Carbene and Acid Cooperative Catalytic Reactions of Aldehydes and o-Hydroxybenzhydryl Amines for Highly Enantioselective Access to Dihydrocoumarins

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02883

A highly enantioselective method for quick access to dihydrocoumarins is reported. The reaction involves a cooperative catalytic process with carbene and in situ generated Br?nsted acid as the catalysts. α-Chloro aldehyde and readily available and stable

Full text of DOI:10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02883

Letter
pubs.acs.org/OrgLett
Cite This: Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX-XXX
Carbene and Acid Cooperative Catalytic Reactions of Aldehydes and
o‑Hydroxybenzhydryl Amines for Highly Enantioselective Access to
Dihydrocoumarins
Xingkuan Chen,† Runjiang Song,† Yingguo Liu,† Chong Yih Ooi,† Zhichao Jin,†,‡ Tingshun Zhu,†
Hongling Wang,†,‡ Lin Hao,† and Yonggui Robin Chi*,†,‡
†Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University,
21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
‡Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural
Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China
S
* Supporting Information
ABSTRACT: A highly enantioselective method for quick
access to dihydrocoumarins is reported. The reaction involves
a cooperative catalytic process with carbene and in situ
generated Brønsted acid as the catalysts. α-Chloro aldehyde
and readily available and stable o-hydroxybenzhydryl amine
substrates were used to generate reactive azolium ester enolate
and ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) intermediates, respec-
tively, to form dihydrocoumarins with exceptionally high
diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The catalytic reaction products can be easily transformed to valuable pharmaceuticals and
bioactive molecules.
ceutical compound and bioactive molecule such as NNC 45-
oumarins and their derivatives are widely found in natural
1
Cproducts and bioactive synthetic molecules. In particular, 0781.
Notably, the combined use of NHC6 and Brønsted acid7
molecules containing 3,4-dihydrocoumarin moieties exhibit
important biological activities2 and thus receive much attention.
Several examples of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin-based bioactive
compounds and commercially used pharmaceuticals are
illustrated in Figure 1a. These molecules have shown antitumor
(A),2f antiestrogen (B and C),2g−i and antiosteoporotic (C)
properties.2j At present, metal-free asymmetric access to optically
enriched 3,4-dihydrocoumarin remains challenging. For exam-
ple, the commercially used chiral pharmaceutical compounds
Ormeloxifene and NNC 45-0781 (Figure 1a, B and C; selective
estrogen receptor modulators) were obtained via a chiral
resolution process from its racemic form after chemical
synthesis.3a,b,2j
We report a carbene-catalyzed reaction for highly enantiose-
lective access to 3,4-dihydrocoumarins with up to 99.9:0.1 er and
excellent diastereoselectivities (Figure 1b). The reaction involves
simultaneous activation of two substrates by two organic
catalysts. Specifically, the reaction of carbene catalyst with α-
chloro aldehyde substrate generates an azolium ester enolate
intermediate I.4 This carbene catalytic process also releases a
Brønsted acid (H+) that activates diarylmethyl amine in situ to
generate a transient ortho-quinone methide (o-QM)5 inter-
mediate II. Reactions of intermediates I and II eventually afford
3,4-dihydrocoumarin products with high stereo- and enantiose-
lectivities. The products from our catalytic reaction can be readily
converted to enantiomerically enriched commercial pharma-
cocatalysts have recently emerged as a useful strategy especially
for better control of reaction enantioselectivities, as reported by
Rovis,8 Xu,9 Scheidt,10 and our own laboratory.11 In the present
study, the mild acid cocatalyst is critical for the formation of o-
QMs as a key reaction intermediate. o-QMs involved in our
reactions are versatile intermediates with wide use in organic
