Microwave assisted synthesis, part 1: Rapid solventless synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins and benzocoumarins by microwave irradiation of the corresponding enaminones

Article abstract of DOI:10.3390/80700541

The reactivity of enaminones toward a variety of reagents under microwave irradiation is reported. The results are compared with traditional solution methods.

Full text of DOI:10.3390/80700541

Molecules 2003, 8, 541-555
molecules
ISSN 1420-3049
http://www.mdpi.org/
Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Part 1: Rapid Solventless
Synthesis of 3-Substituted Coumarins and Benzocoumarins by
Microwave Irradiation of the Corresponding Enaminones.
Khadijah M. Al-Zaydi*
Department of Chemistry, Girl’s College of Education, Jeddah, P.O.50918 Jeddah 21533, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail eman@cyberia.net.sa
Received: 18 March 2003; in revised form: 15 June 2003 / Accepted: 20 June 2003 / Published: 15
July 2003
Abstract: The reactivity of enaminones toward a variety of reagents under microwave
irradiation is reported. The results are compared with traditional solution methods.
Keywords: Enaminones, coumarins, benzocoumarins, Nenitzescu reaction, microwave
irradiation.
Introduction
The utility of microwaves in heterocyclic synthesis is now receiving considerable attention [1-4]
and, although enaminones has been recently extensively utilized as precursors for the synthesis of
heteroaromatics, the solventless reaction of enaminones with nucleophilic reagents under microwave
irradiation has not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. As a part of a recent project,
aiming to explore potential utility of microwaves as an energy source for heterocyclic synthesis, I
report here on synthesis of 3-heteroarylsubstituted coumarins and benzocoumarins of potential interest
as pharmaceuticals and/or photochromic dyes [5-7] and investigate the possibility of conducting these
reactions under microwave irradiation in addition to the standard thermal conditions.

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Molecules 2003, 8
Enaminones 1 and 2 were smoothly obtained by reacting compounds 3 and 4 with
dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMFDMA) in a domestic microwave for a very short time, the
yield being much higher than that obtained by conventional heating with a solvent. Compound 1 has
been recently synthesized by Elnagdi et al., [8] by refluxing 3-acetylcoumarin with DMFDMA in
xylene solution. However, under such conditions the yield of the enaminone was much lower than that
obtained by the solventless procedure. Although the enaminones obtained may exist also in cis-form
only the trans-forms 1 and 2 were obtained, as revealed by 1H-NMR, which showed olefinic protons at
δ = 6.53 ppm and δ = 8.17 ppm with J = 14Hz.
Although enaminone 1 has been reported earlier in literature [8] to yield pyridine derivative 5 on
reflux in acetic acid in presence of ammonium acetate, treatment of 1 with acetic acid and ammonium
acetate in a domestic microwave oven at full power has afforded a product of molecular formula
C22H13NO4, for which structure 7 is suggested. It is assumed that an initially formed 2,4-dicoumarinoyl
pyrrole 6 undergoes a Nenitzescu like cyclization [9] and decarbonylation thus yielding 7 (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1
O
CH3
O
O
O
O
3
M.W 5 min
O
N
O
O
O
5
AcOH/AcONH4
NMe2 M.W 5 min
O
O
1
O
O
O
O
O
N
H
O
6
OH
O
N
H
O
HO
7
Similar to the behavior of 1, compound 2 yielded pyridine derivative 8 on reflux in acetic acid in
presence of ammonium acetate, while treatment of 2 with acetic acid and ammonium acetate in a
domestic microwave oven at full power has afforded compound 10 (Scheme 2).

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Molecules 2003, 8
Scheme 2
O
O
CH3
O
O
O
4
DMFDMA
M.W. 5 min
N
O
O
O
O
8
AcOH/AcONH4
NMe2
O
O
O
O
O
2
M.W. 5 min
O
O
N
H
O
9
OH
O
N
H
O
HO
10
Thermal treatment of 1 with the enaminone 11 in acetic acid (Scheme 3) gave 12, which may be a
product of a thermal 2+2+2 cycloaddition or a product of initial dimerization of 1 into 13 that reacts
with the enaminone 11 to yield 14, that then aromatises to give the final isolated product 12 [10].
Scheme 3
O
O
O
O
O
NMe2
O
NMe2
O
CH3
NMe2
H3C
NMe2
11
O
O
O
11
O
1
AcOH
O
O
O
13
14
O
O
O
O
O
O
H3C
O
12
Under the same reaction conditions, compound 2 afforded a mixture of 15 and 16 (Scheme 4)

