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443-48-1

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443-48-1 Usage

Antibacterial Spectrum

In addition to being used for anti-trichomoniasis and anti-ameba, in recent years, metronidazole has been widely used in anti-anaerobic infection. The nitro group of this product is reduced to amino group in an anaerobic environment and shows the effect of anti-anaerobic bacteria, but it is ineffective against aerobic bacteria or facultative aerobic bacteria. It has good antibacterial effect on the following anaerobic bacteria: ① Bacteroides, including Bacteroides fragilis; ② Clostridium; ③ Clostridium, including Tetanus; ④ Partial Eubacterium; ⑤ Peptococcus and Digestive Streptococcus etc.

Brand Name(s)

Flagyl and generic

Indications and Usage

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic, also known as metronidazol and novonidazol. It was initially used to treat vaginal trichomaniasis, with very significant clinical effects. It is broadly used to prevent and treat oral anaerobic infections. In hospitals, it has been used frequently to prevent and treat respiratory, gastrointestinal, peritoneal, pelvic, skin, soft tissue, joint, and brain infections, cardiomyitis, and septicemia caused by anaerobic bacteria. The effectiveness of Metronidazole towards treating body tissue and intestinal amoebiasis is significant, and it the preferred drug to treat parasitosis.

Mechanisms of Action

Metronidazole kills anaerobic microorganisms, and its metabolites in the body during reduction also inhibit them by inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus interfering with bacterial growth and propagation, eventually killing them. Anaerobic bacteria affected include: Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium (so named because of its sharp fusiform shape at both ends,) Clostridium tetani, Peptostreptococcus, and Giardia lamblia. Its mechanism of action in the treatment of parasites is to disrupt protozoans’ nitrogen chains by inhibiting their redox reactions. In vitro experiments have shown that at concentrations of 1-2 mg/L, morphological changes occurred in dissolved amoeba starting at 6-20 hours, killing them all within 24 hours. At a concentration of 0.2 mg/L, dissolved bacteria were killed within 72 hours.

Warnings and Precautions

Interactions with nitroimidazole antibiotics, ethanol, and nicotine interfere with the oxidation of ethanol and can cause disulfiram reactions, causing symptoms like faster heart rate and decreased blood pressure, so patients should avoid contact with alcohol and smoke less during treatment in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions.

Methods of production

It is synthetized by 2-methyl-5-nitro imidazole (see 25010) and ethylene oxide addition. 2-methyl-5-nitro imidazole dissolved in formic acid and at 30-40℃ successive adding epoxy ethane, and sulfuric acid in the middle of adding feeding. and reaction for 1 h, after that. Decompression to recycle formic acid, water solution is cooled to 10 ℃, filter. The filtrate with sodium hydroxide solution to adjust pH = 10. Set aside to cool, filtering, washing to nearly alterations into neutral, recrystallization in water. Activated carbon decolorization to get metronidazole.

Pharmacology and mechanism of action

Metronidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole derivative which was originally introduced against Trichomonas vaginalis in 1960. Soon it was shown to possess a broad spectrum of activity against other protozoal infections such as amoebiasis and giardiasis, and more recently against infections due to anaerobic bacteria [1]. The mechanism of action of metronidazole is not well understood. In the parasite, the 5-nitro group of the drug undergoes reductive transformation to a cytotoxic intermediate which binds to the helical structure of the DNA leading to strand breakage and eventual cell death [2].

Indications

Different sources of media describe the Indications of 443-48-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Against infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica (acute intestinal type and liver abscesses), Giardia lamblia and Dracunculus medinensis. During treatment of trichomoniasis it is wise to treat the male partner as well. In amoebiasis, a luminal amoebicide is added to eliminate surviving organisms in the colon. Metronidazole is also used for the treatment of infections due to anaerobic bacteria.
2. Metronidazole (Flagyl, Metrogel) exerts activity against most anaerobic bacteria and several protozoa.The drug freely penetrates protozoal and bacterial cells but not mammalian cells. Metronidazole can function as an electron sink, and because it does so, its 5-nitro group is reduced. The enzyme, pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, found only in anaerobic organisms, reduces metronidazole and thereby activates the drug. Reduced metronidazole disrupts replication and transcription and inhibits DNA repair.