synthesis.12 They are highly unstable species, although a number
of research groups have managed to prepare them in advance and
use them as starting materials in carbene catalysis, as reported by
Ye13a,b and Yao.13c In the area of carbene catalysis, the Scheidt
group has pioneered in using the in situ generated o-QM
(generated under basic conditions) for several elegant
reactions.14e,f,j The instability of o-QMs has made it difficult to
expand reaction scopes or scales. A better approach is to generate
o-QMs in situ from stable and readily available starting
materials.5,14 Here, we generated o-QM intermediate in situ
from o-hydroxylbenzhydryl amine substrates via acid catalysis for
carbene-catalyzed reactions. The o-hydroxylbenzhydryl amine
substrates used for our in situ generation of o-QMs intermediates
can be readily prepared in large scale as nice crystalline solids
without column chromatography.14f,15
Key results of our reaction optimization are summarized in
Table 1. We first used o-hydroxybenzhydryl alcohol 2a as an o-
Received: September 14, 2017
© XXXX American Chemical Society
A
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02883
Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

Organic Letters
Letter
a better o-QM precursor. Replacing the hydroxyl unit of 2a with a
methoxy (2b) or p-toluenesulfonyl (2c) led to no formation of
3a. We then found the easily accessible and stable o-
hydroxybenzhydryl amine (2d) could be used to give 3a in
41% yield and excellent stereoselectivities (entry 4). With stable
2d as the substrate, further condition optimization revealed that
NaOAc as base performed a bit better than Et3N (entries 9 vs 4).
Increasing the reaction temperature to 40 °C led to a further
increase on the reaction yield without loss of er or dr value of the
product (entry 10). At last, when the diarylmethylamine 2d was
added portion-wise in 30 min, product 3a could be obtained in
82% yield, >99:1 er and >20:1 dr (entry 11).
With an acceptable condition (Table 1, entry 11) in hand, we
proceeded to examine the generality of the reaction with respect
to α-chloro aldehydes 1 by using o-hydroxybenzhydryl amine 2d
as a model substrate (Scheme 1). The R substituents at the α-
carbon of aldehydes can be various alkyl units, leading to the
corresponding products (3a−h, 3j−l) with good to excellent
yields. In nearly all these reactions, the products were isolated as a
single diastereomer with exceptionally high enantioselectivity
a
Scheme 1. Substrate Scope
Figure 1. Representative examples of biologically active molecules and
our synthetic strategy.
a
Table 1. Optimization of Reaction Conditions
b
c
c
entry
2
base
yield (%)
er
dr
1
2a
2b
2c
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
2d
TEA
TEA
TEA
TEA
44
np
np
41
34
11
23
18
48
61
>99:1
>20:1
2
3
4
>99:1
>99:1
98:2
>20:1
13:1
5
DABCO
DBU
6
6:1
7
K3PO4
98:2
10:1
8
Cs2CO3
99:1
16:1
9
NaOAc
>99:1
>99:1
>99:1
>20:1
>20:1
>20:1
10
11
NaOAc, 40 °C
NaOAc, 40 °C
d
82
a
Reaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), 2 (0.1 mmol), base (0.1 mmol),
b
NHC 4 (0.02 mmol), DCM (1 mL). Isolated yield (after SiO2
column chromatography purification) based 2. The er and dr were
determined by chiral HPLC. The substrate 2d was added portion-
c
d
wise in 30 min. np = no product. TEA = triethyl amine. DBU = 1,8-
diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]-
octane.
QM precursor to react with α-chloro hydrocinnamaldehyde 1a
and were delighted to find the formation of proposed product 3a
in 44% yield and excellent er and dr (entry 1). However, further
efforts to improve the reaction yield using 2a was unsuccessful
due to its instability. o-Hydroxybenzhydryl alcohol 2a can quickly
turn to a complex mixture in a few hours at room temperature
under our typical reaction conditions. We next moved to identify
a
Reaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), 2 (0.1 mmol), CH2Cl2 (1 mL),
40 °C. Yields (after SiO2 column chromatography purification) based
on the diarylmethylamines 2.
