety of trans-dUAz also would extend to the outside of the major groove, a highly polar aqueous
phase. This may have an impact on the groove hydration and the formation of interstrand cation
bridges, and lead to destabilization of the duplex containing trans-dUAz.
Table 2. UV-melting points of 12-bp duplexes. a
Tm [°C]
ΔTm [°C] b
Duplex
trans c
47
cis d
49
(Tm cis - Tm trans)
6/8
7/8
52
-
2
6/12
7/12
47
42
47
5
a
All Tm values for the duplexes (4.0 µM) were determined in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
containing 100 mM NaCl. The Tm values given are the average of at least three data points; b The change in
c
the Tm value induced by the cis-trans photoisomerization; The percentage of trans isomer was ca. 80%;
d The percentage of cis isomer was ca. 60%.
Finally, we investigated the mismatch discrimination ability of ON containing dUAz. The Tm values
of mismatched DNA duplexes containing dUAz were found to be 14 or 15 °C lower than that of
ON7/DNA8 in both trans- and cis-form (Table 3). Toward complementary ssRNA, ON containing
dUAz could also discriminate mismatched bases comparable to ON7 (Table S1 in Supplementary
Material). These results indicate that the mismatch discrimination ability of ON containing trans-/cis-
dUAz is not spoiled by the C5-substituted-azobenzene moiety of dUAz.
Table 3. UV-melting points of DNA duplexes with a mismatched base pair. a
Tm [°C]
trans c
ΔTm [°C] b
trans c cis d
Duplex
Base pair
cis d
6/9
6/10
6/11
7/9
T:T
T:C
40
37
41
−12
−15
−11
T:G
UAz:T
UAz:C
UAz:G
33
33
33
35
34
35
−14
−14
−14
−14
−15
−14
7/10
7/11
a
All Tm values for the duplexes (4.0 µM) were determined in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)
containing 100 mM NaCl. The Tm values given are the average of at least three data points; b ΔTm values are
calculated relative to the Tm values of matched DNA 6/DNA 8 (52 °C) or ON 7/DNA 8 (47 °C for trans and
c
d
49 °C for cis) duplexes.; The percentage of trans isomer was ca. 80%; The percentage of cis isomer was
ca. 60%.

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We achieved synthesis of the photoisomeric nucleoside, dUAz, for which the hybridization can be
controlled by using different wavelengths of light. The ΔTm value between the trans- and cis-form is
more remarkable in the DNA/RNA duplex than the DNA duplex. Although dUAz photoisomerization
induced modest Tm differences, the modification of ONs with multiple dUAz units or the introduction
of substituents to the azobenzene moiety [20] could enhance the ΔTm value between the trans- and
cis-forms. Our strategy indicated the possibility of photo-switches based on dUAz-modified ONs for
the development of unique molecular machines and the control of various biological phenomena.
3. Experimental
3.1. General
Reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and were used without
purification unless otherwise specified. All experiments involving air and/or moisture-sensitive
compounds were carried out under N2 or Ar atmosphere. All reactions were monitored with analytical
TLC (Merck Kieselgel 60 F254). Column chromatography was carried out with a Fuji Silysia FL-100D.
Physical data were measured as follows: NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL JNM-ECS-500
spectrometer in CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 as the solvent with tetramethylsilane as an internal standard. IR
spectra were recorded on a JASCO FT/IR-4200 spectrometer. Optical rotations were recorded on a
JASCO P-2200 instrument. FAB mass spectra were measured on a JEOL JMS-700 mass spectrometer.
3.2. Preparation of 5-(4-Phenyldiazenylphenyl)ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (1)
Under an argon atmosphere, 4-ethynylazobenzene (3 [13], 1.06 g, 5.12 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (592 mg,
0.512 mmol), and CuI (113 mg,0.512 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (50 mL). Then, Et3N (3.6 mL)
and 2'-deoxy-5-iodouridine (2, 1.81 g, 5.12 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at
60 °C for 4 h. The resultant mixture was filtered over Celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography and eluted with CHCl3/MeOH (20:1),
to give compound 1 (1.80 g, 81%) as a light-orange powder: M.p. 208–210 °C; IR (KBr): ν 3439 (NH,
OH), 1617 (C=O), 1289 (N=N) cm−1; αD24 −3.7 (c 1.00, DMSO); H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ
1
11.7 (1H, brs, NH), 8.47 (1H, s, H-6), 7.94–7.90 (4H , m), 7.69–7.57 (5H, m), 6.14 (1H, t, J = 6.5 Hz,
H-1'), 5.27 (1H, d, J = 4.0 Hz, H-3'), 5.20 (1H, t, J = 5.0 Hz, C-H4'), 4.30–4.26 (1H, m, OH), 3.82 (1H,
m, OH), 3.71–3.58 (2H, m, H-5'), 2.21–2.17 (2H, m, H-2'); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 161.3,
151.9, 151.0, 149.4, 132.2, 131.8, 129.5, 125.4, 122.9, 122.6, 97.8, 91.5, 87.6, 85.6, 84.9, 69.8, 60.8,
40.2; FAB-LRMS m/z = 433 (MH+); FAB-HRMS calcd for C23H21N4O5 433.1506, found 433.1524.