Side effects

Different sources of media describe the Side effects of 443-48-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Side effects with doses used to treat protozoal infections are usually mild, reversible and self-limiting and may affect 4% to 5% of treated patients. The most common are gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, metallic taste, furring of the tongue), intolerance to alcohol (disulfiram-like effect) and central nervous system effects (headache, dizziness and sleepiness) [3]. Other side effects reported include urticaria, darkening of the urine with a reddish-brown discoloration and transient neutropenia [4]. During prolonged high doses, the drug may cause severe neurotoxic side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, paraesthesia and epileptiform seizures [3,4]. Few case reports of bone marrow depression [5], gynecomastia [6] and acute pancreatitis [7] have been reported. Although metronidazole is mutagenic in bacteria and carcinogenic in rodents, no association with human cancer has been proven .
2. The most frequently observed adverse reactions to metronidazole include nausea, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, and a metallic taste.The urine is often dark or redbrown. Less frequently, unsteadiness, vertigo, ataxia, paresthesias, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, and neutropenia have been reported. Since metronidazole is a weak inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, alcohol ingestion should be avoided during treatment. A psychotic reaction also may be produced. Metronidazole interferes with the metabolism of warfarin and may potentiate its anticoagulant activity. Phenobarbital and corticosteroids lower metronidazole plasma levels by increasing its metabolism, whereas cimetidine raises levels by impairing metronidazole metabolism.The drug is not recommended for use during pregnancy.
3. precautionsAlcohol should not be taken during and for 48 h after therapy because of a possible disulfiram-like reaction, nor should it be combined with formulations containing alcohol. It should not be given in cases of known hypersensitivity to nitroimidazoles.It enhances the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and may impair the clearance of phenytoin and lithium. Phenytoin may increase the metabolism of metronidazole. Plasma concentrations are decreased by the concomitant administration of phenobarbital (phenobarbitone). The drug may also mask the immunological response of untreated early syphilis cases because of its antitreponemal activity.It should be used with care in patients with blood dyscrasias or with any central nervous system (CNS) disease.The drug should be avoided in pregnancy, especially during the first trimester and particularly if high doses are being administered. Use during the second and third trimesters may be acceptable if alternative therapies for trichomoniasis have failed, but single-dose (2 g oral) therapy should be avoided. The drug may cause the breast milk to taste bitter. Breast feeding should be discontinued until 24 h after the last dose to allow excretion of the drug. It appears safe when given to nursing mothers at doses of up to 400 mg every 8 h.adverse effects An unpleasant sharp, metallic taste is not unusual. Furry tongue, glossitis and stomatitis have occurred; stomatitis may be associated with overgrowth of Candida spp. during treatment. Gastrointestinal disturbances include nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort and diarrhea, and occur with intravenous and oral preparations. Pseudomembranous colitis has also been reported.Nervous system effects associated with intravenous and oral preparations include convulsive seizures, peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, vertigo, incoordination, ataxia, confusion, irritability, depression, weakness and insomnia. Peripheral neuropathy was found in 11 of 13 patients aged 12–22 years treated for Crohn’s disease. The symptoms disappeared when the dose was discontinued or markedly reduced. Peripheral neuropathy or CNS toxicity is more likely in patients treated for 10 days or more and treatment should be discontinued. The co-administration of cimetidine increases plasma levels of metronidazole and may increase the risk of neurological side effects.Reversible neutropenia has been reported after administration of both intravenous and oral preparations. Bone marrow aplasia and thrombocytopenia are rare. Hemolytic uremic syndrome was reported in six children who had been given metronidazole for non-specific diarrhea or for prophylaxis after bowel surgery.Erythematous rash and pruritus have been reported after use of the intravenous preparation. The risk of thrombophlebitis can be minimized by avoiding prolonged indwelling catheters for intravenous infusion.Rarely, flattening of the T wave may be seen in electrocardiographic tracings. A number of cases of deafness have been reported. Myopia related to 11 days’ oral treatment for trichomoniasis disappeared 4 days after treatment was stopped, but returned when treatment was resumed. There have been isolated reports of pancreatitis and gynecomastia.

Contraindications and precautions

Dosage reductions should be made in patients with severe hepatic failure. Because of its potential neurotoxicity and neutropenia the drug should be given with caution to patients with diseases of the CNS or with a history of blood dyscrasia. Patients should be warned of a disulfiram-like reaction if the drug is taken together with alcohol. Metronidazole should be used with extra caution in patients being treated with warfarin (see interactions).

Interactions

Metronidazole is a weak inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. Simultaneous administration of metronidazole and disulfiram has been reported to cause an acute psychosis or mental confusion. This effect was observed in 6 of 29 chronic alcoholic men given both drugs, but in none of those given placebo plus disulfiram [8]. Metronidazole inhibits the ring oxidation of S (+) warfarin and significant bleeding can occur if the two drugs are taken together [9]. Significant increase of hepatic clearance of metronidazole has been reported when the drug was taken together with phenobarbital [10, 11] or prednisone [11].

Preparations

Many preparations are available apart from those mentioned below. Available as metronidazole ? Elyzol? (Dumex). Solution for infusion 5 mg/ml. Tablets 250 mg, 500 mg. Suppositories 500 mg, 1000 mg. ? Flagyl? (Rh?ne-Poulenc Rorer). Solution for infusion 5 mg/ml. Tablets 200 mg, 400 mg. Suppositories 500 mg, 1000 mg. ? Servizol? (Servipharm). Tablets 200 mg, 250 mg. Available as metronidazole benzoate: 10 mg metronidazole benzoate is equivalent to 6.2 mg metronidazole. ? Elyzol (Dumex)? Oral solution 25 mg metronidazole base/ml. ? Flagyl? (Rh?ne-Poulenc Rorer). Oral solution 40 mg metronidazole base/ml.

References

1. Scully BE (1988). Metronidazole. Med Clin North Amer, 72, 613–621. 2. Muller M (1983). Mode of action of metronidazole on anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Surgery, 93, 165–171. 3. Lau AH, Lam NP, Piscitelli SS (1992). Clinical pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and other nitroimidazole anti-infectives. Clin Pharmacokinet, 23, 328–364. 4. Roe FJC (1985). Safety of nitroimidazoles. Scand J Infect Dis, 46, 72–81. 5. Heisterberg L, Branebjerg PE (1983). Blood and milk concentrations of metronidazole in mothers and infants. J Perinat Med, 11, 114–120. 6. Fagan TC, Johnson DG, Grosso DS (1985). Metronidazole-induced gynecomastia. J Am Med Ass, 254, 3217. 7. Poltkin BH, Cohen I, Tsang T, Cullinane T (1985). Metronidazole-induced pancreatitis. Ann Intern Med, 103, 891–892. 8. Rothstein E, Clancy DD (1969). Toxicity of disulfiram combined with metronidazole. N Engl J Med, 280, 1006–1007. 9. O’Reilly RA (1976). The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man. N Engl J Med, 295, 354–357. 10. Gupte S (1983). Phenobarbital and metabolism of metronidazole. N Engl J Med, 308, 529. 11. Eradiri D, Jamali R, Thomson ABR (1988). Interaction of metronidazole with phenobarbital, cimetidine, prednisone, and sulphasalzine in Crohn’s disease. Biopharmaceut Drug Disp, 9, 219– 227.

Description

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic first isolated in the 1950s. Many nitroimidazoles were being studied at the time, as the class was found to have trichomonacidal properties. Metronidazole was of particular interest due to its high activity against Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica both in vitro and in vivo as well as clinical activity against many anaerobic pathogens including Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria and Giardia lamblia. Metronidazole is often used clinically for intra-abdominal infections and is the firstline treatment for Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea.