B
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02883
Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

Organic Letters
Letter
(>99:1 er). The α-substituent of aldehyde could also be an aryl
unit to give the corresponding product (3i) with high dr and er
values, albeit with a relatively low yield (64%).
bioactive NNC 45-0781 via a five-step operation (Scheme 3)
reduction, intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction, and debenzyla-
We next evaluated the scope of o-hydroxybenzhydryl amine 2
by using α-chloro aldehyde 1a as the model substrate (Scheme
1). Installation of different substituents at the para-position of
the phenyl unit of diarylmethylamine 2 were well tolerated (3a,
3m−t). The reactions also worked effectively when substituents
were placed on the meta-position of phenyl ring of 2 (3u, 3v).
Naphthyl and heteroaryl units could also be used to replace the
aryl unit of 2 (3w, 3x). It is worth to note that o-QMs
intermediates derived from electron-deficient substrates (such as
those for 3r and 3s) were highly unstable, and thus, literature
attempts in using preformed o-QMs of this type of substrates
were typically unsuccessful.16
Scheme 3. Synthetic Transformations of the Product 3ac
The benzene unit of the core dihydrocoumarins is a critical
structural motif. We then studied substitution effects and
variations of this benzyl unit (Scheme 2). The substituents
a
Scheme 2. Additional Examples of Diarylmethylamines 2
tion steps. The adduct 5 could be obtained with 67% overall yield
from 3ac after a three-step operation. To the best of our
knowledge, the asymmetric route to NNC 45-0781 has not been
developed previously. The current protocols for NNC 45-0781
relies on a chiral resolution process after the racemic product is
prepared.2j,17b
In summary, we have developed a cooperative catalytic
method for highly enantioselective access to 3,4-dihydrocoumar-
in.18 The key transient o-QM intermediates are generated in situ
from readily available and stable o-hydroxybenzhydryl amine
substrates via an acid catalytic process. The products from our
catalytic reactions were obtained with exceptionally high dr and
er values. Applications of our reaction products allow
enantiomeric access to commercially available pharmaceuticals
and bioactive functional molecules.
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
* Supporting Information
■
S
The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the
ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02883.
Experimental procedures, characterization data, crystallo-
graphic data, and calculation details (PDF)
a
Reaction conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol), 2 (0.1 mmol), CH2Cl2 (1 mL),
40 °C.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
■
Corresponding Author
*E-mail: robinchi@ntu.edu.sg.
ORCID
studied here were well tolerated. Although the reaction yields
were moderate, in all cases the products were obtained with
exceptional dr and er values. As a technical note, all these
products (3y−3af) were hard to access previously due to the high
instability of the corresponding o-QM intermediates.16 Notably,
to generate the o-QM intermediate efficiently under the present
reaction condition, an electron-donating substituent on the 2-
hydroxyphenyl group is necessary.
Optically enriched 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and their derivatives
can be used as bioactive molecules and medicines. Our catalytic
reactions provide enantiomerically enriched dihydrocoumarins
that can be readily transformed to useful molecules. For example,
adduct 3ac could be converted to pharmaceutical Ormeloxifene
in a few steps using known protocols.17a NNC 45-0781, currently
in clinical development, is a promising candidate for the
prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, and for the
treatment of other health issues related to the loss of endogenous
estrogen production.2j Adduct 3ac could be converted to
Xingkuan Chen: 0000-0002-1974-1437
Tingshun Zhu: 0000-0002-5757-9696
Yonggui Robin Chi: 0000-0003-0573-257X
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
■
We acknowledge financial support by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. 21472028), National Key
Technologies R&D Program (No. 2014BAD23B01), Thousand
Talent Plan, The 10 Talent Plan (Shicengci) of Guizhou
Province, Guizhou University, and Singapore National Research
Foundation (NRF-NRFI2016-06), the Ministry of Education of
Singapore (MOE2013-T2-2-003; MOE2016-T2-1-032),
C
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02883
Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

Organic Letters
Letter
A.; Rovis, T. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 9307. (q) Menon, R. S.; Biju, A. T.;
Nair, V. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 444. (r) Wang, M. H.; Scheidt,
K. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 14912. (s) Zhang, C.; Hooper, J.