3.3. Preparation of 5'-O-(4,4'-Dimethoxytrityl)-5-(4-phenyldiazenylphenyl)ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (4)
To a solution of compound 1 (141 mg, 0.324 mmol) in dry pyridine (3 mL) was added DMTrCl
(131 mg, 0.389 mmol) at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. The reaction
was quenched by the addition of MeOH with 10 min stirring. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and
the residue was partitioned between CHCl3 and H2O. The separated organic layer was washed with
H2O, followed by brine. The organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue
was purified by silica gel column chromatography and eluted with CHCl3/MeOH (20:1 with 0.5%

Molecules 2014, 19
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Et3N) to give Compound 4 (239 mg, 88%) as an orange foam: IR (KBr): ν 3437, 3410(NH, OH), 1701
(C=O), 1272 (N=N) cm−1; αD24 36.2 (c 1.00, CHCl3); H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.51 (1H, brs,
1
NH), 8.29 (1H, s, H-6), 7.90 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.70 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.52–7.45 (5H, m), 7.37–7.28
(6H, m), 7.16 (1H, dd, J = 6.5 and 1.0 Hz), 7.10 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 6.82–6.79 (4H, m) 6.38 (1H, dd,
J = 7.5, 6.5 Hz, H-1'), 4.60–4.59 (1H, m, H-3'), 4.14–4.13 (1H, m, H-4'), 3.70 (3H, s,OMe), 3.69 (3H,
s, OMe), 3.50 (1H, dd, J = 8.0 and 3.0 Hz, H-5'), 3.34 (1H, dd, J = 8.0 and 3.0 Hz, H-5'), 2.57–2.53
13
(1H, m, H-2'), 2.40–2.34 (1H, m, H-2'), 2.09 (1H, brs, OH); C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ 158.6,
152.6, 151.7, 148.8, 144.3, 135.4, 132.4, 131.3, 129.9, 129.1, 128.1, 127.9, 127.1, 125.1, 122.9, 122.5,
113.4, 100.4, 93.6, 87.2, 86.7, 85.9, 82.2, 72.4, 63.3, 55.2, 41.7; FAB-LRMS m/z = 757 (MNa+);
FAB-HRMS calcd for C44H38N4O7Na 757.2633, found 757.2633.
3.4. Preparation of 3-O-{2-Cyanoethyl(diisopropylamino)phosphino}-5'-O-(4,4'-Dimethoxytrityl)-5-
(4-phenyldiazenylphenyl)ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5)
To a solution of compound 4 (188 mg, 0.26 mmol) in dry MeCN (5 mL) was added N,N-
diisopropylamine (0.13 mL,0.76 mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl-N,N'-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite
(0.09 mL, 0.40mmol) at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The resultant
mixture was partitioned between AcOEt and H2O. The separated organic layer was washed with
saturated aqueous NaHCO3, followed by brine. The organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated
in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography and eluted with CHCl3/MeOH
(20:1 with 0.5% Et3N), to give a 17:3 diastereomeric mixture of 5 (324 mg, 82%) as an orange foam: IR
(KBr): ν 3610 (NH), 1699 (C=O), 1272 (N=N) cm−1; αD24 32.5 (c 1.00, CHCl3); H-NMR (500 MHz,
1
CDCl3): δ 9.08 (1H, brs, NH), 8.35 (0.85H, s, H-6), 8.30 (0.15H, s, H-6), 7.89 (2H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.67
(2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.55–7.04 (14H, m), , 6.67–6.75 (4H, m), , 6.35 (1H, dd, J = 7.5, 6.0 Hz, H-1'),
4.68–4.61 (1H, m, H-3'), 4.26 (1H,m, H-4'), 3.70 (3H, s, OMe), 3.69 (3H, s, OMe), 3.67–3.53 (5H, m,
CH2CH2CN, H-5'), 3.31 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 2.5 Hz, H-5'), 2.65–2.56 (1H, m, H-2'), 2.47–2.36 (3H, m,
H-2', ((CH3)2CH)2N), 1.18 (12H, d, J = 6.5 Hz, ((CH3)2CH)2N); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ
161.2, 158.5(9), 158.5(6), 152.6, 151.5, 149.1, 144.35, 142.5, 135.4, 132.3, 132.0, 131.1, 130.0 (d,
J (C, P) = 6.0 Hz), 129.1, 128.7, 128.0, 127.9 ,127.0, 125.1, 122.8, 122.4, 120.5, 117.3, 113.3, 100.3,
93.4, 86.3 (d, J (C, P) = 3.5 Hz), 85.9, 82.4, 77.3, 77.0, 76.8, 73.4, 73.2, 63.0, 58.2, 58.1, 55.1, 43.2 (d,
J (C, P) = 13.0 Hz), 40.8 (d, J (C, P) = 5.0 Hz), 25.6, 24.5(9), 24.5(3), 24.4(8), 20.2 (d, J (C, P ) = 7.0 Hz);
31P-NMR (200 MHz, CDCl3): δ 149.09, 148.66; FAB-LRMS m/z = 957 (MNa+); FAB-HRMS calcd
for C53H55N6O8PNa 957.3711, found 957.3711.
