Lupeol-3-O-decanoate, a new triterpene ester from Cadaba farinosa Forssk. growing in Saudi Arabia

Article abstract of DOI:10.1007/s00044-013-0536-1

A new triterpene ester (1) together with eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from the leaves of Cadaba farinosa Forssk. Their chemical structures were established on the basis of physical, chemical, and spectroscopic methods (IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectral analyses) to be: lupeol-3-O-decanoate (1), lupeol (2), β-sitosterol (3), ursolic acid (4), 12-aminododecanoic (5), dillenetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (6), stachydrine (7), 3-hydroxy-stachydrine (8), and quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (9). That is the first report for the isolation of compound 5 from a plant source. Compounds 5, 6, and 9 were evaluated for their antioxidant activity.

Full text of DOI:10.1007/s00044-013-0536-1

MEDICINAL
CHEMISTRY
RESEARCH
Med Chem Res
DOI 10.1007/s00044-013-0536-1
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Lupeol-3-O-decanoate, a new triterpene ester from Cadaba
farinosa Forssk. growing in Saudi Arabia
•
Nawal M. Al-Musayeib Gamal A. Mohamed
•
•
Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim Samir A. Ross
Received: 24 October 2012 / Accepted: 2 February 2013
Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract A new triterpene ester (1) together with eight
known compounds (2–9) were isolated from the leaves of
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. Their chemical structures were
established on the basis of physical, chemical, and spec-
troscopic methods (IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectral
analyses) to be: lupeol-3-O-decanoate (1), lupeol (2),
b-sitosterol (3), ursolic acid (4), 12-aminododecanoic (5),
dillenetin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (6), stachydrine (7),
3-hydroxy-stachydrine (8), and quercetin-3-O-b-D-gluco-
pyranoside (9). That is the first report for the isolation of
compound 5 from a plant source. Compounds 5, 6, and 9
were evaluated for their antioxidant activity.
Keywords Cadaba farinosa ꢀ Capparidaceae ꢀ
Lupeol-3-O-decanoate ꢀ 12-Aminododecanoic acid ꢀ
Antioxidant
Introduction
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. (family Capparidaceae) is a
slender shrub with strongly furrowed stem. The plant
grows in African Sahel and Saudi Arabia (Rahman et al.,
2004; Telrandhe et al., 2010a). It is a West African plant
known by different names as dangarafa (Hausa) and legel
(Fulani) in Nigeria; maure in Mauritania and Senegal;
quinquemini in Guinea; balamji in Niger (Gaffa and Ayo,
2003); and Azan-al-arnab in Saudi Arabia (Rahman et al.,
2004). The leaf juice is used as a remedy for dysentery,
fever, cough, anthrax, and lungs problem in Africa, Saudi
Arabia, and India (Gohar, 2002; Rahman et al., 2004). It
possesses anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anthelmintic, purga-
tive, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities
(Tenpe et al., 2006; Sanghi et al., 2007; Telrandhe et al.,
2010b). Previous chemical investigations of C. farinosa
revealed the presence of alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic
acids, and fatty acids (Viqar Uddin et al., 1985; Yousif
et al., 1984; Viqar Uddin et al., 1987; Viqar Uddin et al.,
1990; Glew et al., 2010). No reports on the constituents of
C. farinosa growing in Saudi Arabia, so a comprehensive
study of the plant’s constituents was undertaken. This
article reports the isolation and characterization of one new
triterpene ester (1) together with eight known compounds
(2–9) from the leaves of C. farinosa. Also documents the
isolation of compound 5 for the first time from plant
source. Compounds 5, 6, and 9 exhibited good antioxidant
activity.