F.; Lupton, D. W. ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 2583.
A*STAR Individual Research Grant (AME Domain), and
Nanyang Technological University. Dr. Yongxin Li and Dr.
Ganguly Rakesh (Nanyang Technological University) are
acknowledged for X-ray analysis.
(7) For recent reviews on chiral phosphoric acid catalysis, see:
(a) Akiyama, T. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 5744. (b) Terada, M. Chem.
Commun. 2008, 4097. (c) You, S.-L.; Cai, Q.; Zeng, M. Chem. Soc. Rev.
2009, 38, 2190. (d) Kampen, D.; Reisinger, C. M.; List, B. Top. Curr.
Chem. 2010, 291, 395. (e) Yu, J.; Shi, F.; Gong, L. Acc. Chem. Res. 2011,
44, 1156. (f) Rueping, M.; Kuenkel, A.; Atodiresei, I. Chem. Soc. Rev.
2011, 40, 4539. (g) Rueping, M.; Ieawsuwan, W.; Atodiresei, I. Angew.
REFERENCES
■
(1) (a) Yu, D.; Suzuki, M.; Xie, L.; Morris-Natschke, S. L.; Lee, K.-H.
Med. Res. Rev. 2003, 23, 322. (b) Gu, Y.; Xue, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010,
51, 192.
(2) (a) Hsu, F.-L.; Nonaka, G.-I.; Nishioka, I. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1985,
33, 3142. (b) Iinuma, M.; Tanaka, T.; Mizuno, M.; Katsuzaki, T.; Ogawa,
H. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, 1813. (c) Donnelly, D. M. X.; Boland,
G. M. Nat. Prod. Rep. 1995, 12, 321. (d) Posakony, J.; Hirao, M.; Stevens,
S.; Simon, J. A.; Bedalov, A. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 2635. (e) Roelens,
F.; Huvaere, K.; Dhooge, W.; Van Cleemput, M.; Comhaire, F.; De
Keukeleire, D. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 40, 1042. (f) Zhang, K.; Ding,
W.; Sun, J.; Zhang, B.; Lu, F.; Lai, R.; Zou, Y.; Yedid, G. Biochimie 2014,
107, 203. (g) Jacobsen, P.; Treppendahl, S.; Bury, P. S.; Kanstrup, A.;
Christiansen, L. B. WO Patent WO 9818771, 1998. (h) Makker, A.;
Tandon, I.; Goel, M. M.; Singh, M.; Singh, M. M. Fertil. Steril. 2009, 91,
2298. (i) Lal, J. Contraception 2010, 81, 275. (j) Bury, P. S.; Christiansen,
L. B.; Jacobsen, P.; Jorgensen, A. S.; Kanstrup, A.; Narum, L.; Bain, S.;
Fledelius, C.; Gissel, B.; Hansen, B. S.; Korsgaard, N.; Thorpe, S. M.;
Wassermann, K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 125.
̌
Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6706. (h) Coric, I.; Vellalath, S.; Muller, S.;
́
̈
Cheng, X.; List, B. Top. Organomet. Chem. 2012, 44, 165.
(8) (a) Zhao, X. D.; DiRocco, D. A.; Rovis, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011,
133, 12466. (b) Chen, D. F.; Rovis, T. Synthesis 2017, 49, 293.
(9) Liu, G.; Wilkerson, P. D.; Toth, C. A.; Xu, H. Org. Lett. 2012, 14,
858.
(10) (a) Lee, A.; Scheidt, K. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 7594.
(b) Wang, M.; Barsoum, D.; Schwamb, C. B.; Cohen, D. T.; Goess, B.