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Molecules 2003, 8
Scheme 4
O
O
O
O
O
H3C
11
NMe2
2
AcOH
O
O
H3C
15
O
+
O
O
CH3
O
O
H3C
O
16
The reaction of 1 with 11 in a microwave oven had afforded a mixture of 17 and 5 (Scheme 5).
Product 5 has been obtained earlier by Elnagid et al. via dimerization of 1 in presence of ammonium
acetate [8].
Scheme 5
O
O
O
O
O
AcOH/ AcONH4
M.W. 2 min
H C
+
NMe2
3
N
O
CH3
O
1
NMe2
11
17
O
+
N
O
O
O
O
5
Compound 1 reacts readily with nitrogen nucleophiles in a microwave oven yielding products of
addition, dimethylamine elimination and, in some cases, further cyclization affording a variety of 3-
substituted heteroaromatic coumarin derivatives. For example, with 3(5)1,2,4-aminotriazole, the
coumarinyl triazolopyrimidine derivative 18 has been obtained. The reaction of ethyl
2-aminotetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-caroboxylate with 1 afforded 19, which was found to exist
totally in cis form, as revealed by the 1H-NMR spectrum which displayed olefinic protons at δ 5.69 and
δ 6.61 ppm with J = 9Hz, typical for cis protons. It is likely that hydrogen bonding makes the cis form
more stable than the trans one. Reaction of 1 with hydrazine hydrate afforded the pyrazolyl coumarin
20. The reaction of 1 with guanidine hydrochloride in a microwave oven has afforded coumarinyl
pyrimidine 21 in a very high yield (Scheme 6).

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Molecules 2003, 8
Scheme 6
O
O
CO2Et
N
H
S
O
19
CO2Et
NH2
S
NH2
N
M.W. 5 min
H
N
N
N
O
O
N
H
N
N
NH2.NH2.H2O
1
N
M.W. 5 min
M.W. 5 min
NH
O
O
N
20
18
H2N
M.W. 25 min
NH2
NH.HCl
N
N
O
O
21
Scheme 7
O
O
N
N
N
N
22
NH2
N
N
Ph
N
H
N
N
M.W. 5 min
PhNHNH2/EtOH
M.W. 5 min
2
O
O
NH2.NH2.H2O
M.W. 5 min
24
H
N
N
O
O
23

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Molecules 2003, 8
Similar to the behavior of 1, compound 2 reacted with 3(5)1,2,4-aminotriazole to yield the
benzocoumarinyl triazolopyrimidine derivative 22, while with hydrazine hydrate and phenylhydrazine
the pyrazolyl benzocoumarin derivatives 23 and 24 were formed, respectively (Scheme 7). Compound
2 also reacted with hippuric acid to yield the benzocoumarinyl α-pyrone 26. It is believed that hippuric
acid is first cyclized into isoxazolone 25 which then condense with 2 to yield 26, while reaction of 2
with malononitrile afforded 27 (Scheme 8).
Scheme 8
O
NC
NH2
NMe2
O
O
27
CN
CN
H2C
O
CO2H
Ac2O
N
H2C
2
O
+
NHCOPh
Ph
H
N
Ph
O
O
O
O
O
26
Structure 27 was assigned for this product based on 1H-NMR data, that revealed two trans olefin
doublets at δ= 5.83 and 6.88 ppm with J = 13Hz .
Scheme 9
O
Ph
O
O
N
N
Ph
-
O
+
O
O
O
N
1
Ph
+
O
28
O
O
O
29
NH2NH2.H2O
O
N
Ph
N
N
O
O
30