N. M. Al-Musayeib
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
G. A. Mohamed
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine,
Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
G. A. Mohamed
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
S. R. M. Ibrahim
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
S. A. Ross (&)
National Center for Natural Products Research, and Department
of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University
of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
e-mail: sross@olemiss.edu
123

Med Chem Res
Materials and methods
Chemistry
General
Extraction and isolation
Melting point was carried out in Electrothermal 9100
Digital Melting Point (England). IR was measured on
Schimadzu Infrared-400 spectrophotometer (Japan). The
UV spectra were carried out in MeOH using a perkin
elmer lambda 25 UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Low-reso-
lution mass spectra were recorded on a Finnigan MAT
TSQ 7000 mass spectrometer. HRESIMS was determined
The air-dried powdered leaves (400 g) were extracted with
MeOH (2.5 L 9 4) at room temperature. The combined
extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a
dark greenish brown residue (20.3 g). The latter was sus-
pended in distilled water (200 mL) then partitioned
between n-hexane (500 mL 9 4), EtOAc (500 mL 9 4),
and n-butanol (500 mL 9 3), successively. Each fraction
was concentrated under reduced pressure to give n-hexane
(4.3 g), EtOAc (4.0 g), n-butanol (4.1 g), and aqueous
(5.8 g) fractions.
with
a
micromass Qtof two mass spectrometer.
HRFABMS was determined on a Finnigan MAT-312.
UV spectra were recorded in MeOH on a Shimadzu 1601
UV-Vis spectrophotometer. 1H and 13C NMR spectra
were measured on Bruker DRX 500 spectrometer (Bru-
ker, Rheinstetten, Germany). A GCMS was performed on
Clarus 500 GC/MS (perkin elmer, Shelton, CT). The
software controller/integrator was turbo mass, version
4.5.0.007 (perkin elmer). An elite 5 MS GC capillary
column (30 9 0.25 mm 9 0.5 lm, perkin elmer) was
used. The carrier gas was helium at a flow rate of 2 mL/
min (32 p.s.i., flow initial 55.8 cm/s, split; 1:40). Tem-
perature conditions were: inlet line temperature, 200 °C;
source temperature, 150 °C; trap emission, 100 °C; and
electron energy, 70 eV. The column temperature program
was: 50 °C for 5 min, increased to 220 °C (rate, 20 °C/
min), and held for 5 min. The injector temperature was
220 °C. MS scan was from 50 to 650 m/z. Vacuum
liquid chromatography (VLC) was carried out on sil-
ica gel 60 (0.04–0.063 mm, Merck). Column chromato-
graphic separations were performed over silica gel
60 (0.04–0.063 mm, Merck) and sephadex LH-20
(0.25–0.1 mm Merck). TLC analyses were carried out on
pre-coated silica gel F254 aluminum sheets and RP-18
F254s glass plates (Merck). Compounds were detected by
UV absorption at kmax 255 and 366 nm followed by
spraying with anisaldehyde/H2SO4 reagent and heating at
110 °C for 1–2 min. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) and propyl gallate (PG) as reference samples for
antioxidant were purchased from sigma chemical co.
(Germany).
The n-hexane fraction (4.3 g) was subjected to VLC
(100 g, silica gel) using n-hexane:EtOAc gradient, five
fractions were obtained. Fraction-2 (0.72 g, n-hex-
ane:EtOAc 75:25) was chromatographed on silica gel col-
umn (120 g 9 50 9 3 cm) using n-hexane:EtOAc
gradients to afford compounds 1 (13 mg, white amorphous
powder) and 2 (18 mg, colorless crystals). Fraction-3
(0.73 g, n-hexane:EtOAc 50:50) was subjected to silica gel
column (120 g 9 50 9 3 cm) using n-hexane:EtOAc
gradients to afford compound 3 (52 mg, white needles).
Fraction-4 (0.65 g, n-hexane:EtOAc 25:75) was chromato-
graphed over silica gel column (100 g 9 50 9 3 cm) using
n-hexane:EtOAc as an eluent to afford three main subfrac-
tions (A–C). Column chromatography (100 g 9 50 9 3 cm)
of subfraction B (0.23 g) using n-hexane:EtOAc gradient
yielded compounds 4 (16 mg, White crystals) and 5 (9 mg,
white crystals).
The EtOAc fraction was subjected to VLC (100 g, silica
gel) using CHCl3:MeOH gradients, four fractions were
obtained. Fraction-2 (0.83 g, CHCl3:MeOH 50:50) was sub-
jected to silica gel column (120 g 9 50 9 3 cm) using
CHCl3:MeOH gradients to afford compounds 6 (16 mg, yel-
low amorphous powder) and 7 (28 mg, colorless oil). Fraction-
3 (0.78 g, CHCl3:MeOH 25:75) was chromatographed over
sephadex LH-20 column (150 g 9 100 9 5 cm) using
CHCl3:MeOH (1:9) as an eluent to obtain three main sub-
fractions (D–F). Subfraction E (0.21 g) was subjected to silica
gel column (80 g 9 50 9 3 cm) using CHCl3–MeOH gradi-
ents to give compound 9 (12 mg, yellow amorphous powder).
