Monoplatinum doping of gold nanoclusters and catalytic application

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/ja307657a

We report single-atom doping of gold nanoclusters (NCs), and its drastic effects on the optical, electronic, and catalytic properties, using the 25-atom system as a model. In our synthetic approach, a mixture of Pt₁Au ₂₄(SC₂

Full text of DOI:10.1021/ja307657a

Communication
pubs.acs.org/JACS
Monoplatinum Doping of Gold Nanoclusters and Catalytic
Application
Huifeng Qian,† De-en Jiang,‡ Gao Li,† Chakicherla Gayathri,† Anindita Das,† Roberto R. Gil,†
and Rongchao Jin*,†
†Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
‡Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
S
* Supporting Information
Scheme 1. Procedure for Pt1Au24(SR)18 Synthesis
ABSTRACT: We report single-atom doping of gold
nanoclusters (NCs), and its drastic effects on the optical,
electronic, and catalytic properties, using the 25-atom
system as a model. In our synthetic approach, a mixture of
Pt1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 and Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 was produced
via a size-focusing process, and then Pt1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18
NCs were obtained by selective decomposition of
Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 in the mixture with concentrated H2O2
followed by purification via size-exclusion chromatography.
Experimental and theoretical analyses confirmed that
Pt1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 possesses a Pt-centered icosahedral
core capped by six Au2(SC2H4Ph)3 staples. The
Pt1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 cluster exhibits greatly enhanced
stability and catalytic activity relative to Au25(SC2H4Ph)18
but a smaller energy gap (Eg ≈ 0.8 eV vs 1.3 eV for the
homogold cluster).
10−14, including the above Pd and Ag dopants, can replace the
central atom of Au25(SR)18 while maintaining the electronic and
geometric structures.34,35 Of them, the monoplatinum-doped
Pt1Au24(SR)18 cluster was predicted to possess the highest
interaction energy between the central dopant and the
surrounding Au24(SR)18 framework.34 However, experimental
work on Pt doping of the 25-atom NC has not been reported to
date, largely because of the challenge of discriminating Pt from
Au since their atomic masses differ by merely 1.89 Da.
Here we report the synthesis and isolation of Pt1Au24(SR)18
NCs (R = C2H4Ph hereafter). Our experimental analyses and
DFT calculations confirm that Pt1Au24(SR)18 has a framework
similar to that of Au25(SR)18, with Pt replacing the central Au
atom. Compared with Au25(SR)18, Pt1Au24(SR)18 exhibits a
drastically different optical absorption spectrum as well as split P
orbitals [as opposed to the quasi-degenerate P orbitals in
Au25(SR)18]. We also observe a large enhancement of the
catalytic activity of Pt1Au24(SR)18 relative to Au25(SR)18.
hiolate-protected gold nanoclusters (NCs) have attracted
T
considerable research interest.1−8 Their new properties
render NCs quite promising in applications such as catalysis,
sensing, and photovoltaics.9−12 Significant advances have
recently been made in the synthesis and characterization of Au
and Ag NCs.13−26 Among the reported Aun(SR)m NCs (SR =
thiolate), Au25(SR)18 has been extensively studied. Its
structure27,28 consists of a centered icosahedral Au13 core and
an exterior shell of six Au2(SR)3 “staples”,27−29 but the properties
of this cluster are still not fully understood because of the
complexity,1a which motivated us to study this 25-atom system
further by doping with foreign atoms to probe the perturbation
effects. With respect to doping, Murray et al. observed
monopalladium-doped Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 in a mixture with
other species [e.g., Au25(SC2H4Ph)18] by mass spectrometry
(MS).30 Negishi et al.31 successfully isolated pure
Pd1Au24(SC12H25)18 by solvent fractionation and HPLC. Density
functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the Pd
atom replaced the central gold atom in Au25(SR)18.31 Qian et
al.32 developed two methods for the synthesis of
Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 clusters, and pure clusters were isolated;
moreover, the centrally doped Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 structure
was identified by its fragmentation pattern in MS analysis.
Recently, Negishi et al.33 observed a continuous blue shift of
optical absorption and fluorescence peaks with increasing
number of Ag dopants in AgxAu25−x(SR)18. Jiang et al.
theoretically predicted that 16 elements from groups 1, 2, and
A modified one-phase method16b with tetrahydrofuran (THF)
as the solvent (Scheme 1) was used to prepare Pt1Au24(SR)18.
Details are provided in the Supporting Information. In the
synthesis, a size-focusing process13 was evidenced by the gradual
appearance of distinct peaks in the optical spectrum of the crude
product. A mixture of Au25(SR)18 and Pt-doped clusters was
obtained after ∼5 h. The UV/vis spectrum of the crude product
exhibited peaks characteristic of Au25(SR)18 at 400, 450, and 670
nm28 (Figure 1a), implying the presence of Au25(SR)18 in the
crude product. However, the peaks at 400 and 450 nm were less
prominent than the peaks of pure Au25(SR)18, indicating that the
crude sample also contained other cluster species.