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Molecules 2003, 8
Reaction of 1 with nitrile oxide afforded product that was considered to be the isoxazole derivative
28 rather than potential isomeric product 29, based on the fact that this reaction product readily reacted
with hydrazine hydrate to yield the coumarinyl isoxazolopyridazine 30 [11]. Also, reaction of
compound 2 with nitrile oxide yielding the isoxazole derivatives 31 (Scheme 10), while reaction with
nitrile imine afforded the pyrazole derivative 33 (Scheme 11).
Scheme 10
O
N
Ph
O
O
-
+
Et3N
Cl
O
O
2
Ph
N
Ph
N
O
O
OH
31
NH2NH2.H2O
O
N
Ph
N
N
O
O
32
Scheme 11
Ph
N
N
CH3
O
Ph
O
+
Cl
O
Et3N
H3C
+ 2
N
Ph
N
N
Ph
O
O
N
H
-
33
NH2NH2.H2O
Ph
N
N
CH3
N
N
O
O
34

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Molecules 2003, 8
Experimental
General
All melting points were measured on Gallenkamp electrothermal melting point apparatus and are
uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded as KBr disks on a Pye Unicam SP 3-300 Spectrophotometer.
1H-NMR spectra were recorded in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-d6) at 200 MHz on a Varian
Gemini NMR spectrometer using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal reference and results are
expressed as δ values. Mass spectra were performed on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP 1000 Ex mass
spectrometer at 70 eV. Microwave irradiation was carried out using the commercial microwave oven
(SGO 390 W). Elemental analyses were carried out at the Microanalytical Center of Cairo University,
Egypt.
General Procedures for the Preparation of 1-(3-Coumarinyl)-3-dimethylamino-2-propen-1-one (1)
and 1-(3-Benzocoumarinyl)-3-dimethylamino-2-propen-1-one (2) [8]:
Method A: Dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMFDMA, 0.1 mol) was added to 3-acetylbenzo-
coumarin 3 (0.1 mol) in dioxane (50 mL), and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 hours. Removal
of the solvent under reduced pressure yielded the crude product which was recrystallized from ethanol.
Method B: Compound 3 or 4 (0.1 mol) and DMFDMA (0.1mol) were placed in the microwave oven
and irradiated at full power for 5 min., left to cool to room temperature and the solid formed was
collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
Compound 2 was obtained as orange crystals (Method A: 85%; Method B: 95%), mp 157°C; IR: 1730
1
cm-1 (ring CO); H-NMR: δ = 2.95 (s, 3H, NCH3), 3.12 (s, 3H, CH3), 6.11 (d, J=15 Hz, olefinic-H),
7.41-8.21 (m, 7H, arom-H), 8.60 ppm (d, J=15 Hz, olefinic-H); MS: M+ (293); Anal. Calcd. for
C18H15NO3 (293.33): C, 73.71; H, 5.15; N, 4.78; Found: C, 73.52; H, 5.24; N, 4.85.
General Procedure for the Preparation of 3,7-Bis-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-dicyclopenta[b,d]pyrrole-
1,5-dione (7) and 3,7-Bis-(3-hydroxynaphthalen-4-yl)-4H-dicyclopenta[b,d]pyrrole-1,5-dione (10).
Compound 1 or 2 (0.01mol), ammonium acetate (0.01mol) and a few drops of glacial acetic acid were
placed in the microwave oven and irradiated at full power for 3-10 min., left to cool to room
temperature, and the solid product was then collected and crystallized from ethanol.
Compound 7 was obtained as dark yellow crystals (85%), mp 245°C; IR cm-1: 3300 (OH), 3280 (NH);
1H-NMR: δ = 6.81 (s, 2H, H-2 and H-6), 6.85-7.97 (m, 8H, arom-H), 8.97 (s, 1H, OH), 9.14 ppm (s,
1H, NH); MS: M+ (355); Anal. Calcd. for C22H13NO4 (355.35): C, 74.36; H, 3.69; N, 3.94; Found: C,
74.52; H, 3.64; N, 3.95.