C.; Riedrich, M.; Chan, A.; Maki, B. E.; Mishra, R. K.; Scheidt, K. A. J.
Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 4689.
(11) (a) Chen, X.; Fang, X.; Chi, Y. R. Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 2613. (b) Xu,
J.; Chen, X.; Wang, M.; Zheng, P.; Song, B.-A.; Chi, Y. R. Angew. Chem.,
Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 5161. (c) Chen, X.; Wang, H.; Doitomi, K.; Ooi, C.;
Zheng, P.; Liu, W.; Guo, H.; Yang, S.; Song, B.-A.; Hirao, H.; Chi, Y. R.
Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15598.
(12) For reviews of o-QMs used in organic synthesis, see: (a) Amouri,
H.; Le Bras, J. Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 501. (b) Van De Water, R. W.;
Pettus, T. R. R. Tetrahedron 2002, 58, 5367. (c) Willis, N. J.; Bray, C. D.
Chem. - Eur. J. 2012, 18, 9160.
(13) (a) Lv, H.; You, L.; Ye, S. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2009, 351, 2822.
(b) Lv, H.; Jia, W.; Sun, L.; Ye, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 8607.
(c) Wang, Y.; Pan, J.; Dong, J.; Yu, C.; Li, T.; Wang, X.-S.; Shen, S.; Yao,
C. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 1790.
(14) For reviews of o-QMs used in catalytic asymmetric reactions, see:
(a) Wang, Z.; Sun, J. Synthesis 2015, 47, 3629. (b) Jaworski, A. A.;
Scheidt, K. A. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81, 10145. For select examples using
o-QMs precursors, see: (c) Selenski, C.; Pettus, T. R. R. J. Org. Chem.
2004, 69, 9196. (d) Zhang, Y.; Sigman, M. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007,
129, 3076. (e) Mattson, A. E.; Scheidt, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129,
4508. (f) Izquierdo, J.; Orue, A.; Scheidt, K. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013,
135, 10634. (g) Huang, Y.; Hayashi, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137,
7556. (h) El-Sepelgy, O.; Haseloff, S.; Alamsetti, S. K.; Schneider, C.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 7923. (i) Hsiao, C.-C.; Liao, H.-H.;
Rueping, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 13258. (j) Lee, A.; Scheidt,
K. A. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 3407. (k) Zhao, W.; Wang, Z.; Chu, B.;
Sun, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 1910. (l) Zhao, J.; Sun, S.; He, S.;
Wu, Q.; Shi, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 5460. (m) Tsui, G. C.;
Liu, L.; List, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7703. (n) Guo, W.; Wu,
B.; Zhou, X.; Chen, P.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Y.-G.; Liu, Y.; Li, C. Angew.
Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 4522.
(15) (a) Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Sui, Y.; Yu, J. Chin. J. Chem. 2010, 28, 2039.
(b) He, X.; Tao, J.; Hu, X.; Wang, H.; Shang, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2016, 81,
2062.
(16) Presynthesis of o-QMs by oxidation is known, but due to the
instability of most o-QMs, it was only used for relatively stable ones
bearing electron-donating groups, see: (a) Jurd, L. Tetrahedron 1977, 33,
163. (b) Wong, Y.-F.; Wang, Z.; Hong, W.-X.; Sun, J. Tetrahedron 2016,
72, 2748. (c) Alden-Danforth, E.; Scerba, M. T.; Lectka, T. Org. Lett.
2008, 10, 4951. (d) Hu, H.; Liu, Y.; Guo, J.; Lin, L.; Xu, Y.; Liu, X.; Feng,
X. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 3835 and ref 13.
(3) (a) Lehmann, S. V.; Breinholt, J.; Bury, P. S.; Nielsen, T. E. Chirality
2000, 12, 568. (b) Ahmad, H.; Gupta, V.; Dwivedi, A. P.; Katti, S. B.;
Dwivedi, A. K. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2016, 54, 125.