The crude product was washed with methanol to remove
excess thiol and then extracted with CH3CN to remove insoluble
AuSR. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to isolate
Pt1Au24(SR)18 clusters from Au25(SR)18 clusters. The SEC
chromatogram showed two peaks (Figure S1). The first eluate
(10.0−13.6 min) showed distinct absorption peaks at 400, 450,
Received: August 2, 2012
Published: September 19, 2012
© 2012 American Chemical Society
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Journal of the American Chemical Society
Communication
peaks from the phenyl group are observed at 7.0−7.3 ppm.
Unlike the [Au25(SR)18]−TOA+ cluster,27,28 no tetraoctylammo-
nium (TOA+) ion was found in the NMR spectrum of
Pt1Au24(SR)18, indicating that the cluster should not be anionic.
No organic anions were found either; thus, Pt1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18
should be charge-neutral.
According to the 2D correlation spectroscopy (COSY) NMR
spectrum of Pt1Au24(SR)18 (Figure S4A), the two proton peaks
at 3.90 and 3.18 ppm are cross-correlated and thus categorized as
one group (designated group 1); they belong to two carbons
(37.5 and 44.1 ppm), as indicated by the heteronuclear single-
quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum (Figure S5). The proton
peaks at 3.12 and 2.95 ppm (Figure S4A) form another group of
ligands (designated group 2) with 13C shifts of 35.5 and 41.0 ppm
(Figure S5). The group 1/group 2 integral ratio is 2:1. Taken
together, the two types of ligand environments and their 2:1 ratio
are consistent with the ligand distribution pattern in Au25(SR)18.
Figure 1. UV/vis spectra of (a) the crude product solution, (b,c)
samples treated with H2O2 for (b) 5 min and (c) 3 h, and (d) a sample
purified by SEC. Solvent: CH2Cl2.
1
It is also noteworthy that even the H chemical shifts of
Pt1Au24(SR)18 are very similar to those of Au25(SR)18,39 implying
that the ligands are bonded to the same type of metal atom (i.e.,
Au) in both clusters; in other words, the Pt atom must be located
at the center of the icosahedron. If otherwise it were located in
the staples or at the surface of the icosahedron, it would break the
symmetry of the ligand environment and affect the NMR shifts.
Only the central atom is not bonded to ligands; thus, having Pt as
the central atom would not break the Oh ligand symmetry.40,41
The PXRD patterns of Pt1Au24(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 both
showed a peak at ∼37° and a weak one at ∼65° (Figure S6). In
MALDI MS fragmentation analysis (Figure S7), a common loss
of Au4(SR)4 was observed, revealing that both clusters have
Au2(SR)3 staples as opposed to PtAu(SR)3 staples. All of these
similarities indicate that Pt1Au24(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 adopt
similar structures and that the Pt atom in the former should
occupy the central site. The monodispersity of Pt1Au24(SR)18
was further confirmed by wide-range MALDI MS (m/z 500−
50000) with increasing laser intensity (Figure S8).
To corroborate further the central doping of Pt, DFT
calculations42,43 at the generalized gradient approximation level
of theory were performed to compare the energetics of the three
isomers of the neutral Pt1Au24(SCH3)18 cluster. We found that
central doping of Pt is indeed the most stable configuration,
followed by doping in the Au12 icosahedral shell (35 kJ/mol
higher in energy) and then in the staple motif (73 kJ/mol higher
in energy). These results support the conclusion from the above
NMR and LDI MS analyses that Pt should be located at the
center of the Pt1Au24(SR)18 cluster. We note that central doping
is also preferred for Pd in the Pd1Au24(SR)18 cluster, as reported
in previous DFT studies.31,44,45
Although the Pt1Au24(SR)18 NC was proved to adopt a
structure similar to that of Au25(SR)18, we surprisingly found that
the UV/vis/NIR spectrum of Pt1Au24(SR)18 was significantly
different from that of Au25(SR)18. As shown in Figure 3A, a
distinct peak in the visible range was found at 590 nm, with an
additional broad peak in the NIR range centered at ∼1100 nm.
We note that no NIR peak was observed for either Au25(SR)18 or
Pd1Au24(SR)18 clusters.28,31,32 To see the broad NIR peak of
Pt1Au24(SR)18 clearly, the wavelength-scale spectrum [absorb-
ance (abs) vs λ] was converted to the photon energy scale (abs vs
E) according to the relation abs(E) ∝ abs(λ)λ2. As shown in
Figure 3B, the onset of optical absorption (i.e., the energy gap) of
Pt1Au24(SR)18 clusters was at ∼0.8 eV (as obtained by
extrapolating the lowest-energy peak to zero absorbance),
which is much lower than that of Au25(SR)18 clusters (∼1.33
Figure 2. (A) ESI-MS of Pt1Au24(SR)18 nanoclusters. (B) Experimental
and simulated isotope patterns of Pt1Au24(SR)18Cs+ and Au25(SR)18Cs+
(a resolving power of 9500 was used in the simulation).
and 670 nm, indicating Au25(SR)18, whereas the second eluate
(13.8−15.2 min) showed a single peak at 590 nm, indicating that
it should be a new species.