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Molecules 2003, 8
Compound 10 was obtained as buff crystals (96%), mp 200°C; IR cm-1: 3320 (NH), 3290 (OH);
1H-NMR: δ = 6.82 (s, 2H, H-2 and H-6), 7.40-8.10 (m, 12H, arom-H ), 8.97 (s, 1H, OH), 10.16 ppm
(s,1H, NH); MS: M+ (455); Anal. Calcd. for C30H17NO4 (455.47): C, 79.11; H, 3.76; N, 3.08; Found:
C, 79.22; H, 3.75; N, 3.10.
Procedure for the Preparation of 2-(Benzocoumarin-3/-yl)-5-(3-benzocoumarinoyl)pyirdine (8).
Compound 2 (0.01mol) and ammonium acetate (0.01mol) were refluxed in glacial acetic acid (30 mL)
for 2 hr, then left to cool to room temperature. The solvent was then removed under vacuum and the
residue cooled to deposit a solid, which was recrystallized from ethanol to give 8 as buff crystals
(64%), mp 220°C; IR cm-1: 1725 (ring C=O), 1681 (C=O); 1H-NMR: δ = 7.31-7.79 (m, 12H, arom-H),
6.97-8.03 (d, 1H, pyridineH-3), 8.52 (s, 1H, pyridine H-6), 9.26 (d, 1H, pyridine H-4), 9.35, 9.61 ppm
(2s, 2H, benzocoumarinyl H-4); MS: M+ (495); Anal. Calcd. for C32H17NO5 (495.50): C, 77.57; H,
3.46; N, 2.8; Found: C, 77.50; H, 3.50; N, 2.86.
General Procedure for the Preparation of 1-Acetyl-3,5-di(3-coumarinoyl)benzene (12), 1-Acetyl-3,5-
di(3-benzocoumarinoyl)benzene (15) and (1,3-Diacetyl-5-(3-benzocoumarinoyl)benzene (16):
A mixture of either compound 1 or 2 (0.01 mol) and enaminone 11 (0.01mol) was refluxed in
acetic acid for 2h, then left to cool to r.t. The target compounds separated as crystals that were
collected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol.
Compound 12 was obtained as buff crystals (66%), mp 178°C; IR cm-1: 1720 (ring CO), 1689 (acetyl
CO), 1660 (aroyl CO); 1H-NMR: δ = 2.78 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.54-7.97 (m, 8H, arom-H), 8.65 (s, 2H, H-4),
8.70 (s, 2H, H-2 and H-6), 9.12 ppm (s, 2H, coumarinyl H-4); MS: M+ (464); Anal. Calcd. for
C28H16O7 (464.44): C, 72.41; H, 3.47; Found: C, 72.22; H, 3.55.
Compound 15 was obtained as buff crystals (49%), mp >300°C; IR cm-1: 1700 (ring CO), 1685 (acetyl
1
CO), 1658 (aroyl CO); H-NMR: δ = 3.33 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.54-8.31 (m, 12H, arom-H), 8.61 (s, 2H, H-
4), 8.74 (s, 2H, H-2 and H-6), 9.22 ppm (s, 2H, benzocoumarinyl H-4); MS: M+ (564); Anal. Calcd. for
C36H20O7 (564.56): C, 76.59; H, 3.57; Found: C, 76.60; H, 3.56.
Compound 16 was obtained as buff crystals (45%), mp >300°C; IR cm-1: 1710 (ring CO), 1680 (acetyl
CO); 1650 (aroyl CO); 1H-NMR: δ = 2.72, 3.33 (2s, 3H, CH3), 8.67 (s, 2H, H-4 and H-6), 8.72 (s, 1H,
H-2), 7.68-8.41 (m, 6H, arom-H), 9.32 ppm (s, 1H, benzocoumarinyl H-4); MS: M+ (384); Anal.
Calcd. for C24H16O5 (384.39): C, 74.99; H, 4.20; Found: C, 74.96; H, 4.25.