Chemical Properties

Metronidazole is an odorless, white, yellow, or cream-colored crystalline solid. Darkens on exposure to light. Bitter, salty taste (do not test). Soluble in hot water, slightly soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in water or chloroform, very slightly soluble in ether.

Originator

Flagyl,Specia,France,1960

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 443-48-1 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for amebiases, vaginal trichomonasis and trichlomonadic urethritis in men, lambliosis, amebic dysentery, and anaerobic infections caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to the drug. Synonyms of this drug are flagyl, protostat, trichopol, and vagimid.
2. Metronidazole is available as oral, intravaginal, topical, and parenteral preparations. It is manufactured by several companies, but is only available by prescription. Unintentional environmental exposure is unlikely, and if it occurs, it is very unlikely to cause toxicity.
3. Used as an antibacterial in the treatment of rosacea. Antiprotozoal (trichomonas). A potential human carcinogen.
4. Metronidazole, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal agent. It is mainly used to treat or prevent systemic or local infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, such as anaerobic bacterial infections in the abdominal cavity, digestive tract, female reproductive system, lower respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues, bones and joints, etc. Inflammation, meningeal infections, and colitis caused by antibiotic use are also effective. Tetanus is often treated with tetanus antitoxin (TAT). It can also be used for oral anaerobic infection. On October 27, 2017, the list of carcinogens published by the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer was preliminarily sorted for reference, and metronidazole was included in the list of class 2B carcinogens. In January 2020, metronidazole was selected into the second batch of national centralized drug procurement list.

Definition

ChEBI: Metronidazole is a member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. It has a role as an antitrichomonal drug, a prodrug, an antibacterial drug, an antimicrobial agent, an antiparasitic agent, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a radiosensitizing agent and an antiamoebic agent. It is a member of imidazoles, a C-nitro compound and a primary alcohol. It is a conjugate base of a metronidazole(1+).

Manufacturing Process

2-Methyl-4(or 5)-nitroimidazole (127 g) is heated with ethylene chlorohydrin (795 g) for 18 hours at 128° to 130°C and the chlorohydrin (660 g) is then distilled under reduced pressure (30mm Hg). The residue is treated with water (300 cc) and filtered, and the filtrate is made alkaline by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution (d = 1.33, 100 cc). It is then extracted with chloroform (1,000 cc) and, after evaporation of the chloroform in vacuo, there is obtained a pasty mass (77 g) which is recrystallized from ethyl acetate (450 cc) in the presence of animal charcoal. There is thus obtained 1-(2- hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (24 g) as a creamy white crystalline powder melting at 158° to 160°C.

Therapeutic Function

Antiprotozoal

Antimicrobial activity

Metronidazole inhibits E. histolytica, G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, Blastocystis hominis, B. coli, and the helminth Dracunculus medinensis. It is also bactericidal for obligate anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria except Actinomyces spp. It is not active against aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Drug resistance is infrequent; the mechanism of resistance is not understood. Tinidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole closely related to metronidazole, is effective against vaginal trichomoniasis resistant to metronidazole.

Acquired resistance

Although resistance in Bacteroides spp. and T. vaginalis is well documented, it is uncommon. Resistance occurs more frequently in H. pylori and failure of treatment with triple drug regimens may be associated with resistance to the metronidazole component.

General Description

White to pale-yellow crystalline powder with a slight odor. Bitter and saline taste. pH (saturated aqueous solution) about 6.5.

Air & Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Metronidazole darkens on exposure to light. Metronidazole is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. .

Fire Hazard

Flash point data for Metronidazole are not available; however, Metronidazole is probably combustible.

Pharmaceutical Applications

A 5-nitroimidazole available for oral administration or as a suppository; also formulated as the hydrochloride for intravenous use, and as the benzoate in an oral suspension and a dental gel. Aqueous solubility: 10 g/L at 20°C. Soluble in dilute acids. It is photolabile and preparations should be protected from light. Metronidazole hydrochloride has a low pH (0.5–2.0) when reconstituted, and reacts with aluminum in equipment, including needles, to produce a reddish-brown discoloration. It is incompatible with several agents and other drugs should not be added to intravenous solutions.

Contact allergens

Metronidazole is a nitro-6-imidazole compound with antiprotozoal and antibacterial properties. Topical exposure may induce allergic contact dermatitis. Sensitization is mainly observed with the treatment of rosacea and rarely occurs from handling of table.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce metronidazole to its active form. Reduced metronidazole covalently binds to DNA which disrupts its helical structure, induces DNA strand breaks and inhibits bacterial nucleic acid synthesis. Bacterial cell death results.

Mechanism of action

Despite the availability of metronidazole since the late 1950s, the mechanism of action of the drug is still unknown. It generally is agreed that metronidazole is a pro-drug and that anaerobic organisms reduce the nitro group in metronidazole to a hydroxylamine, as shown in Figure 39.2, during which a reactive derivative or reactive species are produced that cause destructive effects on cell components (i.e., DNA, proteins, and membranes). Specifically, DoCampo has reported that nitroaryl compounds (nitroimidazoles, metronidazole; nitrofurans, nifurtomox) are reduced to nitro radical anions, which in turn react with oxygen to regenerate the nitroaryl and the superoxide radical anion. Further reduction of superoxide radical anion leads to hydrogen peroxide and homolytic cleavage of the latter leads to hydroxyl radical formation. Superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals are referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are the reactive substances that are implicated in damage to critical cellular components of the parasite.

Pharmacology

Absorption from the intestinal tract is usually good. Food delays but does not reduce absorption.The drug is distributed in body fluids and has a half-life of about 8 hours. High levels are found in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Less than 20% binds to plasma proteins. Metronidazole is metabolized by oxidation and glucuronide formation in the liver and is primarily excreted by the kidneys, although small amounts can be found in saliva and breast milk. Dose reduction is generally unnecessary in renal failure.