Silica gel column chromatography of subfraction-F (0.31 g)
using CHCl3–MeOH gradient gave compound 8 (19 mg, col-
orless oil).
Plant material
The leaves of C. farinosa Forssk. were collected in March
2010 from Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. The plant was kindly
identified by taxonomist at the department of pharmacog-
nosy, college of pharmacy, King Saud University. A vou-
cher specimen has been deposited at the herbarium of
research center for medicinal aromatic and poisonous
plants of the same college, under the registration number
CF-3-2008.
Lupeol 3-O-decanoate (1): white amorphous powder.
IR (KBr): cmax 2,835, 1,695 1,664, 885, 725 cm-1
.
HRFABMS m/z: 581.5214 (Calcd. for C40H69O2 581.5219)
[M ? H]?, 410.4611 [C30H50]?, 426.6912 [C30H50O]?. 1H
and 13C NMR (see Table 1).
12-Aminododecanoic acid (5): white crystals; m.
o
p. 186–187 C. IR (KBr): cmax 3,280, 2,950, 2,845, 1,710,
123

Med Chem Res
Table 1 NMR data of compounds 1 and 5 (500 and 125 MHz)
1a
5b
No.
dC (mult.)
dH [mult., J (Hz)] HMBC
H?C
No.
dC (mult.)
dH [mult., J (Hz)] HMBC
H?C
1
37.5 (CH2)
25.4 (CH2)
76.3 (CH)
38.0 (C)
1.62 m
1.90 m, 1.65 m
4.38 m
–
9
1
176.8 (C)
–
–
2
–
2
35.6 (CH2)
26.3 (CH2)
30.3 (CH2)
2.52 t (7.5)
1.79 m
1.39 m
1, 3, 4
3
2, 5, 10
3
2, 4
4
–
4
3
5
50.2 (CH)
20.8 (CH2)
33.2 (CH2)
41.0 (C)
0.90 m
1.43 m, 1.22 m
1.42 m
–
1, 7, 9
(CH2)6
30.5-30.7 (CH2) 1.24-1.28 m
–
6
–
11
12
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
30.4 (CH2)
50.7 (CH2)
1.39 m
12
7
–
3.23 t (7.2)
11, (CH2)6
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9
49.0 (CH)
35.6 (C)
1.21 m
–
10, 11, 25, 26
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
–
22.7 (CH2)
25.1 (CH2)
37.3 (CH)
42.9 (C)
1.28 m
1.65 m, 1.09 m
1.05 m
–
–
–
14, 17
–
27.4 (CH2)
34.1 (CH2)
43.0 (C)
1.63 m
1.44 m, 1.35 m
–
–
14, 17, 18
–
48.3 (CH)
48.0 (CH)
151.0 (C)
29.8 (CH2)
40.0 (CH2)
28.3 (CH3)
18.3 (CH3)
16.0 (CH3)
15.9 (CH3)
14.6 (CH3)
19.3 (CH3)
109.3 (CH2)
1.35 m
2.38 m
–
12, 19, 20
13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 29
–
1.91 m
1.38 m, 1.18 m
0.84 s
18, 20
–
3, 4, 5
3, 4, 5
5, 9, 10
9, 8, 14
8, 14, 15
17, 18
19, 30
19, 30
19, 20, 29
–
0.83 s
0.93 s
1.06 s
0.96 s
0.79 s
4.68 s
4.56 s
30
10
20
22.1 (CH3)
170.2 (C)
1.68 s
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
32.8 (CH2)
2.36 m
10
(CH2)6
29.7-29.4 (CH2) 1.25–1.28 m
–
90
100
a
22.7 (CH2)
14.1 (CH3)
1.23 m
–
0.88 t (6.7)
80, 90
NMR data were recorded in C5D5N
b
NMR data were recorded in CDCl3
725 cm-1. HRESIMS m/z: 216.1889 [M ? H]? (calcd. for
with 1 N HCl/MeOH. The solution was extracted with
CHCl3. The solvent was evaporated and the residue
obtained was chromatographed on a silica gel column using
n-hexane:EtOAc gradient to furnish lupeol and methyl ester
of decanoic acid. Lupeol was identified by EIMS analysis
and co-TLC with authentic sample. The methyl ester of
decanoic acid was identified by GCMS (Fig. 1).