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Molecules 2003, 8
Preparation of 5-(3-Coumarinoyl)-2-methylpyridine (17) and Compound 5 [8]:
A mixture of compound 1 (0.01 mol), enaminone 11, ammonium acetate (0.01mol) and a few
drops of glacial acetic acid were placed in the microwave oven and irradiated at full power for 2 min.,
then left to cool to room temperature. The solid was collected and crystallized from ethanol.
1
-
Compound 17 was obtained as brown crystals (45%), mp 200°C; IR cm : 1710 (ring CO), 1670 (aroyl
CO); 1H-NMR: δ = 2.55 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.68-8.41 (m, 6H, arom-H and H-3), 8.76 (d, 1H, H-4), 9.32 (s,
1H, H-6), 8.81 ppm (s, 1H, coumarinyl H-4); MS: M+ (265). Anal. Calcd. for C16H11NO3 (265.27): C,
72.45; H, 4.18; N, 5.28; Found: C, 72.55; H, 4.25; N, 5.30.
Reaction of Compounds 1 or 2 with 3(5)1,2,4-Aminotrizole and Aminocyclohexenothiophene:
Preparation of 5-(Coumarin-3/-yl)-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine (18), 5-(Benzocoumarin-3/-yl)-
[1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a] pyrimidine (22) and 2-[3-Oxo-3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-propenylamino]-
4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophene-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (19):
Method A: To a solution of 1 or 2 (0.01 mol) either 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-trizole or aminocyclo-
hexenothiophene (0.01 mol) in acetic acid/ethanol (1:1, 30 mL) were added. The reaction mixture was
heated under reflux for 2hr, then left to cool. The solid was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
Method B: Compound 1 or 2 (0.01mol) and 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-trizole or aminocyclohexenothiophene
(0.01 mol) and a few drops of glacial acetic acid were placed in the microwave oven and irradiated at
full power for 5 min., then left to cool to room temperature and the solid was collected and
recrystallized from ethanol.
1
-
Compound 18 was obtained as pale brown crystals (65%), mp 252°C; IR cm : 1730 (ring CO), 1660
(C=N); 1H-NMR: δ = 7.38-7.73 (m, 4H, arom-H), 7.8 (d, 1H, pyrimidine H-6), 8.50 (s, 1H, coumarinyl
H-4), 8.9 (s, 1H, triazole H-3), 9.21ppm (d, 1H, pyrimidine H-5); MS: M+ (264). Anal. Calcd. for
C14H8N4O2 (264.24): C, 63.64; H, 3.05; N, 21.20; Found : C, 63.74; H, 3.10; N, 21.26.
Compound 22 was obtained as yellow crystals (74%), mp 273 °C, microwave (90%). IR cm-1: 1730
(ring CO), 1660 (C=N); 1H-NMR: δ = 7.54-8.03 (m, 6H, arom-H), 8.07 (d, 1H, pyrimidine H-6), 8.50
(s, 1H, benzocoumarinyl H-4), 8.83 (s, 1H, triazole H-3), 9.23 ppm (d, 1H, pyrimidine H-5); MS: M+
(314); Anal. Calcd. for C18H10N4O2 (314.30): C, 68.79; H, 3.21; N, 17.83; Found: C, 68.74; H, 3.10; N,
17.76.
Compound 19 was obtained as light red crystals (45%) mp 202°C; microwave (69%) mp 202°C; IR
cm-1: 3200 (NH), 1730 (ester CO), 1680 (ketone CO) 1648 cm-1 (ring CO); 1H-NMR: δ = 1.39 (t, 3H,
CH3), 1.67-2.52 (m, 8H, cyclohexane-H), 4.32 (q, 3H, CH2), 5.69, 6.61 (d, J=9Hz, 2H, olefin), 7.25-