Pharmacokinetics

Oral absorption :>90%Cmax 400 mg oral :c. 10 mg/L after 3–5 h Plasma half-life: 6–11 h Volume of distribution:0.6–1.1 L/kg Plasma protein binding:<20%absorptionPeak plasma concentrations after oral administration are proportional to the dose. Plasma levels are usually lower in men because of weight differences. In patients treated intravenously with a loading dose of 15 mg/kg followed by 7.5 mg/kg every 6 h, peak steady state plasma concentrations averaged 25 mg/L with minimum trough concentrations averaging 18 mg/L.The bioavailability of metronidazole in rectal suppositories is around 60%. Effective blood concentrations occur 5–12 h after the first suppository and are maintained by an 8 h regimen.There are conflicting data on the effects of age on absorption. One study, which did not distinguish between metronidazole and its metabolites, indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) for plasma was almost doubled in the elderly. However, the general consensus is that there is no requirement for a decreased dosage for the elderly, unless there is significant renal impairment.Distribution It is widely distributed in body tissues after oral or intravenous administration.It appears about 90 min after an oral dose in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva and breast milk in concentrations similar to those found in plasma: and in?:vaginal secretions, pleural and prostatic fluid at levels about 40% of those of the plasma. In patients receiving 500 mg every 12 h or 1 g every 6 h, CSF levels of up to 2 and 8 mg/L, respectively, have been found. Bactericidal concentrations of metronidazole are achieved in pus from hepatic abscesses. Concentrations in placenta and fetal tissue are related to the corresponding maternal plasma levels: concentrations of 3.5 mg/kg (placenta) and 9 mg/kg (fetus) when the plasma concentration was 13.5 mg/L. MetabolismIt is metabolized in the liver to a glucuronide conjugate and to acid and hydroxy derivatives. The acid metabolite, produced by oxidation of the N-1 ethanol side-chain, is microbiologically inactive and appears in the urine because of its high water solubility. The hydroxy derivative, which is as active as the parent drug against G. vaginalis, is formed by oxidation of the methyl group on C-2 of the imidazole ring, first to the hydroxymethyl derivative and subsequently to the carboxylic acid. Hydroxymetronidazole has a half-life of 10–13 h. Both metronidazole itself and the hydroxymethyl metabolite can form sulfate or glucuronide conjugates: the acid metabolite may be excreted as the glycine conjugate. Traces of metabolites derived from reduction of the nitro group are found in urine and are assumed to be formed by the intestinal flora.excretionAbout 60–80% of the dose appears in the urine and 6–15% in the feces. The hydroxy and acid metabolites are also excreted in the urine. Glucuronide conjugates account for approximately 20% of the total. Renal clearance is approximately 10 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Decreased renal function does not alter the single-dose kinetics and dose adjustment is not normally required in patients with renal impairment. However, the hydroxy metabolite may accumulate in patients with end-stage disease and dose reduction may be necessary. Elimination is prolonged in patients with impaired liver function necessitating dose reduction. Hemodialysis increases the clearance of metronidazole, shortening the half-life to 2–3 h.Newborn infants possess a decreased capacity to eliminate metronidazole. In one study, the elimination half-life measured during the first 3 days of life was inversely related to gestational age. In premature newborns and infants whose gestational ages were between 28 and 40 weeks, the corresponding half-life elimination rates ranged from 10.9 to 22.5 h.

Clinical Use

Metronidazole is the most effective agent available for the treatment of individuals with all forms of amebiasis, with perhaps the exception of the person who is asymptomatic but continues to excrete cysts. That situation calls for an effective intraluminal amebicide, such as diloxanide furoate, paromomycin sulfate, or diiodohydroxyquin. Metronidazole is active against intestinal and extraintestinal cysts and trophozoites. Although quinacrine hydrochloride has been used for the treatment of giardiasis, many physicians prefer metronidazole. Furazolidone is an alternate choice. Metronidazole is the drug of choice in Europe for anaerobic bacterial infections; concern about possible carcinogenicity has led to some caution in its use in the United States.Recently it has been found to be effective in treating D. medinensis (Guinea worm) infections and Helicobacter pylori.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, tumorigenic, and teratogenic data. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: paresthesia, nerve or sheath structural changes, eye changes, tremors, fever, jaundice and other liver changes, hearingacuity changes, somnolence, and ataxia. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Synthesis

Metronidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-1-ethanol (37.2.10), is made by nitrating 2-methylimidazole to make 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (37.2.9), which is then reacted with 2-chloroethanol or ethylenoxide, which is easily transformed to the desired metronidazole.

Potential Exposure

Metronidazole is an orally administered drug for the treatment of infections due to entamoeba histolytica; trichomonas vaginalis; giardia lamblia, and has also been used for treating Vincent’s infection. It can be used as a trichomonacide in veterinary medicine. One firm has petitioned EPA to use metronidazole as a disinfectant for cooling tower water.

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

Although there are no veterinary-approved metronidazole products, the drug has been used extensively in the treatment of Giardia in both dogs and cats. It is also used clinically in small animals for the treatment of other parasites (Trichomonas and Balantidium coli) as well as treating both enteric and systemic anaerobic infections. In horses, metronidazole has been used clinically for the treatment of anaerobic infections.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs Alcohol: disulfiram-like reaction. Anticoagulants: effects of coumarins enhanced. Antiepileptics: metabolism of phenytoin inhibited; concentration reduced by phenobarbital. Busulfan: concentration of busulfan increased - risk of toxicity. Ciclosporin: raised blood level of ciclosporin. Cytotoxics: busulfan concentration increased; metabolism of fluorouracil inhibited.

Carcinogenicity

Metronidazole is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Environmental Fate

Due to metronidazole’s use as a pesticide, it may have been directly released into the environment. It lacks an adequate chromophore for absorbing light and undergoing photolytic degradation. In addition, in vitro assays demonstrated the compound’s robust stability in the atmosphere or aqueous environments. Metronidazole exhibited a soil half-life between 10 and 27 days.