1
C12H26NO2 216.1885). H and 13C NMR (see Table 1).
Alkaline hydrolysis of compound 1
A solution of 1 (7 mg) in 3 % KOH/MeOH (4 mL) was left
to stand for 15 min at room temperature then neutralized
123

Med Chem Res
(H-29a) and 4.68 (H-29b) in the 1H NMR spectrum,
together with the values of unsaturated carbons at dC 109.3
(C-29) and 151.0 (C-20), as well as seven tertiary methyl
signals at dH 0.79, 0.83, 0.84, 0.93, 0.96, 1.06, and 1.68,
respectively, and confirmed by the fragment ion peaks at
m/z 410.4611 [C30H50]? and 426.6912 [C30H50O]?.
Moreover, a multiplet signal at dH 4.38 was assigned to an
oxymethine proton H-3. Additionally, a terminal methyl
signal at dH 0.88 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, H-10), multiplet methy-
lene at dH 2.38 (H-20), and strong methylene proton signals
around dH 1.25 were indicative of the presence of a fatty
acid, which was also supported by the appearance of 13C
signals due to an ester carbonyl group at dC 170.2, a long-
chain of methylene groups at dC 29.4–29.7, and a terminal
methyl at dC 14.1. The fatty acid was estimated to be
composed of C10 by alkaline treatment of 1 to afford
lupeol and decanoic acid methyl ester that was identified by
GCMS analysis. The downfield shift of H-3 (dH 4.38) in 1
in comparison to its corresponding signal in 2 (dH 3.17)
revealed the attachment of the fatty acid at C-3 of 1 that
was confirmed by the HMBC correlation of H-3 with C-10
(Fig. 2). On the basis of these findings, 1 was assigned as
lupeol 3-O-decanoate and found to be a new natural
product. This is the first report for the isolation of fatty acid
ester of a triterpene from this plant.
Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay)
The method was carried out as previously described
(Mohamed, 2008). The tested compounds were dissolved
in HPLC MeOH to obtain a concentration of 20 lM. Then
0.5 mL of sample was mixed with 1 mL of DPPH
(11.8 mg in 1 L HPLC MeOH) and allowed to stand for
half an hour for any reaction to occur. The UV absorbance
was recorded at 517 nm. The experiment was performed in
triplicate and the average absorption was noted. The anti-
oxidant activity was calculated using the following
equation:
Antioxidant active ¼ 100
ꢁ
ꢀ
ꢁ
absorbance with compound
1 ꢂ
absorbance of the blank
Results and discussion
Compound 1 was obtained as white amorphous powder and
its molecular formula was determined to be C40H68O2 by
HRFABMS (m/z 581.5214 [M ? H]?), representing seven
degrees of unsaturation. The IR spectrum exhibited
absorption bands at 1,695 (carbonyl) and 1,664, 885 cm-1
(exocyclic di-substituted double bond) as well as absorp-
tion band at 725 cm-1 for long aliphatic chain (Chumkaew
et al., 2005; Furukawa et al., 2002). The 13C NMR spec-
trum indicated that 1 was a triterpenoid with a lupane
skeleton (Chumkaew et al., 2005; Furukawa et al., 2002;
Jain and Bari, 2010). This was established by the charac-
teristic signals for two broad singlet signals at dH 4.56
Compound 5 was isolated as white crystals. The
molecular formula for 5 was C12H25NO2 confirmed by the
HRESIMS molecular ion peak at m/z 216.1889 [M ? H]?
in combination with 13C NMR and HMQC data, with one
degree of unsaturation due to the carbonyl carbon. It
showed IR absorption bands at 3,280, 2,950, 2,845, and
29
Fig. 1 Chemical structures of
isolated compounds
20
30
12
19
21
18
22
13
17
11
25
26
28
1
14
16
2
3
9
6
O
8
7
10
15
27
4
5
HO
O
2
1
24
23
R
COOH
H
COO
CH3
N
H3C
H
H
3
4
7 R = H
8 R = OH
HO
H
OR1
H
H
OR2
HO
O
O
HO
O
3
9
7
5
6 R = Glu, R1 = R2 = CH3
9 R = Glu, R1 = R2 = H
10
6
12 NH2
4
8
11
HO
1
2
OR
5
OH
123

Med Chem Res
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Dr. Volker Brecht
(nuclear magnetics resonance, institute fuer pharmazeutische wis-
¨
senschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat, Freiburg, Germany) for MS
spectral measurements.