Unlike the Au25(SR)18 cluster, the new cluster was found to be
very robust in the oxidation environment, which allowed us to
decompose Au25(SR)18 selectively by reaction with concentrated
H2O2 (30 wt%), enriching the new species in the crude product.
After H2O2 treatment for 3 h, we observed the disappearance of
the 670 nm peak of Au25 and the appearance of a new absorption
peak at 590 nm (Figure 1b,c). The remaining clusters were then
collected and purified by SEC. The as-purified clusters showed a
distinct absorption peak at 590 nm (Figure 1d).
The SEC-purified sample was then analyzed by electrospray
ionization (ESI) MS. It should be pointed out that discriminating
Pt (195.08 Da) from Au (196.97 Da) is challenging because of
their very small mass difference (1.89 Da). We employed high-
precision ESI-MS to analyze the new cluster. The ESI mass
spectrum (Figure 2A) showed an intense peak at m/z 7524.8
(the most abundant isotope peak); since cesium acetate was
added to form Cs+ adducts, this peak was assigned to
Pt1Au24(SR)18Cs+ (calcd 7524.8 Da). The experimental isotopic
pattern was superimposable with the simulated one but different
from that of Au25(SR)18Cs+ (Figure 2B), confirming the formula
determination (see Figure S2 for a more detailed comparison).
Following the identification of the monoplatinum-doped
cluster, a question naturally arose: where is the Pt dopant in the
25-metal-atom structure? The Pt dopant could be at the center,
in the icosahedral shell, or in one of the dimer staples. To probe
the structure of the cluster and the position of the Pt dopant, we
performed NMR, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), laser
desorption ionization (LDI), and matrix-assisted LDI
(MALDI) fragmentation analyses as well as DFT simulations.
NMR spectroscopy is useful for probing the symmetry of the
Au core by analyzing the surface ligand distribution pattern.36−40
In Figure S3, the proton peaks at 3.90, 3.18, 3.12, and 2.95 ppm
are from the methylene groups in the ligands, and the proton
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Communication
Table 1. Catalytic Performance of Pt1Au24(SR)18/TiO2 and
a
Au25(SR)18/TiO2 for Styrene Oxidation
b
selectivity (%)
conv.
b
styrene
epoxide
catalyst
only TiO2
(%)
benzaldehyde
acetophenone
15.8
58.9
90.8
76.1
54.0
89.9
23.9
44.3
9.8
trace
1.7
Au25(SR)18/TiO2
Pt1Au24(SR)18/TiO2
0.3
a
Reaction conditions: 0.1 mmol styrene, 0.1 mmol PhI(OAc)2, 100
mg TiO2 or 1 wt% loading of clusters, 2 mL acetonitrile, 70 °C, 10 h.
b
Conversion and selectivity were determined by NMR.
transition is forbidden under the dipole selection rule because
both the HOMO and LUMO are superatomic 1P orbitals
(Figure 4). The simulated peak at 2.2 eV involves multiple
absorption lines, each of which again has contributions from
multiple orbital transitions. This further implies the more
complex electronic structure of Pt1Au24(SCH3)18.
Figure 3. (A,B) UV/vis/NIR spectra of Pt1Au24(SR)18 on the (A)
wavelength and (B) photon energy scales. (C) Photograph of
[Pt1Au24(SR)18]0, [Au25(SR)18]0, and [Au25(SR)18]− (R = C2H4Ph)
solutions under room light. (D) TDDFT/B3LYP-simulated optical
spectrum of Pt1Au24(SCH3)18.
It is worth commenting on the stabilities of the Pt1Au24(SR)18
and homogold Au25(SR)18 NCs. As discussed above, H2O2
treatment of the crude product containing the mixture of
Pt1Au24(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 led to decomposition of
Au25(SR)18, while Pt1Au24(SR)18 survived the harsh treatment.
Thus, Pt1Au24(SR)18 is more stable than Au25(SR)18. Negishi et
al.31 found that Pd1Au24(SR)18 also is more stable than
Au25(SR)18. The enhanced stability of Pt1Au24(SR)18 is
attributed to the stronger interaction between the central Pt
atom and the Au12 icosahedral cage.34 MacDonald et al.46
recently elucidated the “metallic” behavior of the 13-atom
icosahedral core and the “molecular” behavior of the six dimer
staples. It would be interesting to probe the behavior of doped
NCs further. Studies of the doped clusters will shed more light on
their complex electronic structure and optical properties.