Metabolism

Metronidazole is available in a variety of dosage forms, including IV, oral, rectal, and vaginal suppositories. The bioavailability of metronidazole is nearly 100% when administered orally but is significantly less when administered via the rectal route (67–82%) or the vaginal route (19–56%). The drug is not bound to plasma protein. Distribution of the drug is fairly uniform through out the body, including mother's milk. Liver metabolism of metronidazole leads to two major metabolites: hydroxylation of the 2-methyl group to 2-hydroxymethylmetronidazole (HM), and oxidation to metronidazole acetic acid. Both compounds possess biological activity. Additionally, HM is found in the urine as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. In addition, a small amount of metronidazole is oxidized to acetamide, a known carcinogen in rats but not in humans.

Shipping

UN3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

Toxicity evaluation

Metronidazole is a prodrug that requires reductive activation of the nitro group by susceptible organisms. The reduction causes nitro radical formation and destruction of the organism’s DNA. The mechanism of neurotoxicity is thought to be due to axonal degeneration. Metronidazole has been shown to bind neuronal RNA in rodent models, thus inhibiting protein synthesis and causing degeneration. Metronidazole is also capable of producing a disulfiram-type reaction with ethanol ingestion. This reaction is hypothesized to occur due to metronidazole inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Incompatibilities

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.

Waste Disposal

Dispose of contents and container to an approved waste disposal plant. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste drugs and pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, doublebagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged, and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 443-48-1 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 4,4 and 3 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 4 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 443-48:
(5*4)+(4*4)+(3*3)+(2*4)+(1*8)=61
61 % 10 = 1
So 443-48-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C6H9N3O3/c1-5-7-6(9(11)12)4-8(5)2-3-10/h4,10H,2-3H2,1H3

443-48-1 Well-known Company Product Price

  • Brand
  • (Code)Product description
  • CAS number
  • Packaging
  • Price
  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (M0924)  2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol  >99.0%(GC)(T)

  • 443-48-1

  • 25g

  • 495.00CNY

  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (M0924)  2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol  >99.0%(GC)(T)

  • 443-48-1

  • 500g

  • 4,310.00CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (16677)  Metronidazole  certified reference material, TraceCERT®

  • 443-48-1

  • 16677-50MG

  • 1,074.06CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (PHR1052)  Metronidazole  pharmaceutical secondary standard; traceable to USP, PhEur and BP

  • 443-48-1

  • PHR1052-1G

  • 732.19CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (M1850000)  Metronidazole  European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

  • 443-48-1

  • M1850000

  • 1,880.19CNY

  • Detail
  • USP

  • (1442009)  Metronidazole  United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

  • 443-48-1

  • 1442009-100MG

  • 4,662.45CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (M3761)  Metronidazole  analytical standard

  • 443-48-1

  • M3761-5G

  • 733.59CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (M3761)  Metronidazole  analytical standard

  • 443-48-1

  • M3761-25G

  • 1,165.32CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (M3761)  Metronidazole  analytical standard

  • 443-48-1

  • M3761-100G

  • 3,128.58CNY

  • Detail
  • Sigma-Aldrich

  • (46461)  Metronidazole  VETRANAL, analytical standard

  • 443-48-1

  • 46461-250MG

  • 404.82CNY

  • Detail

443-48-1SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 11, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 11, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name metronidazole

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. Veterinary Drug: ANTIPROTOZOAL_AGENT
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:443-48-1 SDS

443-48-1Synthetic route

oxirane
75-21-8

oxirane

2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole
696-23-1

2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With formic acid; sulfuric acid at 80℃; for 12h; Temperature;88%
With formic acid at 50 - 60℃; for 0.5h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature;74.9%
With phosphoric acid; acetic anhydride In water at 25 - 30℃; for 2.5h; Yield given;
With sulfuric acid; acetic acid at 90℃; for 0.5h; Concentration; Temperature; Cooling;
With formic acid; sulfuric acid Large scale;
2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate
13182-89-3

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate

benzoic acid
65-85-0

benzoic acid

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃;71%
metronidazole phosphate
73334-05-1

metronidazole phosphate

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With human serum In water at 37℃; human serum hydrolysis of metronidazole phosphate; pH dependence of solubility of metronidazole and metronidazole phosphate;
glycine ester of metronidaxole
89218-56-4

glycine ester of metronidaxole

A

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

B

glycine
56-40-6

glycine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aqueous buffer Rate constant; pHs 0.83-8.82, half-life times for the hydrolysis, also in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.55), Jones medium (pH 6.69) and Kupferberg medium (pH 6.11);
leucine ester of metronidaxole
98204-35-4

leucine ester of metronidaxole

A

L-leucine
61-90-5

L-leucine

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aqueous buffer Rate constant; pHs 0.83-8.82, half-life times for the hydrolysis, also in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.55), Jones medium (pH 6.69) and Kupferberg medium (pH 6.11);
phenylalanine ester of metronidaxole
98204-36-5

phenylalanine ester of metronidaxole

A

L-phenylalanine
63-91-2

L-phenylalanine

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aqueous buffer Rate constant; pHs 0.83-8.82, half-life times for the hydrolysis, also in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.55), Jones medium (pH 6.69) and Kupferberg medium (pH 6.11);
metronidazole glycyl glycinate hydrochloride
145615-34-5

metronidazole glycyl glycinate hydrochloride

A

Glycine anhydride
106-57-0

Glycine anhydride

B

glycylglycine
556-50-3

glycylglycine

C

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aqueous buffer Rate constant; pHs 0.83-8.82, half-life times for the hydrolysis, also in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.55), Jones medium (pH 6.69) and Kupferberg medium (pH 6.11);
metronidazole glycyl phenylalaninate hydrochloride
145615-35-6

metronidazole glycyl phenylalaninate hydrochloride

A

Gly-Phe-OH
3321-03-7

Gly-Phe-OH

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With aqueous buffer Rate constant; pHs 0.83-8.82, half-life times for the hydrolysis, also in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.55), Jones medium (pH 6.69) and Kupferberg medium (pH 6.11);
C6H9N3O3(1-)