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Molecules 2003, 8
8.22 (m, 6H, arom-H), 8.78 (s, 1H, coumarin H-4), 13.29 (s,1H, NH); MS: M+ (423); Anal. Calcd. for
C23H21NO5S (423.49): C, 65.23; H, 5.00; N, 3.31; Found: C, 65.25; H, 4.80; N, 3.46.
Reaction of Compounds 1, 2 with Hydrazines: 3-(Coumarin-3/-yl)-pyrazole (20), 3-(Benzocumarin-3/-
yl)-pyrazole (23) and 3-(Benzocumarin-3/-yl)-1-phenylpyrazole (24):
Method A: To a solution of 2 (0.01 mol) in ethanol (30 mL), either hydrazine hydrate or
phenylhydrazine (0.01 mol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 4hr., then
left to cool. The solid was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
Method B: Compound 1 or 2 (0.01mol) and hydrazine hydrate or phenylhydrazine (0.01 mol) was
placed in the microwave oven and irradiated at full power for 5-10 min., left to cool to room
temperature and the solid was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
Compound 20 was obtained as light brown crystals (60%), mp 235°C; IR cm-1: 3200 (NH), 1732 (CO),
1
1640 (C=N); H-NMR: δ = 6.60 (d, 1H, pyrazole H-4), 7.25-7.82 (m, 4H, arom-H), 8.58 (m, 1H,
pyrazole H-5), 9.09 (s, 1H, coumarin H-4), 11.27 ppm (s, 1H, NH); MS: M+ (212); Anal. Calcd. for
C12H8N2O2 (212.21): C, 67.92; H, 3.80; N, 13.20; Found: C, 67.82; H, 3.60; N, 13.13.
Compound 25 was obtained as yellow crystals (65%), mp 256°C, microwave (69%), mp 254°C; IR
1
cm-1: 3200 (NH), 1730 (CO), 1630 (C=N); H-NMR: δ = 7.06 (d, 1H, pyrazole H-4), 7.25-8.22 (m,
6H, arom-H), 8.58 (m, 1H, pyrazole H-5), 9.29 (s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4), 13.27 ppm (s, 1H, NH);
MS: M+ (262); Anal. Calcd. for C16H10N2O2 (262.27): C, 73.27; H, 3.84; N, 10.68; Found: C, 73.25;
H, 3.80; N, 10.66.
Compound 24 was obtained as dark yellow crystals (59%), mp 230°C, microwave (61%), mp 231°C;
1H-NMR: δ = 7.21 (d, 1H, pyrazole H-4), 7.35-8.32 (m, 11H, arom-H), 8.59 (m, 1H, pyrazole H-5),
9.29 ppm (s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4); MS: M+ (338); Anal. Calcd. for C22H14N2O2 (338.37): C, 78.09;
H, 4.17; N, 8.28; Found: C, 78.12; H, 4.18; N, 8.30.
Reaction of Compound 1 with Guanidine Hydrochloride: General Procedure for the Preparation of 2-
Amino- 4-(coumarin-3\-yl) pyrimidine (21):
Method A: To a solution of 1 (0.01 mol) in dry pyridine (20 mL) and (0.01 mol) of guanidine
hydrochloride were refluxed for 3 hr, the solvent was reduced under vacuum to half its volume and the
solid was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.

552
Molecules 2003, 8
Method B: Compound 1 (0.01mol) and guanidine hydrochloride (0.01 mol) was placed in the
microwave oven and irradiated at full power for 25 min., then left to cool to room temperature and the
solid was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
Compound 21 was obtained as dark yellow crystals (45%), mp 194°C, microwave (60%), mp 194°C;
1
1
-
IR cm : 3200 (NH2), 1703 (ring CO); H-NMR: δ = 7.48-7.90 (m, 4 H, arom-H), 7.26-8.03 (m, 6 H,
arom-H), 8.23 (s, 1H, coumarin H-4), 8.40 (s, 1 H, NH2), 8.81 (d, 1H, pyrimidine H-6), 9.02 (d, 1H,
pyrimidine H-5); MS: M+ (239); Anal. Calcd. for C13H9N3O2(239.24): C, 65.27; H, 3.79; N, 17.56;
Found : C, 65.25; H, 3.80; N, 17.46.
3-Benzamido-6-(benzocoumarin-3/-yl) pyran-2-one (26):
Method A: Compound 2 (0.1mol) and hippuric acid (0.1mol) were refluxed in acetic anhydride (20
mL) for 1h, then left to cool at room temperature and poured into ice-cold water. The solid product
thus formed was collected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol.
Method B: Compound 2 (0.01mol), hippuric acid (0.01mol) and a few drops of acetic anhydride were
placed in the microwave oven and irradiated at full power for 5 min., then left to cool to room
temperature and the solid was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
Compound 26 was obtained as red crystals (60%), mp 254 °C, and microwave (90%) IR cm-1: 3309
1
(NH), 1690 (ring C=O), 1685 (ring C=O), 1660 (amide C=O); H-NMR: δ = 7.38-8.09 (m, 11 H,
arom-H), 8.21(s, 1H, pyran H-5). 8.62 (s, 1H, pyran H-4), 8.83 (s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4) and
9.93 ppm (s, 1H, NH); MS: M+ (409); Anal. Calcd. for C25H15NO5 (409.40): C, 73.35; H, 3.69; N,
3.42; Found: C, 73.44; H, 3.72; N, 3.51.
3-(Benzocoumarin-3’-yl)-2-cyano-5-dimethylamino-2,4-pentadienoic amide (27):
Method A: To compound 2 (0.1 mol) and malononitrile (0.12 mol) in ethanol (30 mL), a few drops of
piperidine were added .The reaction mixture was refluxed for 2h, then left to cool at room temperature
and treatment with ethanol. The solid product, so formed, was collected by filtration and recrystallized
from ethanol.
Method B: Compound 2 (0.1 mol) and malononitrile (0.12 mol) and a few drops of piperidine were
added was placed in the microwave oven and irradiated at full power for 1 min., then left to cool to
room temperature and the solid was collected and recrystallized from ethanol.
Compound 27 was obtained as dark red crystals (45%), mp 250 °C, and microwave (60%); IR
1
cm-1: 3370, (NH2), 1670 (ring C=O), 1660 (C=O); H-NMR: δ = 3.67, 3.69(2s, 6H, N(CH3)2),