COSY
HMBC
O
References
O
1
Afsharypuor S, Jazy AA (1999) Stachydrine and volatile isothiocy-
anate from the unripe fruit of Capparis spinosa L. DARU
7:11–13
O
NH2
HO
Blunden G, Gordon SM, Mclean WFH, Keysel GR (1983)
b-Stachydrine, a novel betaine from griffithsla flosculosa.
Phytochemistry 22:293
5
Chumkaew P, Kato S, Chantrapromma K (2005) A new triterpenoid
ester from the fruits of Bruguiera parviflora. Chem Pharm Bull
53:95–96
Fig. 2 Important COSY and HMBC correlations for compounds 1
and 5
Cotelle N, Bernier J, Catteau J, Pommery J, Wallet J, Gaydou EM
(1996) Antioxidant properties of hydroxyl-flavones. Free Radic
Biol Med 20:35–43
Dugas AJ Jr, Castan˜eda-Acosta J, Bonin GC, Price KL, Fischer NH,
Winston GW (2000) Evaluation of the total peroxyl radical-
scavenging capacity of flavonoids: structure activity relation-
ships. J Nat Prod 63:327–331
Ebada SS, Ayoub NA, Singab A, Al-Azizi MM (2008) Phytophen-
olics from Peltophorum africanum sond. (fabaceae) with prom-
ising hepatoprotective activity. Pharmacog Mag 4:286–292
Feng X, Lu J, Xin H, Zhang L, Wang Y, Tang K (2011) Anti-arthritic
active fraction of Capparis spinosa L. fruit and its chemical
constituents. Yakugaku Zasshi 131:423–429
Furukawa S, Takagi N, Ikeda T, Ono M, Nafady AM, Nohara T,
Sugimoto H, Doi S, Yamada H (2002) Two novel long-chain
alkanoic acid esters of lupeol from Alecrim-Propolis. Chem
Pharm Bull 50:439–440
Gaffa T, Ayo JA (2003) Physicochemical and sensory effects of
Cadaba farinosa crude extract on cereal starches during kunun
zaki production. Pak J Nutr 2:13–17
Glew RH, Kramer JK, Hernandez M, Pastuszyn A, Ernst J, Djomdi
NN, Jagt DJV (2010) The amino acids, mineral and fatty acid
content of three species of human plant foods in Cameroun. Food
4:1–6
Gohar AA (2002) Flavonol glycosides from Cadaba glandulosa.
Z Naturforsch 57c:216–220
Jain PS, Bari SB (2010) Isolation of lupeol, stigmasterol and
campesterol from petroleum ether extract of woody stem of
Wrightia tinctoria. Asian J Plant Sci 9:163–167
Mohamed GA (2008) Alliuocide G, a new flavonoid with potent
a-amylase inhibitory activity from Allium cepa L. ARKIVOC
xi:202–209
Mohamed GA, Abdel-Lateff A, Fouad MA, Ibrahim SRM, Elkhayat
ES, Okino T (2009) Chemical composition and hepatoprotective
activity of Imperata cylindrica Beauv. Pharmacog Mag 4:28–36
Muhit MA, Tareq SM, Apu AS, Basak D, Islam MS (2010) Isolation
and identification of compounds from the leaf extract of Dillenia
indica Linn. Bangladesh Pharm J 13:49–53
Pier-Giorgio P (2000) Flavonoids as antioxidants. J Nat Prod 63:
1035–1042
Rahman MA, Mossa JS, Al-Said MS, Al-Yahya MA (2004)
Medicinal plant diversity in the flora of Saudi Arabia 1: a report
on seven plant families. Fitoterapia 75:149–161
725 cm-1 for the long aliphatic chain and at 1,710 cm-1
for the carbonyl moiety. Its 1H NMR displayed a downfield
triplet at dH 3.23 (J = 7.5 Hz, H-12), which was assigned
to a methylene bonded to NH group and a triplet for a
methylene adjacent to carbonyl (CH2–COO) at dH 2.52
(J = 7.5 Hz, H-2), as well as strong methylene signals at
dH 1.24–1.28 for (-CH2-)8 indicated the fatty acid nature of
5. The 13C NMR and HMQC spectra of 5 revealed the
presence of an acid carbonyl at dC 176.8 (C-1), NH-bonded
mehylene at dC 50.7 (C-12), a methylene adjacent to car-
bonyl dC 35.6 (C-2), three methylene carbons at dC 26.3
(C-3), 30.3 (C-4), 30.4 (C-11), and intense signals at dC
30.5–30.7 for the long chain of methylene groups. On the
basis of these findings, 5 was assigned as 12-aminodo-
decanoic acid and further established by the COSY and
HMBC correlations (Fig. 2). Compound 5 was isolated for
the first time from natural origin.