C6H9N3O3(1-)

A

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

B

2-(2-Methyl-5-nitroso-imidazol-1-yl)-ethanol

2-(2-Methyl-5-nitroso-imidazol-1-yl)-ethanol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 20℃; under 735.5 Torr; Rate constant; also in the presence of enzymes or cellular extracts with nitroreductase, oxygen reductase, superoxide dismutase or nitrite raductase activity, variation of pH; also the radical anion of 5-nitro-2-furaldoxime;
In water at 20℃; under 735.5 Torr; Rate constant; also in the presence of a copper oxidase (laccase or ceruloplasmin); also the radical anion of misonidazole;
glycine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

glycine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

A

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

B

glycine
56-40-6

glycine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium chloride at 25℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
With water at 37℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
alanine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

alanine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

A

L-alanin
56-41-7

L-alanin

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium chloride at 25℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
With water at 37℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
valine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

valine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

A

L-valine
72-18-4

L-valine

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium chloride at 25℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
With water at 37℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
isoleucine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

isoleucine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

A

L-isoleucine
73-32-5

L-isoleucine

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water at 37℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
With sodium chloride at 25℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
leucine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

leucine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

A

L-leucine
61-90-5

L-leucine

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium chloride at 25℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
With water at 37℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
lysine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

lysine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

A

L-lysine
56-87-1

L-lysine

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium chloride at 25℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
With water at 37℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
phenylalanine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

phenylalanine ester of metronidaxole hydrochloride

A

L-phenylalanine
63-91-2

L-phenylalanine

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium chloride at 25℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis; pH 4.5; other pH, buffers;
With water at 37℃; Rate constant; rate constant of hydrolysis;
2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate
13182-89-3

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate

A

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

B

benzoic acid
65-85-0

benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; var. temp., ΔH(excit.), ΔS)(excit.);
2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 4-formylbenzoate

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 4-formylbenzoate

A

4-Carboxybenzaldehyde
619-66-9

4-Carboxybenzaldehyde

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; var. temp., ΔH(excit.), ΔS)(excit.);
2-Formyl-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester
203124-48-5

2-Formyl-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

A

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

B

o-carboxybenzaldehyde
119-67-5

o-carboxybenzaldehyde

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant; Mechanism;
3-[2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethoxy]-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one

3-[2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethoxy]-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one

A

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

B

o-carboxybenzaldehyde
119-67-5

o-carboxybenzaldehyde

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; var. temp., ΔH(excit.), ΔS)(excit.);
2-Acetyl-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

2-Acetyl-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

A

2-acetyl-benzoic acid
577-56-0

2-acetyl-benzoic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; var. temp., ΔH(excit.), ΔS)(excit.);
2,6-Diformyl-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

2,6-Diformyl-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

A

2,6-diformylbenzoic acid
203124-57-6

2,6-diformylbenzoic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant;
3-[2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethoxy]-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-4-carbaldehyde

3-[2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethoxy]-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran-4-carbaldehyde

A

2,6-diformylbenzoic acid
203124-57-6

2,6-diformylbenzoic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; var. temp., ΔH(excit.), ΔS)(excit.);
2-(2,2,2-Trifluoro-acetyl)-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

2-(2,2,2-Trifluoro-acetyl)-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

A

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

B

2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)benzoic acid
203124-56-5

2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; var. temp., ΔH(excit.), ΔS)(excit.);
2-(2-Oxo-2-phenyl-acetyl)-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

2-(2-Oxo-2-phenyl-acetyl)-benzoic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester

A

α,α'-dioxo-bibenzyl-2-carboxylic acid
3839-29-0

α,α'-dioxo-bibenzyl-2-carboxylic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; water at 30℃; Rate constant;
succinic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester
13357-09-0

succinic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

A

succinic acid
110-15-6

succinic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C

4-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy]-4-oxobutanoic acid
13182-87-1

4-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy]-4-oxobutanoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphate buffer pH 7.4 In methanol; water at 37℃; Rate constant; var. pH, also in human plasma, Wistar rat liver homogenate;
phthalic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester
206362-19-8

phthalic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

A

benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
88-99-3

benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]ester
126613-32-9

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphate buffer pH 7.4 In methanol; water at 37℃; Rate constant; var. pH, also in human plasma, Wistar rat liver homogenate;
Pentanedioic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

Pentanedioic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

A

1,5-pentanedioic acid
110-94-1

1,5-pentanedioic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C

5-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-oxopentanoic acid

5-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-oxopentanoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphate buffer pH 7.4 In methanol; water at 37℃; for 48h; Rate constant; Kinetics; var. pH, also in human plasma, Wistar rat liver homogenate;
Hexanedioic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

Hexanedioic acid bis-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

A

Adipic acid
124-04-9

Adipic acid

B

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C

Hexanedioic acid mono-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

Hexanedioic acid mono-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl] ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphate buffer pH 7.4 In methanol; water at 37℃; Rate constant; Kinetics; var. pH, also in human plasma, Wistar rat liver homogenate;
methanesulfonyl chloride
124-63-0

methanesulfonyl chloride

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2-(5-nitro-2-methyl-1-imidazolyl)ethyl methanesulfonate
30746-54-4

2-(5-nitro-2-methyl-1-imidazolyl)ethyl methanesulfonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃;100%
With triethylamine In dichloromethane at 10 - 20℃; for 4h;97%
With dmap; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃;97.5%
trifluoromethylsulfonic anhydride
358-23-6

trifluoromethylsulfonic anhydride

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl)ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-yl)ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; triethylamine In dichloromethane at -10 - 20℃;99.1%
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole
13182-81-5