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Molecules 2003, 8
5.83, 6.88 (d,1H,olefinic H), 7.18-8.03 (m, 6H, arom-H), 8.05 (s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4) and
11.82 ppm (s, 1H, NH); MS: M+ (359); Anal. Calcd. for C21H17N3O3(359.39): C,70.18; H,4.77;
N,11.69; Found : C, 70.24; H, 4.72; N, 11.51.
General Procedures for the Preparation of 6-Benzoyl-3-(coumarin-3/-yl) isoxazole (28), 6-Benzoyl- 3-
(benzocoumarin-3/-yl) isoxazole (31) and 3-Acetyl-4-(benzocoumarin-3/-yl) -1-phenylpyrazole (33):
Method A: To a stirred solution of the appropriate hydroximoyl chloride (0.01mol), or hydrazonyl
halide (0.01mol) and the appropriate enaminone 1 or 2 (0.01mol) in dry benzene (20 mL),
triethylamine (0.2 mL) was added portionwise over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred at
room temperature for 24-48 h and the precipitated triethylamine hydrochloride was filtered off, the
filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was triturated with ethanol. The solid
products were collected by filtration, washed with water and dried. Recrystallization from ethanol
afforded the corresponding isoxazoles 28, 31 and the pyrazole 33, respectively.
Method B: Compound 1 or 2 (0.01mol) and the appropriate hydroximoyl chlorides (0.01mol), or
hydrazonyl halides (0.01mol) and a few drops of triethylamine were placed in the microwave oven and
irradiated at full power for 25 min., then left to cool to room temperature and the solid was collected
and recrystallized from ethanol.
Compound 28 was obtained as dark yellow crystals (41%), mp 165°C, microwave (54%); 1H-NMR: δ
= 7.61-8.31 (m, 9H, arom-H) 8.91 (s, 1H, coumarin H-4) and 9.36 ppm (s, 1H, H-5); MS: M+ (345);
Anal. Calcd. for C20H11NO5 (345.31): C, 69.57; H, 3.21; N, 4.06; Found: C, 69.89; H, 3.17; N, 4.12.
Compound 31 was obtained as yellowish green crystals (45%), mp 190°C, microwave (54%);
1H-NMR: δ = 7.61-8.71 (m, 11H, arom-H), 9.42 (s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4) and 10.03 (s, 1H, H-5);
MS: M+ (395); Anal. Calcd. for C24H13NO5 (345.37): C, 72.91; H, 3.31; N, 3.54; Found: C, 72.89; H,
3.32; N, 3.62.
1
Compound 33 was obtained as dark yellow crystals (43%), mp 228 °C, microwave (55%); H-NMR:
δ= 2.92 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.58-8.59 (m, 11H, arom-H) 9.17 (s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4) and 9.27 ppm (s,
1H, H-5); MS: M+ (408); Anal. Calcd. for C25H16N2O4 (408.42): C, 73.52; H, 3.95; N,6.86; Found: C,
73.54; H, 4.00; N, 6.91.
Reaction of the Isoxazoles 28, 31 and the Pyrazole 33 with Hydrazine Hydrate: General Procedure for
the Preparation of 4-(Coumarin-3/-yl)-7-phenylisoxazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine (30), 4-(Benzocoumarin-
3/-yl)-7-phenylisoxazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine (32) and 4-(Benzocoumarin-3/-yl)-7-methyl-2-phenyl-
pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyridazine (34):