We further investigated the catalytic activity of 25-atom
clusters supported on TiO2 for the selective oxidation of styrene
with PhI(OAc)2 as the oxidant. The catalytic reaction was carried
out at 70 °C for 10 h in acetonitrile under a N2 atmosphere (for
other conditions, see Table 1 footnotes and details in the SI). As
shown in Table 1, the Pt1Au24(SR)18/TiO2 catalyst gave rise to
90.8% conversion of styrene, which is much higher than that for
the Au25(SR)18/TiO2 catalyst (∼58.9%), and the selectivity for
benzaldehyde (89.9%) was also higher than that of Au25(SR)18/
TiO2 catalyst (54.0%). These results show that the
Pt1Au24(SR)18/TiO2 catalyst has a higher catalytic activity for
styrene oxidation than Au25(SR)18/TiO2. A similar enhancement
in catalytic activity was also seen in the case of Pd doping.47
In summary, we have synthesized and characterized
monoplatinum-doped Pt1Au24(SR)18 nanoclusters. The struc-
tural similarities between Pt1Au24(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 were
revealed by combined NMR, PXRD, and LDI-MS analyses.
PXRD revealed similar diffraction patterns for the two clusters.
Both clusters showed two types of surface ligand environments as
identified by NMR analysis. In fragmentation analysis by MS, a
common loss of Au4(SR)4 unit was observed, revealing that both
clusters have Au2(SR)3 staples as opposed to PtAu(SR)3 ones.
Lastly, the energies and optical spectra of doped isomers
calculated by DFT also strongly supported the central doping of
Pt in the Pt1Au24(SR)18 NC. Therefore, it is unequivocal that
Pt1Au24(SR)18 possesses a Pt-centered icosahedral core (i.e., Pt@
Au12) protected by six staple motifs. The monoplatinum doping
causes drastic effects on the optical, electronic, and catalytic
properties of Au NCs.
Figure 4. Electronic energy levels of Pt1Au24(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18.
eV). The Pt1Au24(SR)18 solution exhibited a green color, which is
quite different from the brown colors of anionic and neutral
Au25(SR)18 clusters (Figure 3C).
To understand the origin of the absorption peaks of
Pt1Au24(SR)18, we simulated the optical absorption spectra of
the three possible Pt doping locations of a model cluster,
Pt1Au24(SCH3)18, using time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) at the
B3LYP level (Figure S9). We found that the spectrum for Pt
doping at the center of the cluster gave the best match with the
experimental spectrum (Figure 3D). The simulated peaks at 1.2
and 2.2 eV can be assigned to the experimental peaks at 1.1 and
2.1 eV, respectively; the agreement is quite good. The predicted
peak at 1.55 eV is not pronounced in the experimental spectrum.
In terms of the electronic transition, the simulated peak at 1.2 eV
mainly (97%) involves the transition from the HOMO−2 orbital
to the LUMO (Figure 4) rather than the normally expected
HOMO−LUMO transition.
Interestingly, the HOMO of Pt1Au24(SCH3)18 consists of two
degenerate 1P orbitals, and the LUMO is also a 1P orbital
(Figure 4). The LUMO of Pt1Au24(SCH3)18 shows the character
of the superatomic 1P orbital (Figure S10), while the HOMO−2
orbital has contributions from all over the cluster. This indicates a
more complex picture of the electronic structure of
Pt1Au24(SCH3)18 due to Pt doping, as opposed to the simpler
electronic picture of [Au25(SR)18]−, in which the HOMO
consists of roughly triply degenerate 1P orbitals (Figure
4).5,8,29,34 For optical excitation, the absorption spectrum of
Au25(SR)18− is also simpler, showing one dominant peak at 1.8
eV, in the 1.0−2.5 eV range, due to the HOMO−LUMO
transition,28a,35 while for Pt1Au24(SCH3)18, the HOMO−LUMO
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Journal of the American Chemical Society
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ASSOCIATED CONTENT
■
S
* Supporting Information
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Synthesis details and Figures S1−S10 and Table S1. This
material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.
acs.org.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
■
Corresponding Author
rongchao@andrew.cmu.edu
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
■
The experimental work was supported by the Air Force Office of
Scientific Research under AFOSR Award FA9550-11-1-9999
(FA9550-11-1-0147) and the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar
Awards Program. NMR instrumentation at CMU was partially
supported by NSF (CHE-0130903 and CHE-1039870). We
thank Dr. Zhongrui Zhou for assistance in ESIMS analysis and
Prof. Richard D. McCullough for UV/vis/NIR measurements.
The theoretical work was supported by the Division of Chemical
Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy
Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. DFT calculations used
resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing
Center, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S.
Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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