1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With thionyl chloride at 0 - 50℃; for 2h;99%
With thionyl chloride In dichloromethane at 20℃;96%
With thionyl chloride for 3h; Heating;90%
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

trifluoroacetic acid
76-05-1

trifluoroacetic acid

C6H9N3O3*C2HF3O2

C6H9N3O3*C2HF3O2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 65℃; for 0.25h;99%
cadmium(II) acetate
543-90-8

cadmium(II) acetate

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C6H9N3O3*2C2H3O2(1-)*Cd(2+)

C6H9N3O3*2C2H3O2(1-)*Cd(2+)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;99%
zinc bis(2-methylphenoxyacetate)

zinc bis(2-methylphenoxyacetate)

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C6H9N3O3*2C9H9O3(1-)*Zn(2+)

C6H9N3O3*2C9H9O3(1-)*Zn(2+)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;99%
zinc bis(2-methylphenoxyacetate)

zinc bis(2-methylphenoxyacetate)

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

4C6H9N3O3*Zn(2+)*2C9H9O3(1-)

4C6H9N3O3*Zn(2+)*2C9H9O3(1-)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;99%
2C9H9O3(1-)*Ca(2+)

2C9H9O3(1-)*Ca(2+)

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2C6H9N3O3*Ca(2+)*2C9H9O3(1-)

2C6H9N3O3*Ca(2+)*2C9H9O3(1-)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;99%
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C6H9N3O3*2C2H3O2(1-)*Ni(2+)

C6H9N3O3*2C2H3O2(1-)*Ni(2+)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;99%
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Cysteamine
60-23-1

Cysteamine

4-<(2-aminoethyl)thio>-2-methylimidazole-1-ethanol
78949-89-0

4-<(2-aminoethyl)thio>-2-methylimidazole-1-ethanol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pH 5.0 In water at 37℃; for 120h;98%
With pH 5.0 at 37℃; for 120h; Product distribution; Mechanism; other reaction conditions;
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole hydrochloride

1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole hydrochloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With thionyl chloride In chloroform at 20℃; for 12h;98%
With thionyl chloride In benzene for 2h; Heating;
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole
530-62-1

1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole

metronidazole imidazolide
877865-57-1

metronidazole imidazolide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In chloroform at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;98%
In dichloromethane at 20℃; Product distribution / selectivity;
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 12h;7.32 g
zinc(II) 4-chlorophenylsulfanylacetate

zinc(II) 4-chlorophenylsulfanylacetate

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

C6H9N3O3*2C8H6ClO2S(1-)*Zn(2+)

C6H9N3O3*2C8H6ClO2S(1-)*Zn(2+)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;98%
Mn(2+)*2C8H7O4(1-)

Mn(2+)*2C8H7O4(1-)

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2C6H9N3O3*Mn(2+)*2C8H7O4(1-)

2C6H9N3O3*Mn(2+)*2C8H7O4(1-)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;98%
zinc diacetate
557-34-6

zinc diacetate

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2C6H9N3O3*2C2H3O2(1-)*Zn(2+)

2C6H9N3O3*2C2H3O2(1-)*Zn(2+)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In methanol at 20 - 40℃;98%
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

1-(2-fluoroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole

1-(2-fluoroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium fluoride; 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-fluoroimidazolium tetrafluoroborate In 1,4-dioxane at 40℃; for 17h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; Sealed tube;98%
Stage #1: metronidazole With copper(l) chloride; diisopropyl-carbodiimide at 60℃; for 1h; Sealed tube; Microwave irradiation;
Stage #2: With copper (II)-fluoride In water at 100℃; for 24h; Microwave irradiation;
61%
benzoyl chloride
98-88-4

benzoyl chloride

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate
13182-89-3

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl benzoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; ammonium hydroxide; N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride In chloroform at 5℃; for 3h; pH=9; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Solvent; pH-value;97.38%
With pyridine In dichloromethane at 20℃;85.12%
With triethylamine In 1,4-dioxane; chloroform 1.) r.t., 30 min, 2.) reflux, 4 h;
succinic acid anhydride
108-30-5

succinic acid anhydride

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

4-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy]-4-oxobutanoic acid
13182-87-1

4-[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy]-4-oxobutanoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap In acetonitrile for 48h; Ambient temperature;95%
With pyridine at 20℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere; Cooling with ice;95%
With sodium hydroxide In methanol; water at 60℃; for 2h;94%
cis-Octadecenoic acid
112-80-1

cis-Octadecenoic acid

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl octadec-9-enoate

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl octadec-9-enoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In chloroform at 20℃;95%
With dmap; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In dichloromethane for 4h; Esterification;72%
potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II)
10025-99-7

potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II)

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

cis-Pt(metronidazole)2Br2
84431-30-1

cis-Pt(metronidazole)2Br2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With KBr In water 20-fold excess of KBr added to aq. soln. of K2(PtCl4), added solid ligand, stirred at 50 °C for 1 h; ppt. filtered, washed with EtOH/Et2O, Et2O, dried in vac.; elem. anal.;95%
10-undecenoic acid
112-38-9

10-undecenoic acid

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl undec-10-enoate

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl undec-10-enoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In chloroform at 20℃;95%
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

4-cyano-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium trifluoromethansulfonate

4-cyano-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium trifluoromethansulfonate

4-(2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile

4-(2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: metronidazole With potassium hexamethylsilazane In tetrahydrofuran; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 25℃; for 0.166667h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique;
Stage #2: 4-cyano-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium trifluoromethansulfonate In tetrahydrofuran; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 25℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique;
95%
pyridine{2-(2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-8-quinolinol-C,N,O}palladium(II)

pyridine{2-(2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-8-quinolinol-C,N,O}palladium(II)