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Molecules 2003, 8
A mixture of the appropiate isoxazole 28, 31 or the appropiate pyrazole 33 (0.01mol) and
hydrazine hydrate (80%, 0.01 mL) in absolute ethanol (20 mL) was heated under reflux for 3-4h. The
solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was left to cool to room temperature.
The solid products were filtered off, washed with ethanol and dried. Recrystallization from
dimethylformamide afforded the the isoxazolo[3,4-d]-pyridazines 30, 32 and pyrazolo[3,4-
d]pyridazine 34, respectively.
1
Compound 30 was obtained as dark yellow crystals (71%), mp 245 °C; H-NMR: δ = 7.65-8.31 (m,
9H, arom-H), 9.11 (s, 1H, coumarin H-4) and 9.31ppm (s, 1H, H-5); MS: M+ (341); Anal. Calcd. for
C20H11N3O3 (341.33): C, 70.38; H, 3.25; N, 12.31; Found: C, 70.40; H, 3.18; N, 12.12 .
1
Compound 32 was obtained as yellow crystals (74%), mp 189 °C; H-NMR: δ= 7.65-8.61 (m, 11H,
arom-H), 9.14 (s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4) and 9.41ppm (s, 1H, H-3); MS: M+ (391); Anal. Calcd. for
C24H13N3O3 (391.39): C, 73.65; H, 3.35; N, 10.74; Found: C, 73.70; H, 3.40; N, 10.78.
1
Compound 34 was obtained as orange crystals (73%), mp 230°C; H-NMR: δ = 2.52 (s, 3H, CH ),
3
7.45-8.49 (m, 11H, arom-H), 9.47(s, 1H, benzocoumarin H-4) and 9.07 ppm (s, 1H, H-3); MS: M+
(408); Anal. Calcd. for C25H16N4O2 (404.13): C, 74.25; H, 3.99; N,13.85; Found: C, 74.34; H, 4.01; N,
13.90.
Table 1: Comparison between microwave and solution reactions
Time/min
Yield %
Solvent ∗
m.p °C
Solvent ∗
Product
Solvent ∗
MW #
MW #
96
95
55
85
-
96
-
-
MW #
165
157
267
245
-
200
-
-
1
2
5
7
360
360
30
5
5
2
5
-
3
-
75
73
65
-
64
-
66
49
45
-
70
45
60
45
74
165
157
265
-
220
-
178
>300
>300
-
250 [8]
202
237 [8]
194
273
-
8
120
-
120
120
120
-
360
120
240
180
120
10
12
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
-
-
-
-
2
5
5
5
25
5
45
65
69
60
60
90
200
252
202
235
194
273

555
Molecules 2003, 8
23
24
26
27
29
30
32
33
34
35
240
240
60
120
1440
180
1440
180
1440
180
5
5
5
1
10
-
10
-
10
-
65
59
60
45
41
71
45
74
43
73
69
61
90
60
54
-
54
-
55
-
256
230
254
250
165
245
190
189
228
230
254
231
254
250
165
-
190
-
228
-
∗ Reflux in a solvent; #with microwave irradiation.
References
1. Caddick, S. Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 10403.
2. Loupy, A.; Petit, A.; Hamelin, J.; Texier-Boullet, F.; Jacqnault, P.; Mathe, D. Synthesis, 1998,
1213.
3. Perreux, L.; Loupy, A. Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 9199.
4. Lidstrom, P.; Tierney, J.; Wathey, B.; Westman, J. Tetrahedron, 2001, 57, 9225.
5. Al-Zaydi,K. M. J. Saudi Chem. Society, 2002, 477.
6. Al-Zaydi, K. M.; Hafez, E. A.; Elnagdi, M. H. J. Chem. Res. 2000, (S) 4, (M) 510.
7. Al-Naggar, A. A.; Abdel-Khalik, M. M.; Elnagdi M. H.J. Chem. Res. 1999, (S), 648, (M), 2801
8. El-Taweel, F. M. A.; Elnagdi, M. H. J. Het.chem., 200, 38, 981.
9. Mukhanova, T. I.; Panisheva, E. K.; Lyubchanskaya, V. M.; Alekssseeva, L. M.; Sheinker,
Y.N; Granik,V. G. Tetrahedron, 1997, 53, 177.
10. Abdel-Khalik, M. M.; Elnagdi, M. H., Synth. Commun., 2002, 32 (2) 159.
11. Al-Zaydi, K. M.; Hafez E. A. A. J. Chem. Res. 1999 (S), 360, (M), 1621.
Sample Availability: Available from the author
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