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27 Kitamura, T.; Taniguchi, H. in reference 26a, Chapter 7, pp 321 – 376.
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28 Generation of βꢀsilylꢀsubstituted vinyl cations that are stable at low temperature in superꢀacidic media: (a)
Siehl, H.ꢀU.; Kaufmann, F.ꢀP.; Apeloig, Y.; Braude, V.; Danovich, D.; Berndt, A.; Stamatis, N. Angew.
Chem. 1991, 103, 1546 – 1549; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1479 – 1482; (b) Siehl, H.ꢀU.;
Müller, T.; Gauss, J.; Buzek, P.; Schleyer, P. v. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 6384 – 6387; (c) F.ꢀP.
Kaufmann, H.ꢀU. Siehl, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 4937 – 4939; (d) H.ꢀU. Siehl, F.ꢀP. Kaufmann, K.
Hori, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 9343 – 9349.
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29 Generation of room temperatureꢀstable silylꢀsubstituted vinyl cations: (a) Klaer, A.; Syha, Y.; Nasiri, H. R.;
Müller, T. Chem. Eur. J. 2009, 15, 8414 – 8423; (b) Müller, T.; Meyer, R.; Lennartz, D.; Siehl, H.ꢀU.
Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3203 – 3206; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3074 – 3077; (c) Müller, T.;
Margraf, D.; Syha, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10852 – 10860; (d) Müller, T.; Juhasz, M.; Reed, C. A.
Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 1569 – 1572; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1543 – 1546.
30 Aue, D. H. in Dicoordinated Carbocations. Rappoport, Z., Stang, P. J., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 1997; pp
105 – 156. In particular, see pp 126 – 129, Table 2.
31 Calculations on stabilities of vinyl cations: (a) Apeloig, Y.; Franke, W.; Rappoport, Z.; Schwarz, H.; Stahl,
D. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1981, 103, 2770 – 2780; (b) Apeloig, Y.; Schleyer, P. v. R.; Pople, J. A. J. Am. Chem.
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– 2787; (h) Mayr, H.; Schneider, R.; Wilhelm, D.; Schleyer, P. v. R. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 5336 – 5340.
32 Studies of the stabilities of vinyl cations [ArC=CH2]+ by ion cyclotron resonance techniques: (a) Kobayashi,
S.; Matsumoto, T.; Taniguchi, H.; Mishima, M.; Fujio, M.; Tsuno, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 5903 –
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33 Cozens, F. L.; Kanagasabapathy, V. M.; McClelland, R. A.; Steenken, S. Can. J. Chem. 1999, 77, 2069 –
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34 (a) Kobayashi, S.; Hori, Y.; Hasako, T.; Koga, K.; Yamataka, H. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5274 – 5279. (b)
Kobayashi, S.; Schnabel, W.; Z. Naturforsch. B.: Chem. Sci. 1992, 47, 1319 – 1323; (c) Kobayashi, S.; Zhu,
Q. Q.; Schnabel, W. Z. Naturforsch. B.: Chem. Sci. 1988, 47, 825 – 829.
35 Ammer, J.; Nolte, C.; Mayr, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13902 – 13911.
36 Nigst, T.; Westermaier, M.; Ofial, A. R.; Mayr, H. Eur. J. Org. Chem.. 2008, 2369 – 2374.
37 Kanzian, T.; Nigst, T. A.; Maier, A.; Pichl, S.; Mayr, H. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 6379 – 6385.
38 Minegishi, S.; Kobayashi, S.; Mayr, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 5174 – 5181.
39 (a) Rappoport, Z.; Kaspi, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 4518 – 4530; (b) Rappoport, Z.; Kaspi, J. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 3220 – 3221; (c) Rappoport, Z.; Apeloig, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6734 – 6742;
(d) Rappoport, Z.; Gal, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 5246 – 5254.
40 (a) Rappoport, Z.; Kaspi, J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1972, 1102 – 1111; (b) Miller, L. L.; Kaufman, D.
A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 7282 – 7287; (c) Rappoport, Z.; Gal, A. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1973,
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41 (a) Rappoport, Z.; Kaspi, J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 821 – 835; (b) Rappoport, Z.; Kaspi, J., J. Am.
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42 Hofmann, M.; Hampel, N.; Kanzian, T.; Mayr, H. Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 5518 – 5521; Angew. Chem.,
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43 No side products were formed; i.e., other than the 3ꢀvinylpyrrole products, only starting materials remained
when the reaction was stopped.
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