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

metronidazole{2-(2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-8-quinolinol-C,N,O}palladium(II)

metronidazole{2-(2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl)-8-quinolinol-C,N,O}palladium(II)

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In benzene byproducts: pyridine; soln. of metronidazole (excess) and Pd compd. in benzene stirred for ca. 12 h at ca. 25 °C; evapn. in vac.; residue chromd. (TLC) on silica gel eluting with ethyl acetate;94.8%
p-toluenesulfonyl chloride
98-59-9

p-toluenesulfonyl chloride

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

toluene-4-sulfonic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl ester
30575-42-9

toluene-4-sulfonic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 5h;94%
With dmap; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 3h;90%
With pyridine85%
(9R,12Z )-9-hydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid
73891-08-4

(9R,12Z )-9-hydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 9-hydroxyoctadec-12-enoate

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 9-hydroxyoctadec-12-enoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In chloroform at 20℃;92%
potassium tetrachloroplatinate

potassium tetrachloroplatinate

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

Pt(metronidazole)2I2
85027-01-6, 84431-11-8

Pt(metronidazole)2I2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium iodide In ethanol; water aq. soln. of KI was added to a soln. of Pt-complex in H2O, stirred for 1 min at room temp., a soln. of ligand in EtOH was added, stirred for 30min, stored at ca. 2°C overnight; elem. anal.;91%
potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II)
10025-99-7

potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II)

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

cis-Pt(metronidazole)2Cl2
84151-71-3, 87037-14-7

cis-Pt(metronidazole)2Cl2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water 50°C, 1 h (crystn.); recrystn. (Me2CO/H2O);91%
In water solid ligand added to aq. soln. of K2(PtCl4), stirred at 50 °C for 1 h; ppt. filtered, washed with EtOH/Et2O, Et2O, dried in vac.; elem. anal.;90%
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

1-(2-bromoethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole
6058-57-7

1-(2-bromoethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With carbon tetrabromide; triphenylphosphine In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 1.75h;91%
With carbon tetrabromide; triphenylphosphine In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 1.75h;91%
With sulfuric acid; ammonium bromide In water at 120℃; for 12h;87.6%
Stage #1: metronidazole With bromine; phosphorus trichloride In ethyl acetate for 3h; Reflux;
Stage #2: With sodium hydroxide pH=5 - 6;
metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

m-Toluic acid
99-04-7

m-Toluic acid

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 3-methylbenzoate
1403815-81-5

2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 3-methylbenzoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃;91%
phthalic anhydride
85-44-9

phthalic anhydride

metronidazole
443-48-1

metronidazole

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]ester
126613-32-9

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl]ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap In acetonitrile Ambient temperature;90%
With dmap In acetonitrile at 20℃;87.1%
With dmap In acetonitrile at 20℃;87.1%
With dmap In acetonitrile

443-48-1Relevant articles and documents

SYNTHESIS OF METRONIDAZOLE FROM ETHYLENEDIAMINE

Kraft, M. Ya.,Kochergin, P. M.,Tsyganova, A. M.,Shlikhunova, V. S.

, p. 861 - 863 (1989)

-

Method for synthesizing metronidazole under catalysis of solid acid

-

Paragraph 0029-0058, (2019/09/05)

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing metronidazole under catalysis of solid acid. The method comprises the following steps that 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole as a raw material and the solid acid as a catalyst react with ethylene oxide to obtain the metronidazole, wherein a reaction system is filtered to recycle the solid acid; a filtrate is concentrated and evenly mixed by adding water, and the pH value is adjusted to be 2-3 by adding alkali; the 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole is recycled by filtration, the pH value of the filtrate is adjusted to be 10 again by adding alkali, and then themetronidazole can be obtained. The synthesizing process route is simple, the production cost is low, and the solid acid catalyst is environmentally friendly and can be recycled.

Tritiated metronidazole and preparation method thereof

-

Paragraph 0044; 0045, (2017/08/28)

The invention belongs to the field of radioactive isotope labeling preparation, and particularly relates to tritiated metronidazole and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method includes: using 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole as a raw material to react with N-iodosuccinimide to obtain 4-iodine-2-methyl-5nitroimidazole; under catalysis of palladium carbon, enabling 4-iodine-2-methyl-5nitroimidazole and tritium gas to be in tritium-halogen exchange to generate 4-3H-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole; enabling 4-3H-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole to react with ethylene oxide to obtain 4-3H-metronidazole. A synthetic product is purified through a prepared liquid phase to obtain4-3H-metronidazole with high specific activity (22.08Ci/g), high radiochemical purity (greater than or equal to 98%) and high chemical purity (greater than or equal to 98%). The tritiated metronidazole can be used as a radioactive tracer in studying absorption, distribution, metabolism and residue elimination of metronidazole in animal bodies.

Metronidazule raw materials method for producing synthetic cleaning

-

Paragraph 0030-0070, (2018/01/19)

The invention relates to a clean production method for synthesizing metronidazole, and belongs to the field of the organic synthesis of drugs. The method comprises the following steps: 1, utilizing a neutralizing second mother liquor (with the pH value of 10.5-11.0) in a metronidazole synthesis process to substitute a 30% sodium hydroxide solution to be used in a neutralization reaction of a metronidazole hydroxylation liquid; and 2, carrying out concentrated recovery on the above finally obtained metronidazole production mother liquor before emission, neutralizing the mother liquor by sulfuric acid until the pH value is 5.0-6.0, allowing the neutralized solution to stand for above 6h, centrifuging to obtain a nitro substance, and sending the recovered mother liquor to a sewage treatment station. About 200kg of the 30% sodium hydroxide solution is saved each batch, the emission of the neutralizing second mother liquor (with the pH value of 10.5-11.0) is reduced, cycle production is formed, the environmental protection throughput is reduced, and the production cost is reduced. The wet product of the recovered nitro substance in each batch is about 18kg, so the production cost is reduced, and the environmental protection throughout is reduced.

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