3.5. Synthesis of dUAz-Modified Oligodeoxynucleotides
Solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis was performed on an nS-8 Oligonucleotides Synthesizer
(GeneDesign, Inc., Osaka, Japan) using commercially available reagents and phosphoramidites with
5-(bis-3, 5-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-tetrazole (0.25 M concentration in acetonitrile) as the activator.
dUAz phosphoramidite was chemically synthesized as described above. All of the reagents were
assembled, and the oligonucleotides were synthesized according to the standard synthesis cycle (trityl
on mode). Cleavage from the solid support and deprotection were accomplished with concentrated
ammonium hydroxide solution at 55 °C for 12 h. The crude oligonucleotides were purified with

Molecules 2014, 19
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Sep-Pak Plus C18 cartridges (Waters) followed by RP-HPLC on a XBridgeTM OST C18 Column,
2.5 μm, 10 × 50 mm (Waters) using MeCN in 0.1 M triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.0).
The purified oligonucleotides were quantified by UV absorbance at 260 nm and confirmed by
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Table 4).
Table 4. Yields and MALDI-TOF MS data of dUAz-modified oligonucleotide.
MALDI-TOF MS
Oligodeoxynucleotide
Yield
Calcd. [M-H]−
found [M-H]−
5'-d(GCGTTUAzTTTGCT)-3'
7
29%
3822.6
3822.4
3.6. UV Melting Experiments
Melting temperatures (Tm) were determined by measuring the change in absorbance at 260 nm as a
function of temperature using a Shimadzu UV-Vis Spectrophotometer UV-1650PC equipped with a Tm
analysis accessory TMSPC-8. Equimolecular amounts of the target DNA/RNA and oligonucleotides
were dissolved in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 100 mM NaCl to give a final
strand concentration of 4.0 µM. The melting samples were denatured at 100 °C and annealed slowly to
room temperature. Absorbance was recorded in the forward and reverse directions at temperatures of
5 to 90 °C at a rate of 0.5 °C/min.
3.7. Photoisomerization of dUAz
The trans-to-cis isomerization was performed with a UV-LED lamp (ZUV-C30H; OMRON) and a
ZUV-L10H lens unit (760 mW/cm2). The cis-to-trans isomerization was performed with a Xenon lamp
(MAX-303; Asahi Spectra Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and XHQA420 optical filter. Absorbance spectra
of trans-cis ON 7 were measured by a Shimadzu UV-Vis Spectrophotometer UV-1650PC. Conditions:
ON 7 (4.0 µM), NaCl (100mM) in sodium phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.0).
4. Conclusions
We have synthesized a new photoisomeric nucleoside, C5-azobenzene-modified 2'-deoxyuridine
dUAz using Sonogashira-type cross-coupling as a key step. dUAz showed very rapid reversible cis-trans
photoisomerization with monochromic light at the appropriate wavelength in oligodeoxynucleotide.
dUAz-modified oligodeoxynucleotide showed an interesting duplex-forming property, namely, the Tm
values of both the dUAz-modified ON/DNA and dUAz-modified ON/RNA were higher for the cis-form
than for the trans-form, unlike conventional azobenzene-modified ONs. Additionally, it was revealed that
installation of dUAz into oligodeoxynucleotide had little influence on the mismatch recognition ability.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary materials can be accessed at: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/4/5109/s1.

Molecules 2014, 19
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and theAdvanced Research for Medical
Products Mining Programme of the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO).
Author Contributions
K.M. and S.O. designed the research. S.M. and K.M. performed the experiments and analyzed the
data. S.M. was mainly responsible for writing the manuscript, with contributions from K.M. and S.O.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
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