(4) For pioneering work on enolate generation from α-haloaldehydes,
see: (a) Reynolds, N. T.; Read de Alaniz, J.; Rovis, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2004, 126, 9518. For pioneering work on enolate generation from enals,
see: (b) He, M.; Struble, J. R.; Bode, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128,
8418. For pioneering work on enolate generation from ketenes, see:
(c) Duguet, N.; Campbell, C. D.; Slawin, A. M. Z.; Smith, A. D. Org.
Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 1108. (d) Lv, H.; Zhang, Y.-R.; Huang, X.-L.; Ye,
S. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 2715. For pioneering work on enolate
generation from α-aroyloxyaldehydes, see: (e) Ling, K. B.; Smith, A. D.
Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 373. For pioneering work on enolate
generation from esters, see: (f) Hao, L.; Du, Y.; Lv, H.; Chen, X.; Jiang,
H.; Shao, Y.; Chi, Y. R. Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 2154. For pioneering work
on enolate generation from aliphatic aldehydes, see: (g) Zhao, X.; Ruhl,
K. E.; Rovis, T. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 12330. For pioneering
work on enolate generation from carboxylic acids, see: (h) Lee, A.;
Younai, A.; Price, C. K.; Izquierdo, J.; Mishra, R. K.; Scheidt, K. A. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 10589.
(5) For selected reviews about o-QMs, see: (a) Quinone Methides;
Rokita, S. E., Ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, 2009. (b) Pathak, T. P.; Sigman, M.
S. J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 9210. (c) Willis, N. J.; Bray, C. D. Chem. - Eur. J.
2012, 18, 9160. (d) Bai, W. J.; David, J. G.; Feng, Z. G.; Weaver, M. G.;
Wu, K. L.; Pettus, T. R. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 3655. (e) Caruana, L.;
Fochi, M.; Bernardi, L. Molecules 2015, 20, 11733.
(6) For selected reviews on NHC catalysis, see: (a) Enders, D.;
Niemeier, O.; Henseler, A. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 5606. (b) Marion, N.;
Díez-Gonzal
́
ez, S.; Nolan, S. P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 2988.
(c) Nair, V.; Vellalath, S.; Babu, B. P. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 2691.
(d) Droge, T.; Glorius, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6940.
̈
(e) Nair, V.; Menon, R. S.; Biju, A. T.; Sinu, C. R.; Paul, R. R.; Jose, A.;
Sreekumar, V. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 5336. (f) Grossmann, A.;
Enders, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 314. (g) Mahatthananchai, J.;
Bode, J. W. Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 192. (h) Cohen, D. T.; Scheidt, K. A.
Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 53. (i) Izquierdo, J.; Hutson, G. E.; Cohen, D. T.;
Scheidt, K. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 11686. (j) Bugaut, X.;
Glorius, F. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 3511. (k) Douglas, J.; Churchill, G.;
Smith, A. D. Synthesis 2012, 44, 2295. (l) Ryan, S. J.; Candish, L.;
Lupton, D. W. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 4906. (m) De Sarkar, S.; Biswas,
A.; Samanta, R. C.; Studer, A. Chem. - Eur. J. 2013, 19, 4664.
(n) Hopkinson, M. N.; Richter, C.; Schedler, M.; Glorius, F. Nature
2014, 510, 485. (o) Mahatthananchai, J.; Bode, J. W. Acc. Chem. Res.
2014, 47, 696. (p) Flanigan, D. M.; Romanov-Michailidis, F.; White, N.
(17) (a) Ray, S.; Grover, P. K.; Kamboj, V. P.; Setty, B. S.; Kar, A. B.;
Anand, N. J. Med. Chem. 1976, 19, 276. (b) Jacobsen, P.; Treppendahl,
S.; Stanley, B.; Kanstrup, A.; Brown, C. L. WO Patent WO 9818776,
1998.
(18) The absolute configuration of the stereogenic center in
compound 3q was unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallographic
analysis (see SI).
D
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02883
Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX