Synthetic transformations of higher terpenoids: XIV. Synthesis of pyrrololabdanoids from lambertianic acid

Article abstract of DOI:10.1134/S1070428006060030

Treatment of lambertianic acid methyl ester with lead tetraacetate gave terpenoid 2,5-diacetoxydihydrofuran which reacted with primary amines to yield 3-terpenyl-substituted pyrrol-2(5H)-ones; the reaction with hydrazine led to the corresponding pyridazin

Full text of DOI:10.1134/S1070428006060030

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NHSWꢂIRUꢂꢍꢅꢂPLQꢂDWꢂWKDWꢂWHPSHUDWXUHꢂDQGꢂFRROHGꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂ ꢍꢁꢏꢌꢓꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢏꢍꢌꢅꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢏꢃꢌꢀꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢆꢅꢌꢍꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
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7KHꢂ ILOWUDWHꢂ ZDVꢂFRPELQHGꢂ ZLWKꢂWKHꢂ ZDVKLQJVꢄꢂ SDVVHGꢂ ꢉ, ꢄꢂQꢊꢐꢂꢈꢏꢁꢂ>0@ ꢂꢉꢍꢀꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢈꢂꢉꢃꢊꢄꢂꢍꢃꢅꢂꢉꢃꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢍꢂꢉꢍꢅꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢏꢂ
WKURXJKꢂDꢂꢆꢇFPꢂOD\HUꢂRIꢂDOXPLQXPꢂR[LGHꢄꢂDQGꢂHYDSRꢇ
ꢉꢁꢅꢊꢄꢂ ꢓꢓꢂ ꢉꢈꢆꢊꢄꢂ ꢓꢆꢂ ꢉꢈꢍꢊꢄꢂ ꢑꢁꢂ ꢉꢈꢍꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢑꢂ ꢉꢈꢅꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢈꢂ ꢉꢈꢏꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢁꢂ
UDWHGꢂWRꢂREWDLQꢂꢈꢌꢓꢃꢂJꢂꢉꢀꢓQꢊꢂRIꢂDꢂPL[WXUHꢂRIꢂGLDFHWDWHVꢂ ꢉꢀꢅꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢀꢂ ꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢌꢂ )RXQGꢐꢂ >0@ ꢂ ꢈꢏꢁꢌꢁꢈꢅꢑꢃꢌꢂ & + 1 2 ꢌꢂ
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VSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢅꢌꢆꢈꢂVꢂꢉꢃ+ꢄꢂꢁ& + ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢅꢌꢀꢀ±ꢍꢌꢈꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢑ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢁꢅꢂVꢂꢉꢃ+ꢄꢂꢁ& + ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢆꢅ±ꢁꢌꢆꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢓ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢁꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢈꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢃꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢑꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢍꢍꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢇ +ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢌꢅꢀꢂ Vꢂ DQGꢂ ꢁꢌꢍꢁꢂ Vꢂ
ꢉꢃ+ꢄꢂꢁ&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢃꢁꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢏꢌꢏꢑꢂVꢄꢂꢏꢌꢆꢁꢂVꢄꢂꢏꢌꢀꢑꢂVꢄꢂ
DQGꢂꢏꢌꢀꢓꢂVꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢌꢑꢑꢂEUꢌVꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢌꢃꢄꢂ
ꢍꢌꢅꢊꢋꢂꢃꢌꢆꢃꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢃꢌꢆꢓꢂVꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢌꢅꢊꢋꢂꢃꢌꢆꢓꢂVꢂDQGꢂ
ꢃꢌꢀꢁꢂ Gꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢍꢌꢃꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ 105ꢂ VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂ
SSPꢐꢂꢍꢁꢌꢏꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢓꢌꢀꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢅꢌꢃꢈꢂꢉꢁ&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢍꢌꢃꢅꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢆꢌꢅꢁꢄꢂ ꢁꢆꢌꢍꢅꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢃꢌꢅꢆꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢀꢌꢆꢀꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢈꢀꢌꢍꢈꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢆꢆꢂꢉ& ꢄꢂ& ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢓꢌꢍꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢏꢅꢌꢍꢆꢄꢂꢏꢅꢌꢁꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢏꢈꢌꢓꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢅꢌꢃꢍꢂꢉ&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢆꢌꢆꢏꢄꢂꢆꢆꢌꢀꢍꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢃꢌꢍꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢓꢓꢌꢍꢀꢄꢂꢓꢓꢌꢃꢁꢄꢂꢍꢅꢅꢌꢑꢏꢄꢂꢍꢅꢍꢌꢁꢅꢂꢉ& ꢄꢂ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢅꢃꢌꢈꢀꢄꢂꢍꢅꢑꢌꢈꢑꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢁꢁꢌꢓꢓꢄꢂꢍꢁꢈꢌꢈꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢏꢆꢌꢑꢅꢄꢂꢍꢏꢆꢌꢀꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢏꢑꢌꢍꢑꢄꢂꢍꢏꢑꢌꢈꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢃꢀꢌꢍꢍꢄꢂꢍꢃꢀꢌꢁꢍꢄꢂꢍꢃꢀꢌꢁꢁꢄꢂꢍꢃꢀꢌꢁꢀꢂ
ꢉ0H&2ꢊꢋꢂ ꢍꢑꢆꢌꢓꢍꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢌꢂ 0DVVꢂ VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ Pꢒ]ꢂ ꢉ, ꢄꢂ Qꢊꢐꢂ
ꢏꢏꢀꢂ>0@ ꢂꢉꢁꢌꢈꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢀꢂ>0ꢂ±ꢂꢃꢅꢌꢆ@ꢄꢂꢈꢁꢀꢂꢉꢏꢅꢊꢄꢂꢁꢃꢓꢂꢉꢁꢑꢊꢄꢂꢁꢏꢑꢂ
ꢉꢍꢆꢊꢄꢂꢍꢀꢓꢂꢉꢍꢑꢊꢄꢂꢍꢃꢅꢂꢉꢈꢃꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢑꢂꢉꢁꢃꢊꢄꢂꢍꢈꢈꢂꢉꢍꢑꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢍꢂꢉꢑꢓꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢅꢑꢂꢉꢈꢈꢊꢄꢂꢍꢅꢆꢂꢉꢁꢅꢊꢄꢂꢓꢈꢂꢉꢁꢃꢊꢄꢂꢀꢍꢂꢉꢏꢀꢊꢄꢂꢏꢈꢂꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢌꢂ)RXQGꢐꢂ
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ꢁꢆQꢂ DTXHRXVꢂ PHWK\ODPLQHꢄꢂ ꢆꢂ POꢂ RIꢂ DFHWLFꢂ DFLGꢄꢂ DQGꢂꢂ
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PL[WXUHꢂZDVꢂFRROHGꢄꢂGLOXWHGꢂZLWKꢂZDWHUꢄꢂDQGꢂH[WUDFWHGꢂ
ZLWKꢂGLHWK\OꢂHWKHUꢄꢂWKHꢂH[WUDFWꢂZDVꢂHYDSRUDWHGꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂ
UHVLGXHꢂZDVꢂUHFU\VWDOOL]HGꢂIURPꢂSHWUROHXPꢂHWKHUꢌꢂ<LHOGꢂ
ꢅꢌꢍꢁꢂJꢂꢉꢃꢏQꢊꢄꢂ> @ ꢂ ꢂꢕꢁꢏƒ ꢉFꢂ ꢂꢁꢌꢃꢄꢂ&+&O ꢊꢌꢂ,5ꢂVSHFꢇ
WUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂFP ꢐꢂꢀꢍꢃꢄꢂꢀꢀꢁꢄꢂꢓꢀꢃꢄꢂꢍꢍꢈꢁꢄꢂꢍꢃꢍꢅꢄꢂꢍꢃꢓꢁꢄꢂꢍꢑꢁꢍꢄꢂ
ꢈꢅꢑꢅꢄꢂ ꢈꢏꢁꢏꢌꢂ 89ꢂ VSHFWUXPꢐꢂ
ꢂ ꢁꢏꢅꢂ QPꢂ ꢉORJ ꢂ ꢈꢌꢁꢃꢊꢌꢂꢂ
+ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&'&O ±&&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢂ
ꢅꢌꢏꢈꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢑꢂGꢌWꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢈꢄꢂꢏꢌꢅꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢌꢅꢓꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢍꢁꢂ Vꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ & + ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢁꢏꢂ GꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢃꢄꢂꢈꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢁ±ꢍꢌꢆꢈꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢌꢆꢃꢂ GꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢓꢇ+ꢄ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢍꢍꢌꢈꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢃꢃ±ꢍꢌꢀꢑꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢆ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢁꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢃꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢑꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢍꢍꢇ +ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢓꢏꢂ GꢌGꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢃꢇ +-ꢄꢂꢂ ꢂ
ꢍꢈꢌꢀꢄꢂꢏꢌꢃꢄꢂꢈꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢓꢑ±ꢁꢌꢅꢏꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢅꢑ±ꢁꢌꢍꢁꢂPꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢈꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢈ±ꢁꢌꢏꢁꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ ꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢓꢀꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ
1&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢆꢃꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢑꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢁꢌꢅꢄꢂ
ꢍꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂꢏꢌꢆꢑꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢏꢌꢀꢍꢂVꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢆꢈꢂTXLQWꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢌꢑꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢁꢌꢏꢏꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢓꢌꢑꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢍꢌꢀꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢆꢌꢁꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢃꢌꢅꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢁꢀꢌꢃꢓꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢓꢌꢅꢑꢂ ꢉ1&+ ꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢀꢌꢍꢅꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢀꢌꢆꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢈꢓꢌꢅꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢅꢌꢍꢅꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢏꢌꢅꢑꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢅꢌꢓꢏꢂ ꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢆꢁꢌꢈꢓꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢆꢌꢃꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢃꢌꢍꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢅꢃꢌꢑꢆꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢈꢁꢌꢓꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢅꢌꢓꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢑꢌꢍꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢍꢌꢁꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢑꢑꢌꢁꢑꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢌꢂ 0DVVꢂ VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ Pꢒ] ꢉ, ꢄꢂ Qꢊꢐꢂ ꢈꢆꢓꢂ >0@ ꢂ
ꢉꢍꢀꢊꢄꢂꢈꢅꢅꢂꢉꢍꢅꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢏꢂꢉꢍꢏꢊꢄꢂꢍꢓꢁꢂꢉꢍꢈꢊꢄꢂꢍꢀꢅꢂꢉꢍꢏꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢏꢂꢉꢍꢓꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢍꢍꢂ ꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢄꢂ ꢀꢍꢂ ꢉꢍꢏꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢆꢂ ꢉꢍꢅꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢍꢂ ꢉꢁꢏꢊꢌꢂ )RXQGꢐꢂ >0@ ꢂ
ꢈꢆꢓꢌꢁꢈꢆꢏꢈꢌꢂ& + 12 ꢌꢂ&DOFXODWHGꢐꢂ0ꢂꢈꢆꢓꢌꢁꢏꢃꢅꢈꢌꢂꢂ
0HWK\O ꢄꢃꢇDꢉGLPHWK\OꢉꢌꢉPHWK\OLGHQHꢉꢈꢉ>ꢅꢉꢊS\ULꢉ
GD]LQꢉꢇꢉ\OꢋHWK\O@GHFDK\GURQDSKWKDOHQHꢉꢄꢉFDUER[ꢉ
\ODWH ꢊ9ꢋꢁꢂ$ꢂPL[WXUHꢂRIꢂꢅꢌꢏꢃꢂJꢂꢉꢍꢂPPROꢊꢂRIꢂGLDFHWDWHꢂ
,9ꢂDQGꢂꢅꢌꢆꢂPOꢂRIꢂK\GUD]LQHꢂK\GUDWHꢂLQꢂꢀꢂPOꢂRIꢂHWKDQROꢂ
ZDVꢂKHDWHGꢂIRUꢂꢍꢅꢂPLQꢂXQGHUꢂUHIOX[ꢌꢂ7KHꢂVROYHQWꢂZDVꢂ
HYDSRUDWHGꢂWRꢂGU\QHVVꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂUHVLGXHꢂZDVꢂSXULILHGꢂꢂ
E\ꢂFKURPDWRJUDSK\ꢂXVLQJꢂSHWUROHXPꢂHWKHU±WHUWꢇEXW\Oꢂ
PHWK\Oꢂ HWKHUꢂ ꢉꢍꢐꢍꢊꢂ DVꢂ HOXHQWꢌꢂ <LHOGꢂ ꢅꢌꢁꢈꢂ Jꢂ ꢉꢃꢑQꢊꢄꢂꢂ
PSꢂ ꢍꢍꢀ±ꢍꢁꢅƒ&ꢂꢉIURPꢂ SHWUROHXPꢂ HWKHU±DFHWRQHꢊꢄꢂꢂ
> @ ꢂ ꢂꢕꢁꢀƒ ꢉFꢂ ꢂꢓꢌꢆꢄꢂ&+&O ꢊꢌꢂ,5ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂFP ꢐꢂ
ꢑꢆꢆꢄꢂꢑꢑꢃꢄꢂꢀꢍꢅꢄꢂꢀꢆꢈꢄꢂꢀꢑꢁꢄꢂꢓꢀꢅꢄꢂꢍꢍꢈꢅꢄꢂꢍꢁꢏꢑꢄꢂꢍꢆꢆꢍꢄꢂꢍꢆꢀꢃꢄꢂ
ꢍꢃꢏꢍꢄꢂꢍꢑꢍꢃꢄꢂꢁꢀꢏꢀꢄꢂꢈꢅꢑꢍꢄꢂꢈꢏꢍꢆꢌꢂ89ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ
ꢄꢂQPꢂ
ꢉORJ ꢊꢐꢂ ꢁꢆꢅꢂ ꢉꢈꢌꢍꢏꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢅꢏꢂ ꢉꢁꢌꢈꢈꢊꢌꢂ +ꢂ 105ꢂ VSHFWUXPꢂ
ꢉ&'&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢅꢌꢏꢀꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢀꢆ±ꢂ
ꢍꢌꢍꢃꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢍꢏꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢁꢁꢂGꢌGꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢆꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢅ±ꢁꢌꢍꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢍꢅ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ
ꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢈꢁ±ꢁꢌꢆꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢑꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢑꢃꢂ GꢌGꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢍꢏꢌꢁꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢓꢌꢑꢄꢂ ꢏꢌꢆꢊꢄꢂ
ꢈꢌꢆꢑꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢌꢆꢆꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢏꢌꢓꢍꢂVꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢂ
ꢑꢌꢁꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢆꢌꢈꢄꢂꢁꢌꢆꢊꢄꢂꢀꢌꢓꢆꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢂ
-ꢂ ꢂꢁꢌꢆꢄꢂꢍꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢀꢌꢓꢀꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢆꢌꢈꢄꢂꢍꢌꢁꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ105ꢂ
0HWK\O ꢈꢉ^ꢅꢉ>ꢄꢉꢊꢅꢉPHWKR[\FDUERQ\OHWK\OꢋꢉꢅꢉR[Rꢉ
ꢅꢃꢈꢉGLK\GURꢉꢄ+ꢉS\UUROꢉꢆꢉ\O@HWK\O`ꢉꢄꢃꢇDꢉGLPHWK\Oꢉꢌꢉ
PHWK\OLGHQHGHFDK\GURQDSKWKDOHQHꢉꢄꢉFDUER[\ODWH
VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢁꢌꢍꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢓꢌꢏꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢈꢌꢑꢑꢄꢂ ꢊ9,,ꢋꢁꢂ$ꢂPL[WXUHꢂRIꢂꢅꢌꢏꢃꢂJꢂꢉꢍꢂPPROꢊꢂRIꢂGLDFHWDWHꢂ,9ꢄꢂ
ꢁꢆꢌꢑꢀꢄꢂDQGꢂꢈꢅꢌꢓꢁꢂꢉ& ꢄꢂ& ꢄꢂ& ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢀꢌꢈꢍꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢑꢌꢑꢍꢄꢂ ꢅꢌꢈꢂ Jꢂ RIꢂ ꢉꢁꢂ PPROꢊꢂ ꢇDODQLQHꢂ PHWK\Oꢂ HVWHUꢂ K\GURꢇ
5866,$1ꢂꢂ-2851$/ꢂꢂ2)ꢂꢂ25*$1,&ꢂꢂ&+(0,675<ꢂꢂꢂ9ROꢌꢂꢂꢏꢁꢂꢂꢂ1Rꢌꢂꢂꢃꢂꢂꢂꢁꢅꢅꢃꢂ

&+(5129ꢂꢂHWꢂDOꢌꢂ
ꢀꢈꢏꢂ
FKORULGHꢄꢂDQGꢂꢍꢂPOꢂRIꢂWULHWK\ODPLQHꢂLQꢂꢍꢅꢂPOꢂRIꢂHWKDQROꢂ ꢏꢅꢌꢍꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢏꢌꢅꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢅꢌꢑꢈꢂꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢁꢌꢀꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ZDVꢂ KHDWHGꢂ IRUꢂ ꢁꢂ Kꢂ XQGHUꢂ UHIOX[ꢌꢂ 7KHꢂ PL[WXUHꢂ ZDVꢂ ꢆꢆꢌꢑꢈꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢃꢌꢁꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢅꢃꢌꢓꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢍꢑꢌꢀꢑꢄꢂ ꢍꢍꢀꢌꢆꢍꢂ
HYDSRUDWHGꢂXQGHUꢂUHGXFHGꢂSUHVVXUHꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂUHVLGXHꢂ ꢉ& ꢄꢂ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢆꢌꢍꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢆꢌꢑꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢑꢌꢃꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢈꢆꢌꢁꢑꢂ
ZDVꢂSXULILHGꢂE\ꢂFROXPQꢂFKURPDWRJUDSK\ꢂXVLQJꢂSHWURꢇ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢅꢌꢏꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢁꢌꢓꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢑꢌꢍꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢃꢓꢌꢆꢃꢂ
OHXPꢂ HWKHU±WHUWꢇEXW\Oꢂ PHWK\Oꢂ HWKHUꢂ ꢉꢍꢐꢍꢊꢂ DVꢂ HOXHQWꢌꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢃꢌꢑꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢌꢂ0DVVꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂPꢒ] ꢉ, ꢄꢂQꢊꢐꢂꢏꢈꢃꢂ
<LHOGꢂꢅꢌꢁꢁꢂJꢂꢉꢆꢈQꢊꢄꢂRLO\ꢂVXEVWDQFHꢄꢂ> @ ꢂ ꢂꢕꢍꢀƒꢂꢉFꢂ ꢂ >0@ ꢂꢉꢓꢊꢄꢂꢏꢍꢓꢂꢉꢃꢊꢄꢂꢈꢑꢑꢂꢉꢑꢊꢄꢂꢈꢃꢍꢂꢉꢃꢊꢄꢂꢈꢅꢆꢂꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢄꢂꢁꢈꢅꢂꢂ
ꢃꢌꢓꢄꢂ&+&O ꢊꢌꢂ +ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&'&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢂ ꢉꢏꢀꢊꢄꢂꢍꢀꢀꢂꢉꢑꢍꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢍꢂꢉꢏꢑꢊꢌꢂ)RXQGꢐꢂ>0@ ꢂꢏꢈꢃꢌꢁꢑꢁꢅꢀꢌꢂ
ꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢅꢌꢏꢃꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢀꢂWꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢏꢄꢂ
ꢍꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢅꢍꢂ GꢌGꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢍꢆꢌꢁꢄꢂ ꢏꢌꢏꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢍꢏꢂ Vꢂ
ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢁꢆꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢆꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢆ±
ꢍꢌꢆꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢆꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄ-ꢂ ꢂ ꢂꢍꢍꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢌꢃꢀ±ꢍꢌꢓꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢃ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢓꢑ±
ꢁꢌꢅꢈꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂꢍꢆꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢍꢁꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂ
ꢍꢈꢌꢏꢄꢂꢏꢌꢀꢄꢂꢁꢌꢆꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢈꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂꢍꢆꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢏꢁꢂPꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢃꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢆꢀꢂWꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ&+ ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢃꢌꢏꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢆꢑꢂVꢂ
DQGꢂ ꢈꢌꢃꢏꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢈ+ꢂHDFKꢄꢂ 2&+ ꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢌꢃꢑꢂ Wꢂ ꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ 1&+ ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ
ꢃꢌꢏꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢀꢆꢂEUꢌVꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂKDOIZLGWKꢂꢍꢁꢂ+]ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢌꢆꢀꢂVꢂDQGꢂ
ꢏꢌꢀꢈꢂVꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢆꢆꢂWꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢌꢑꢄꢂꢍꢌꢑꢊꢌꢂꢂ
&ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢁꢌꢆꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢓꢌꢓꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢁꢍꢌꢓꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢆꢌꢈꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢃꢌꢍꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢌꢀꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢈꢌꢈꢑꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢁꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢈꢍꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢑꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢓꢌꢍꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢏꢅꢌꢁꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢏꢌꢍꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢅꢌꢓꢓꢂꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢍꢌꢆꢆꢂꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢆꢍꢌꢑꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢆꢌꢀꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢃꢌꢈꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢅꢃꢌꢓꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢈꢈꢌꢀꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢅꢌꢑꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢑꢌꢁꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢍꢌꢍꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢑꢁꢌꢅꢏꢂ ꢉ& 2ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢑꢑꢌꢅꢓꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢌꢂ 0DVVꢂ VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ Pꢒ]
ꢉ, ꢄꢂ Qꢊꢐꢂ ꢏꢈꢍꢂ >0@ ꢂ ꢉꢍꢍꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢍꢃꢂ ꢉꢀꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢅꢅꢂ ꢉꢍꢏꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢑꢁꢂ ꢉꢍꢀꢊꢄꢂ
ꢈꢆꢃꢂꢉꢍꢏꢊꢄꢂꢁꢃꢏꢂꢉꢍꢓꢊꢄꢂꢁꢆꢁꢂꢉꢍꢑꢊꢄꢂꢍꢓꢃꢂꢉꢁꢏꢊꢄꢂꢍꢀꢈꢂꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢄꢂꢍꢆꢍꢂ
ꢉꢏꢅꢊꢌꢂ)RXQGꢐꢂ>0@ ꢂꢏꢈꢍꢌꢁꢃꢑꢅꢍꢌꢂ& + 12 ꢌꢂ&DOFXODWHGꢐꢂ
0ꢂꢏꢈꢍꢌꢁꢃꢑꢍꢆꢌꢂꢂ
& + 1 2 ꢌꢂ&DOFXODWHGꢐꢂ0ꢂꢏꢈꢃꢌꢁꢑꢁꢆꢀꢌꢂꢂ
0HWK\O ꢈꢉ^ꢅꢉ>ꢄꢉꢊꢅꢉDFHW\ODPLQRSKHQ\OꢋꢉꢅꢉR[Rꢉꢅꢃꢈꢉ
GLK\GURꢉꢄ+ꢉS\UUROꢉꢆꢉ\O@HWK\O`ꢉꢄꢃꢇDꢉGLPHWK\Oꢉꢌꢉ
PHWK\OLGHQHGHFDK\GURQDSKWKDOHQHꢉꢄꢉFDUER[\ODWH
ꢊ9,,,Eꢋꢁꢂ$ꢂPL[WXUHꢂRIꢂꢅꢌꢈꢂJꢂꢉꢅꢌꢃꢓꢂPPROꢊꢂRIꢂFRPSRXQGꢂ
9,,,Dꢄꢂ ꢅꢌꢍꢅꢂ Jꢂ RIꢂ VRGLXPꢂ DFHWDWHꢄꢂ DQGꢂ ꢆꢂ POꢂ RIꢂ DFHWLFꢂ
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& + ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢁꢆꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢃꢄꢂꢈꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ
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ꢁꢌꢍꢆꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ ꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢈꢃ±ꢁꢌꢏꢍꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂ
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ꢈꢀꢌꢍꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢆꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢓꢌꢍꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢅꢌꢍꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢏꢌꢅꢏꢂ
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VWLUULQJꢄꢂWKHꢂPL[WXUHꢂZDVꢂVWLUUHGꢂIRUꢂꢍꢅꢂPLQꢄꢂꢍꢂPOꢂRIꢂꢂ
Dꢂ ꢆQꢂ VROXWLRQꢂ RIꢂ 1D 62 ꢂ DQGꢂ ꢆꢅꢂ POꢂ RIꢂ ZDWHUꢂ ZHUHꢂ
DGGHGꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂPL[WXUHꢂZDVꢂH[WUDFWHGꢂZLWKꢂGLHWK\Oꢂ
HWKHUꢂꢉꢈîꢁꢅꢂPOꢊꢌꢂ7KHꢂH[WUDFWꢂZDVꢂZDVKHGꢂZLWKꢂZDWHUꢂ
DQGꢂHYDSRUDWHGꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂUHVLGXHꢂZDVꢂVXEMHFWHGꢂWRꢂFKURꢇ
PDWRJUDSK\ꢂ WRꢂ LVRODWHꢂ ꢍꢌꢁꢂ Jꢂ ꢉꢀꢆQꢊꢂ RIꢂ DFHWDOꢂ PL[WXUHꢂ
;D±;Gꢌꢂ +ꢂ 105ꢂ VSHFWUXPꢂ ꢉ&&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂ SSPꢂ ꢉ-ꢄꢂ +]ꢊꢐꢂ
ꢅꢌꢏꢑꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢋꢂꢅꢌꢀꢈ±ꢍꢌꢁꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢌꢍꢏꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢏꢅ±ꢁꢌꢅꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢍꢅ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ
ꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢌꢅꢀ±ꢁꢌꢁꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢁꢌꢈꢈ±ꢁꢌꢏꢅꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢌꢁꢈꢂ Vꢄꢂ ꢈꢌꢁꢏꢂ Vꢄꢂ ꢈꢌꢁꢃꢂ Vꢄꢂ DQGꢂ
ꢈꢌꢁꢑꢂVꢂꢉLQWHQVLW\ꢂUDWLRꢂꢍꢐꢍꢐꢍꢐꢍꢄꢂꢃ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢆꢁꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ
2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢏꢌꢏꢑꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢏꢌꢀꢁꢂVꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢌꢁꢈꢂVꢄꢂꢆꢌꢁꢑꢂVꢄꢂ
DQGꢂꢆꢌꢈꢀꢂGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂ- ꢂ ꢂꢍꢌꢑꢊꢋꢂꢆꢌꢏꢀꢂGꢄꢂꢆꢌꢆꢅꢂGꢄꢂDQGꢂ
ꢆꢌꢆꢓꢂGꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢌꢑꢄꢂꢍꢌꢃꢄꢂꢍꢌꢃꢊꢌꢂ
WUXPꢄꢂ
ꢄꢂQPꢂ ꢉORJ ꢊꢐꢂ ꢁꢁꢆꢂ ꢉꢈꢌꢍꢁꢊꢄꢂꢁꢑꢑꢂꢉꢁꢌꢏꢃꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢓꢆꢂ
ꢉꢁꢌꢁꢆꢊꢄꢂꢈꢍꢅꢂꢉꢁꢌꢈꢈꢊꢌꢂ +ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂ
ꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢅꢌꢏꢏꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢆꢂGꢌWꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢁꢄꢂ
ꢏꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢃꢂGꢌGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢈꢄꢂꢍꢁꢌꢀꢄꢂꢏꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢍꢏꢂVꢂ
ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢁꢍꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢏꢄꢂꢈꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢏꢂPꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢆꢈꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂ
ꢍꢍꢌꢍꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢃꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢑꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢌꢑꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢀꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢀꢏꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ
-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢓꢍꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢅꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢍꢅꢂPꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢍꢈꢌꢈꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢈꢆꢂ GꢌGꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢍꢁꢌꢑꢄꢂ
ꢈꢌꢓꢄꢂꢁꢌꢆꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢈꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢀꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢓꢁꢂWꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢁꢔꢔꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢑꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢆꢑꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢃꢏꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ
-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢀꢌꢍꢄꢂꢍꢌꢀꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢑꢅꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢔꢔꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢅꢄꢂꢃꢌꢀꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢑꢃꢂVꢂ
ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢌꢆꢀꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢏꢌꢀꢁꢂVꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢏꢆꢂWꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ
ꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢌꢃꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢑꢅꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢃꢔꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢀꢌꢑꢄꢂꢁꢌꢆꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢀꢏꢂGꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢁꢔꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢁꢌꢆꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢀꢃꢂGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢏꢔꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢀꢌꢅꢊꢄꢂꢑꢌꢍꢍꢂGꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢑꢔꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢀꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂꢑꢌꢁꢀꢂGꢌGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢔꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢀꢌꢑꢄꢂꢀꢌꢅꢄꢂ
ꢁꢌꢅꢊꢄꢂꢀꢌꢓꢀꢂEUꢌVꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ1+ꢄꢂKDOIZLGWKꢂꢍꢍꢂ+]ꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ105ꢂ
VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢁꢌꢆꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢓꢌꢀꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢍꢌꢓꢓꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢏꢌꢑꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢆꢌꢈꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢃꢌꢍꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢌꢑꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢈꢀꢌꢁꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢃꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢓꢌꢅꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢅꢌꢁꢍꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢏꢁꢌꢀꢏꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢏꢌꢍꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢅꢌꢓꢆꢂ ꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢍꢌꢍꢓꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢆꢌꢏꢏꢂ
ꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢆꢌꢀꢍꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢃꢌꢁꢅꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢓꢓꢌꢓꢃꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢅꢃꢌꢓꢅꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢍꢌꢓꢈꢂDQGꢂꢍꢍꢍꢌꢓꢑꢂꢉ& ꢄꢂ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢍꢌꢓꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢁꢌꢆꢓꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢑꢌꢃꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢈꢍꢌꢆꢍꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢈꢈꢌꢃꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢅꢌꢀꢃꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢑꢌꢁꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢆꢈꢌꢑꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢍꢌꢁꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢑꢌꢅꢍꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢌꢂ0DVVꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂPꢒ] ꢉ, ꢄꢂQꢊꢐꢂꢆꢍꢀꢂ>0@ ꢂꢉꢁꢁꢊꢄꢂꢏꢆꢓꢂ
ꢉꢏꢊꢄꢂꢈꢏꢃꢂꢉꢈꢊꢄꢂꢁꢆꢏꢂꢉꢍꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢈꢂꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢄꢂꢍꢃꢅꢂꢉꢆꢓꢊꢌꢂ)RXQGꢐꢂ>0@ ꢂ
ꢆꢍꢀꢌꢈꢁꢍꢅꢏꢌꢂ& + 1 2 ꢌꢂ&DOFXODWHGꢐꢂ0ꢂꢆꢍꢀꢌꢈꢍꢏꢏꢏꢌꢂꢂ
0HWK\O ꢄꢃꢇDꢉGLPHWK\OꢉꢌꢉPHWK\OLGHQHꢉꢈꢉ>ꢅꢉꢊꢅꢉ
R[RꢉꢅꢃꢈꢉGLK\GURIXUDQꢉꢆꢉ\OꢋHWK\O@GHFDK\GURQDSKꢉ
WKDOHQHꢉꢄꢉFDUER[\ODWH ꢊ;,,ꢋꢁꢂ$FHWDOꢂPL[WXUHꢂ;D±;Gꢄꢂ
ꢅꢌꢈꢓꢂJꢂꢉꢍꢂPPROꢊꢄꢂZDVꢂGLVVROYHGꢂLQꢂꢆꢂPOꢂRIꢂGLR[DQHꢄꢂDQGꢂ
ꢅꢌꢆꢂ POꢂ RIꢂ ꢁꢅQꢂ +&Oꢂ LQꢂ GLR[DQHꢂ ZDVꢂ DGGHGꢌꢂ $IWHUꢂꢂ
ꢈꢅꢂPLQꢄꢂWKHꢂPL[WXUHꢂZDVꢂWUHDWHGꢂZLWKꢂꢍꢆꢂPOꢂRIꢂDꢂꢈQꢂVRꢇ
OXWLRQꢂ RIꢂ . &2 ꢂ DQGꢂ ZDVꢂ H[WUDFWHGꢂ ZLWKꢂ WHUWꢇEXW\Oꢂ
PHWK\OꢂHWKHUꢌꢂ7KHꢂH[WUDFWꢂZDVꢂZDVKHGꢂZLWKꢂZDWHUꢂDQGꢂ
HYDSRUDWHGꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂUHVLGXHꢂZDVꢂUHFU\VWDOOL]HGꢂIURPꢂ
SHWUROHXPꢂ HWKHUꢌꢂ <LHOGꢂ ꢅꢌꢁꢈꢂ Jꢂ ꢉꢃꢑQꢊꢄꢂ PSꢂ ꢀꢁ±ꢀꢏƒ&ꢄꢂꢂ
> @ ꢂ ꢂꢕꢁꢍꢌꢆƒꢂꢉFꢂ ꢂꢑꢌꢍꢄꢂ&+&O ꢊꢌꢂ,5ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂFP ꢐꢂ
ꢑꢆꢀꢄꢂꢑꢀꢃꢄꢂꢀꢑꢏꢄꢂꢓꢁꢏꢄꢂꢍꢅꢅꢈꢄꢂꢍꢅꢁꢈꢄꢂꢍꢆꢅꢁꢄꢂꢍꢃꢏꢁꢄꢂꢍꢑꢁꢑꢄꢂ
ꢍꢑꢓꢍꢄꢂꢈꢅꢀꢍꢌꢂ +ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂ
ꢅꢌꢈꢓꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢍꢂGꢌWꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢈꢄꢂꢏꢌꢈꢊꢄꢂ
ꢅꢌꢓꢃꢂGꢌGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢁꢄꢂꢍꢁꢌꢀꢄꢂꢏꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢅꢑꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ
& + ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢍꢀꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢃꢄꢂꢁꢌꢓꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ
ꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢆꢈꢂGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢍꢌꢍꢄꢂ
ꢈꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢃꢁ±ꢍꢌꢑꢀꢂPꢂꢉꢏ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢀꢅꢂPꢂ
0HWK\O ꢈꢉ>ꢅꢉꢊꢅꢃꢈꢉGLPHWKR[\ꢉꢅꢃꢈꢉGLK\GURIXUDQꢉꢆꢉ
\OꢋHWK\O@ꢉꢄꢃꢇDꢉGLPHWK\OꢉꢌꢉPHWK\OLGHQHGHFDK\GURꢉ
QDSKWKDOHQHꢉꢄꢉFDUER[\ODWH ꢊ;D±;GꢋꢁꢂDꢁꢂ1ꢇ&KORURꢇ
EHQ]HQHVXOIRQDPLGHꢂVRGLXPꢂVDOWꢄꢂꢏꢌꢑꢂJꢂꢉꢁꢍꢂPPROꢊꢄꢂZDVꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢀꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢓꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ
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ꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢆꢅ±ꢁꢌꢃꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢃꢁꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢈꢌꢃꢈꢂVꢂ
ꢉ, ꢄꢂQꢊꢐꢂꢈꢏꢃꢂ>0@ ꢂꢉꢏꢊꢄꢂꢈꢍꢏꢂꢉꢀꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢃꢂꢉꢏꢀꢊꢄꢂꢁꢑꢍꢂꢉꢁꢁꢊꢄꢂꢁꢍꢑꢂ ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢍꢓꢂPꢂDQGꢂꢃꢌꢁꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢀꢀꢂGꢂ
ꢉꢍꢏꢊꢄꢂꢍꢀꢓꢂꢉꢍꢓꢊꢄꢂꢍꢃꢍꢂꢉꢁꢑꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢍꢂꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢄꢂꢍꢅꢓꢂꢉꢁꢑꢊꢄꢂꢀꢍꢂꢉꢈꢃꢊꢌꢂ DQGꢂꢃꢌꢓꢅꢂGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ§ꢂꢁꢌꢃꢊꢄꢂꢑꢌꢅꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ
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VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢏꢌꢈꢈꢂDQGꢂꢍꢆꢌꢅꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢌꢑꢏꢂDQGꢂ
ꢍꢓꢌꢀꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢀꢌꢀꢓꢂDQGꢂꢍꢓꢌꢅꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢓꢌꢆꢓꢂDQGꢂꢁꢅꢌꢀꢀꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢆꢌꢁꢑꢂ DQGꢂ ꢁꢑꢌꢍꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢀꢌꢑꢀꢂ DQGꢂ ꢁꢓꢌꢅꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
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ꢈꢑꢌꢀꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢍꢃꢂDQGꢂꢈꢀꢌꢈꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢓꢌꢆꢃꢂDQGꢂꢈꢓꢌꢑꢃꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢈꢌꢑꢆꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢅꢌꢑꢃꢂ ꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢍꢌꢓꢃꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢈꢌꢆꢁꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢑꢌꢏꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢅꢌꢑꢀꢂDQGꢂꢍꢍꢅꢌꢓꢀꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢆꢌꢑꢍꢂDQGꢂ
ꢍꢍꢆꢌꢓꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢀꢌꢆꢑꢂDQGꢂꢍꢍꢀꢌꢃꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢓꢌꢑꢓꢂDQGꢂ
ꢍꢍꢓꢌꢀꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢏꢌꢑꢃꢂDQGꢂꢍꢁꢏꢌꢀꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢃꢌꢆꢓꢂDQGꢂ
ꢍꢁꢃꢌꢑꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢓꢌꢁꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢈꢓꢌꢈꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢑꢌꢅꢏꢂ
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SURGXFWꢌꢂ +ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&'&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂ
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ꢈꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢍꢁꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢍꢌꢍꢈꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢍꢀ±ꢍꢌꢆꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢏ+ꢄꢂ
ꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢆꢀ±ꢍꢌꢃꢏꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢑꢓ±
ꢍꢌꢓꢏꢂPꢂꢉꢍꢅ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ
ꢍꢈꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢌꢅꢁ±ꢁꢌꢍꢀꢂPꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢁꢈꢂVꢄꢂꢂ
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ꢉꢁîꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢆꢃꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢈꢌꢆꢀꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢏꢌꢆꢀꢂPꢄꢂ
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SSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢅꢌꢆꢑꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢅꢌꢃꢏꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢋꢂꢅꢌꢀꢅ±ꢍꢌꢅꢂPꢂ
ꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢅꢌꢓꢍꢂGꢂDQGꢂꢅꢌꢓꢈꢂGꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢑꢌꢅꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢌꢅꢍ±ꢍꢌꢅꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢍꢆꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢍꢌꢍꢑꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢌꢏꢆ±ꢍꢌꢆꢃꢂPꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢃꢅ±ꢍꢌꢓꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢃ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ ꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ ꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢌꢅꢁ±ꢁꢌꢁꢅꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ ꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ
ꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢌꢈꢅ±ꢁꢌꢆꢅꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ ꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢌꢆꢑꢂ Vꢄꢂ ꢈꢌꢆꢓꢂ Vꢄꢂ
DQGꢂ ꢈꢌꢃꢅꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢁîꢈ+ꢄꢂ 1&+ ꢄꢂ 2&+ ꢊꢋꢂ ꢆꢌꢀꢍꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂꢂ
-ꢂ ꢂ ꢁꢌꢑꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢃꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢍꢊꢋꢂ ꢃꢌꢁꢏꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢆꢇ +ꢊꢋꢂ ꢃꢌꢈꢃꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢃꢇ+ꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢏꢌꢏꢈꢂDQGꢂꢍꢆꢌꢍꢀꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢑꢌꢀꢏꢂ DQGꢂ ꢍꢓꢌꢀꢓꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢓꢌꢅꢍꢂ DQGꢂ ꢍꢓꢌꢍꢆꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢓꢌꢑꢍꢂDQGꢂꢁꢍꢌꢅꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢆꢌꢈꢀꢂDQGꢂꢁꢑꢌꢆꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢌꢓꢁꢂDQGꢂ
ꢁꢓꢌꢍꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢓꢌꢓꢑꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢅꢌꢏꢅꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢏꢌꢏꢆꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢆꢌꢍꢅꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢆꢌꢀꢁꢂꢉ1&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢑꢌꢁꢏꢂDQGꢂꢈꢑꢌꢓꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢀꢌꢈꢁꢂDQGꢂ
ꢈꢀꢌꢃꢃꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢈꢓꢌꢅꢑꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢓꢌꢁꢃꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢏꢈꢌꢀꢀꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ ꢆꢅꢌꢀꢏꢂ
ꢉ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢁꢌꢅꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢈꢌꢃꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢆꢑꢌꢃꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢅꢀꢌꢈꢍꢂDQGꢂ
ꢍꢅꢀꢌꢆꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢍꢀꢌꢈꢆꢂDQGꢂꢍꢍꢀꢌꢃꢆꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢍꢌꢍꢏꢂDQGꢂ
ꢍꢁꢁꢌꢅꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢏꢌꢀꢏꢂDQGꢂꢍꢁꢆꢌꢍꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢑꢌꢍꢍꢂꢉ& ꢊꢌꢂ
0DVVꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂPꢒ] ꢉ, ꢄꢂQꢊꢐꢂꢈꢏꢆꢂ>0@ ꢂꢉꢁꢃꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢃꢂꢉꢈꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢑꢆꢂꢉꢁꢊꢄꢂꢍꢏꢀꢂꢉꢈꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢍꢂꢉꢏꢊꢄꢂꢍꢅꢀꢂꢉꢆꢃꢊꢄꢂꢓꢆꢂꢉꢍꢅꢅꢊꢄꢂꢈꢁꢂꢉꢃꢃꢊꢌꢂ
)RXQGꢐꢂ>0@ ꢂꢈꢏꢆꢌꢁꢃꢃꢀꢓꢌꢂ& + 12 ꢌꢂ&DOFXODWHGꢐꢂꢂ
0HWK\O ꢊꢌ5ꢋꢉ DQG ꢊꢌ6ꢋꢉꢄꢃꢇDꢃꢌꢉWULPHWK\Oꢉꢈꢉ>ꢅꢉꢊꢄꢉ
SKHQ\OS\UUROꢉꢆꢉ\OꢋHWK\O@GHFDK\GURQDSKWKDOHQHꢉꢄꢉ
FDUER[\ODWHVꢂ ;9 DQG ;9,ꢁꢂ $ꢂ PL[WXUHꢂ RIꢂ ꢅꢌꢁꢂ Jꢂꢂ
ꢉꢅꢌꢆꢍꢂPPROꢊꢂRIꢂꢁꢄꢆꢇGLPHWKR[\WHWUDK\GURIXUDQVꢂ;,,,ꢂ
DQGꢂ;,9ꢄꢂꢅꢌꢁꢂJꢂꢉꢁꢌꢁꢂPPROꢊꢂRIꢂDQLOLQHꢄꢂꢍꢂPOꢂRIꢂZDWHUꢄꢂ
DQGꢂꢆꢂPOꢂRIꢂDFHWLFꢂDFLGꢂZDVꢂKHDWHGꢂIRUꢂꢍꢅꢂPLQꢂDWꢂꢓꢅ±
ꢓꢆƒ&ꢌꢂ:KHQꢂWKHꢂUHDFWLRQꢂZDVꢂFRPSOHWHꢄꢂWKHꢂPL[WXUHꢂ
ZDVꢂGLOXWHGꢂ ZLWKꢂ ZDWHUꢂ DQGꢂ H[WUDFWHGꢂ ZLWKꢂWHUWꢇEXW\Oꢂ
PHWK\Oꢂ HWKHUꢌꢂ7KHꢂ H[WUDFWꢂ ZDVꢂ ZDVKHGꢂ ZLWKꢂ ZDWHUꢂ
ꢉꢈîꢍꢅꢂPOꢊꢂDQGꢂHYDSRUDWHGꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂUHVLGXHꢂZDVꢂVXEꢇ
MHFWHGꢂWRꢂFKURPDWRJUDSK\ꢂXVLQJꢂ SHWUROHXPꢂ HWKHU±WHUWꢇ
EXW\OꢂPHWK\OꢂHWKHUꢂꢉꢏꢐꢍꢊꢂDVꢂHOXHQWꢂWRꢂLVRODWHꢂꢅꢌꢍꢃꢂJꢂ
ꢉꢑꢀQꢊꢂRIꢂDꢂPL[WXUHꢂRIꢂLVRPHULFꢂS\UUROHVꢂ;9ꢂDQGꢂ;9,ꢌꢂ
+ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&'&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢅꢌꢃꢀꢂVꢂDQGꢂ
ꢅꢌꢑꢓꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢀꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢆꢂGꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢑꢌꢅꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢍꢀꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢍꢌꢁꢅꢂVꢂ
ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢁꢍꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢊꢄꢍꢌꢈꢁ±ꢍꢌꢆꢃꢂPꢂꢉꢏ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ
ꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢑꢅ±ꢍꢌꢀꢈꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢓꢅ±
ꢁꢌꢅꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢍꢅ±ꢁꢌꢈꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢂ 0ꢂꢈꢏꢆꢌꢁꢃꢃꢑꢃꢌꢂꢂ
5866,$1ꢂꢂ-2851$/ꢂꢂ2)ꢂꢂ25*$1,&ꢂꢂ&+(0,675<ꢂꢂꢂ9ROꢌꢂꢂꢏꢁꢂꢂꢂ1Rꢌꢂꢂꢃꢂꢂꢂꢁꢅꢅꢃꢂ

6<17+(7,&ꢂꢂ75$16)250$7,216ꢂꢂ2)ꢂꢂ+,*+(5ꢂꢂ7(53(12,'6ꢐꢂꢂ;,9ꢌꢂ
ꢀꢈꢑꢂ
ꢉꢑꢁQꢊꢂ RIꢂ VWHUHRLVRPHUꢂ PL[WXUHꢂ ;;,,D±;;,,Gꢂ DVꢂꢂ
DQꢂRLO\ꢂPDWHULDOꢌꢂ +ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&'&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂ
ꢉ-ꢄꢂ +]ꢊꢐꢂ ꢅꢌꢆꢏꢂ Vꢂ DQGꢂ ꢅꢌꢆꢃꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ & + ꢊꢋꢂ ꢅꢌꢓꢁ±ꢍꢌꢍꢁꢂ Pꢂ
ꢉꢏ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢁꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢈꢇ +ꢄꢂ ꢆꢇ +ꢊꢋꢂ ꢍꢌꢍꢃꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ &+ ꢊꢋꢂ ꢍꢌꢈꢃ±
ꢍꢌꢆꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢏ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢆꢀ±ꢍꢌꢃꢏꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢄꢂ
ꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢑꢓ±ꢍꢌꢓꢏꢂPꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢓꢃ±ꢁꢌꢅꢃꢂPꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢌꢍꢏ±ꢁꢌꢁꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢌꢁꢃ±ꢁꢌꢈꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ
ꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢈꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢁꢍꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢈꢅꢂVꢄꢂꢈꢌꢈꢍꢂVꢄꢂꢈꢌꢈꢏꢂVꢄꢂ
ꢈꢌꢈꢆꢂ Vꢄꢂ ꢈꢌꢈꢃꢂ Vꢄꢂ ꢈꢌꢈꢑꢂ Vꢄꢂ ꢈꢌꢏꢁꢂ Vꢄꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢌꢏꢈꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢁîꢈ+ꢄꢂ
2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢆꢏꢂGꢂDQGꢂꢈꢌꢆꢓꢂGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢑꢌꢃꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢃꢅꢂVꢂ
ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢏꢌꢅꢁꢂPꢂDQGꢂꢏꢌꢅꢃꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢏꢌꢑꢑꢂPꢄꢂ
ꢆꢌꢅꢏꢂPꢄꢂꢆꢌꢅꢃꢂPꢄꢂDQGꢂꢆꢌꢅꢀꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ
105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢁꢌꢀꢀꢂDQGꢂꢍꢈꢌꢅꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢀꢌꢀꢅꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢍꢌꢑꢓꢂ DQGꢂ ꢁꢍꢌꢓꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢀꢌꢏꢓꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢀꢌꢑꢏꢂ DQGꢂ
ꢁꢓꢌꢍꢈꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢈꢌꢆꢑꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢈꢌꢑꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢏꢌꢃꢓꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢏꢌꢑꢃꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢃꢌꢃꢏꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢃꢌꢑꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢀꢌꢁꢓꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢓꢌꢓꢑꢂ DQGꢂ
ꢏꢅꢌꢅꢆꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢏꢈꢌꢏꢆꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢆꢅꢌꢀꢍꢂ DQGꢂ ꢆꢍꢌꢍꢅꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢆꢍꢌꢓꢓꢂ
ꢉ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢆꢌꢈꢁꢄꢂꢆꢆꢌꢈꢓꢄꢂꢆꢆꢌꢏꢁꢄꢂꢆꢆꢌꢆꢏꢄꢂꢆꢆꢌꢓꢈꢄꢂDQGꢂꢆꢆꢌꢓꢆꢂ
ꢉꢍꢆꢇ2&+ ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢃꢌꢀꢏꢂDQGꢂꢆꢃꢌꢀꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢃꢅꢌꢆꢍꢂDQGꢂ
ꢃꢅꢌꢆꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢃꢁꢌꢏꢁꢂ DQGꢂ ꢃꢁꢌꢑꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢑꢓꢌꢁꢑꢂ DQGꢂ ꢑꢓꢌꢑꢏꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢀꢁꢌꢆꢏꢂDQGꢂꢀꢁꢌꢃꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢅꢏꢌꢃꢏꢂDQGꢂꢍꢅꢆꢌꢃꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢅꢑꢌꢍꢅꢂDQGꢂꢍꢅꢀꢌꢅꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢑꢑꢌꢍꢈꢂDQGꢂꢍꢑꢑꢌꢍꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢌ
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GLK\GURIXUDQꢉꢆꢉ\OꢋꢉꢌꢃꢏDꢉGLPHWK\OGRGHFDK\GURꢉ
QDSKWKR>ꢅꢃꢄꢉE@IXUDQꢉꢌꢉFDUER[\ODWH ꢊ;;,D±;;,Gꢋꢁꢂ
1ꢇ&KORUREHQ]HQHVXOIRQDPLGHꢂVRGLXPꢂVDOWꢄꢂꢅꢌꢃꢂJꢂ
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ꢅꢌꢆꢂJꢂꢉꢍꢌꢏꢂPPROꢊꢂRIꢂHSR[\ODEGDQRLGꢂ;;ꢂDQGꢂꢅꢌꢍꢂPOꢂRIꢂ
DFHWLFꢂDFLGꢂLQꢂꢍꢆꢂPOꢂRIꢂPHWKDQROꢂXQGHUꢂVWLUULQJꢂDWꢂꢅꢂWRꢂ
ꢆƒ&ꢌꢂ 7KHꢂ PL[WXUHꢂ ZDVꢂ VWLUUHGꢂ IRUꢂ ꢍꢅꢂ PLQꢄꢂ Dꢂ VROXWLRQꢂꢂ
RIꢂꢅꢌꢆꢂJꢂRIꢂ1D 62 ꢂLQꢂꢆꢂPOꢂRIꢂZDWHUꢂDQGꢂꢆꢅꢂPOꢂRIꢂꢂ
ꢍQꢂDTXHRXVꢂVRGLXPꢂK\GUR[LGHꢂZHUHꢂDGGHGꢂLQꢂVXFFHVꢇ
VLRQꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂPL[WXUHꢂZDVꢂH[WUDFWHGꢂZLWKꢂGLHWK\OꢂHWKHUꢂ
ꢉꢁîꢍꢆꢂPOꢊꢌꢂ7KHꢂH[WUDFWꢂZDVꢂZDVKHGꢂZLWKꢂDꢂꢍQꢂVROXWLRQꢂ
RIꢂ1D2+ꢂꢉꢁîꢍꢅꢂPOꢊꢂDQGꢂZDWHUꢂDQGꢂHYDSRUDWHGꢄꢂDQGꢂWKHꢂ
UHVLGXHꢂZDVꢂVXEMHFWHGꢂWRꢂFKURPDWRJUDSK\ꢂXVLQJꢂSHWURꢇ
OHXPꢂHWKHU±GLHWK\OꢂHWKHUꢂꢉꢍꢐꢍꢊꢂDVꢂHOXHQWꢂWRꢂLVRODWHꢂꢅꢌꢆꢍꢂJꢂ
ꢉꢀꢑQꢊꢂRIꢂDꢂPL[WXUHꢂRIꢂDFHWDOVꢂ;;,D±;;,GꢂDVꢂDQꢂRLO\ꢂ
PDWHULDOꢌꢂ +ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&'&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂ
ꢅꢌꢏꢓꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢅꢌꢆꢍꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢋꢂꢅꢌꢀꢓ±ꢍꢌꢅꢈꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ
ꢈꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢅꢆ±ꢍꢌꢅꢑꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢆꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢅꢑꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢌꢈꢁ±ꢍꢌꢏꢏꢂPꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢌꢆꢃꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢓꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢌꢃꢆ±ꢍꢌꢓꢆꢂPꢂꢉꢆ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢌꢅꢍ±ꢂ
ꢁꢌꢍꢁꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢍꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ ꢁꢌꢍꢓ±ꢁꢌꢁꢃꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢈꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢌꢍꢅꢂ Pꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢁꢍꢂVꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢁꢂVꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢈꢂVꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢏꢂVꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢀꢂVꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢓꢂVꢄꢂ
ꢈꢌꢈꢅꢂ Vꢄꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢌꢈꢍꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢁîꢈ+ꢄꢂ 2&+ ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢌꢈꢆ±ꢈꢌꢏꢈꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ
ꢍꢑꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢈꢌꢆꢁꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂꢏꢌꢆꢍꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢌꢈꢍꢂPꢄꢂ
ꢆꢌꢈꢀꢂPꢄꢂꢆꢌꢏꢅꢂVꢄꢂDQGꢂꢆꢌꢏꢁꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢌꢆꢀꢂPꢄꢂꢆꢌꢃꢆꢂPꢄꢂ
ꢆꢌꢃꢃꢂPꢄꢂDQGꢂꢆꢌꢃꢓꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢌꢑꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢊꢋꢂꢆꢌꢑꢍꢂPꢂꢉꢁ+ꢄꢂ
ꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢐꢂꢍꢁꢌꢓꢅꢄꢂ
ꢍꢁꢌꢓꢏꢄꢂ ꢍꢁꢌꢓꢓꢄꢂ DQGꢂ ꢍꢈꢌꢅꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢍꢀꢌꢑꢃꢂ DQGꢂ ꢍꢀꢌꢀꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢁꢍꢌꢀꢆꢂDQGꢂꢁꢍꢌꢓꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢀꢌꢏꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢁꢀꢌꢓꢏꢄꢂꢁꢀꢌꢓꢑꢄꢂꢁꢀꢌꢓꢓꢄꢂ
DQGꢂ ꢁꢓꢌꢅꢁꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢏꢌꢏꢍꢂ DQGꢂ ꢈꢏꢌꢆꢑꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢃꢌꢆꢀꢄꢂ ꢈꢃꢌꢃꢍꢄꢂ
DQGꢂ ꢈꢃꢌꢃꢑꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢈꢀꢌꢁꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢏꢅꢌꢍꢆꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ ꢏꢈꢌꢁꢏꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢆꢅꢌꢀꢆꢂ ꢉ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂ ꢆꢈꢌꢁꢁꢄꢂ ꢆꢈꢌꢁꢑꢄꢂ ꢆꢈꢌꢃꢍꢄꢂ ꢆꢈꢌꢑꢆꢄꢂ ꢆꢈꢌꢓꢀꢄꢂ
ꢆꢏꢌꢅꢁꢄꢂ ꢆꢏꢌꢍꢁꢄꢂ DQGꢂ ꢆꢏꢌꢁꢈꢂ ꢉꢍꢆꢇ2&+ ꢄꢂ ꢍꢃꢇ2&+ ꢊꢋꢂ ꢆꢃꢌꢓꢈꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢃꢅꢌꢏꢅꢄꢂꢃꢅꢌꢏꢏꢄꢂꢃꢅꢌꢆꢏꢄꢂDQGꢂꢃꢅꢌꢆꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢃꢁꢌꢅꢆꢄꢂꢃꢁꢌꢅꢃꢄꢂ
ꢃꢁꢌꢏꢅꢄꢂDQGꢂꢃꢁꢌꢏꢏꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢑꢈꢌꢏꢁꢄꢂꢑꢈꢌꢆꢀꢄꢂꢑꢈꢌꢑꢍꢄꢂDQGꢂꢑꢈꢌꢓꢆꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢀꢈꢌꢍꢏꢄꢂꢀꢈꢌꢁꢍꢄꢂꢀꢈꢌꢈꢑꢄꢂDQGꢂꢀꢈꢌꢈꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢅꢃꢌꢅꢍꢄꢂ
ꢍꢅꢃꢌꢅꢀꢄꢂDQGꢂꢍꢅꢃꢌꢍꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢅꢑꢌꢏꢆꢄꢂꢍꢅꢑꢌꢆꢀꢄꢂꢍꢅꢑꢌꢃꢏꢄꢂꢂ
DQGꢂꢍꢅꢑꢌꢑꢓꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢁꢏꢌꢍꢀꢄꢂꢍꢁꢏꢌꢃꢃꢄꢂꢍꢁꢏꢌꢀꢏꢄꢂDQGꢂꢍꢁꢆꢌꢆꢆꢂ
ꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂꢍꢏꢃꢌꢁꢃꢄꢂꢍꢏꢃꢌꢏꢍꢄꢂꢍꢏꢃꢌꢆꢀꢄꢂDQGꢂꢍꢏꢃꢌꢓꢃꢂꢉ& ꢊꢋꢂ
ꢍꢑꢃꢌꢁꢁꢂꢉ& ꢊꢌ
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ꢉFꢂ ꢂꢁꢌꢀꢄꢂ&+&O ꢊꢌꢂ +ꢂ105ꢂVSHFWUXPꢂꢉ&'&O ꢊꢄꢂ ꢄꢂSSPꢂ
ꢉ-ꢄꢂ+]ꢊꢐꢂꢅꢌꢀꢀꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ& + ꢊꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢀꢂWꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢁꢄꢂ
ꢏꢌꢁꢄꢂꢅꢌꢓꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢅꢅꢂGꢌGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢆꢄꢂꢏꢌꢈꢄꢂꢍꢌꢅꢊꢄꢂꢂ
ꢍꢌꢍꢑꢂ GꢌGꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ ꢍꢁꢌꢆꢄꢂ ꢑꢌꢅꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢍꢓꢂ Vꢂ ꢉꢈ+ꢄꢂ
& + ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢏꢏꢂGꢌGꢌGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢆꢄꢂꢍꢁꢌꢃꢄꢂꢈꢌꢁꢄꢂꢍꢌꢅꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢌꢆꢍꢂ GꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢓꢇ +ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂ ꢓꢌꢀꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢆꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢆꢃꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢃꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢌꢑꢈꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢀꢊꢄꢂꢍꢌꢀꢍꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ
ꢍꢆꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂ ꢍꢌꢀꢓꢂ Pꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢃꢇ+ꢊꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢅꢑꢂ GꢌGꢌGꢂ ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂ ꢍꢍꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂ
ꢍꢆꢌꢁꢄꢂꢍꢁꢌꢑꢄꢂꢑꢌꢈꢊꢄꢂꢁꢌꢁꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢈꢇ+ꢄꢂ -ꢂ ꢂꢍꢈꢌꢁꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢈꢀꢂGꢌGꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢍꢌꢃꢄꢂꢁꢌꢅꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢃꢍꢂVꢂDQGꢂꢈꢌꢃꢁꢂVꢂꢉꢈ+ꢂHDFKꢄꢂ
1&+ ꢄꢂ2&+ ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢌꢓꢈꢂGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢑꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢍꢌꢃꢊꢄꢂꢏꢌꢆꢍꢂGꢌGꢂ
ꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢁꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢍꢁꢌꢑꢄꢂꢁꢌꢑꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢅꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢏꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢁꢌꢃꢄꢂ
ꢁꢌꢍꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢏꢏꢂGꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢆꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂꢁꢌꢃꢊꢄꢂꢃꢌꢆꢅꢂPꢂꢉꢍ+ꢄꢂꢍꢃꢇ+ꢄꢂ-ꢂ ꢂ
ꢁꢌꢍꢄꢂ ꢁꢌꢑꢊꢌꢂ &ꢂ 105ꢂ VSHFWUXPꢄꢂ ꢄꢂ SSPꢐꢂ ꢍꢑꢌꢅꢈꢂ ꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂ
ꢍꢓꢌꢁꢈꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢍꢌꢁꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢑꢌꢓꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢁꢀꢌꢀꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢈꢃꢌꢅꢃꢂ
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ꢍꢍꢀꢌꢀꢅꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢍꢌꢆꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢁꢆꢌꢑꢑꢂꢉ& ꢊꢄꢂꢍꢑꢑꢌꢍꢆꢂ
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