The known compounds were identified by analysis of the
spectroscopic data (1D, 2D NMR, and MS) and comparison of
their data with those in the literature to be: lupeol (2)
(Chumkaew et al., 2005; Furukawa et al., 2002; Jain and Bari,
2010), b-sitosterol (3) (Mohamed et al., 2009), ursolic acid (4)
(Seebacher et al., 2003), dillenetin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside
(6) (Muhit et al., 2010), stachydrine (7), and 3-hydroxyst-
achydrine (8) (Yousif et al., 1984; Blunden et al., 1983; Viqar
Uddin et al., 1975; Feng et al., 2011; Afsharypuor and Jazy,
1999), and quercetin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (9) (Ebada
et al., 2008). This is the first report of compound 6 in family
Capparidaceae. Compounds 4 and 9 were isolated for the first
time from this plant. The results of antioxidant activity proved
that compounds 5 and 9 exhibited strong antioxidant activity of
87.1 and 71.8 %, respectively. While, compound 6 had mod-
erate activity of 49.1 % in comparison with propyl gallate (a
known synthetic antioxidant) set as 100 % antioxidant activity.
These results are in accordance with previous studies regarding
the structure–activity relationship of flavonoids (Pier-Giorgio,
2000; Stanislaw and Wieslaw, 2001; Dugas et al., 2000;
Cotelle et al., 1996).
Sanghi DK, Jaiswal SB, Shamsudin, Joshi SB, Saini V (2007)
Hepatoprotective activity of Cadaba farinosa. Int J Green Pharm
1:41–42
Seebacher W, Simic N, Weis R, Saf R, Kunert O (2003) Complete
assignments of 1H and 13C NMR resonances of oleanolic acid,
123

Med Chem Res
18a-oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and their 11-oxo derivatives.
Magn Reson Chem 41:636–638
Stanislaw B, Wieslaw O (2001) Antioxidant and antiradical activities
of flavonoids. J Agric Food Chem 49:2774–2779
Viqar Uddin A, Basha A, Atta-ur-Rahman (1975) Identification and
13C NMR spectrum of stachydrine from Cadaba fruticosa.
Phytochemistry 14:292–293
Viqar Uddin A, Aziz-ur-Rahman A, Shoib AC, Marie HM, Cladry J
(1985) Cadabicine, an alkaloid from Cadaba farinosa. Phyto-
chemistry 24:2709–2711
Viqar Uddin A, Kaniz F, Azia-ur-Rahman A, Shoib A (1987)
Cadabacine and cadabacine diacetate from Crataeva nurvala and
Cadaba farinosa. J Nat Prod 50:1186
Viqar Uddin A, Azia-ur-Rahman A, Kaniz F, Arshad K (1990)
Cadabicilone, a sesquiterpene lactone from Cadaba farinosa.
Z Naturforsch 45b:1100–1102
Telrandhe UB, Hemalatha S, Modi A (2010a) Pharmacognostic and
phytochemical investigation on root of Cadaba farinosa Forsk.
Int J Pharma Biosci 2:1–13
Telrandhe UB, Modi A, Uplanchiwar V, Gahane A, Hemalatha S,
Goswami DV (2010b) Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity
of root of Cadaba farinosa Forsk. against carbon tetra chloride
induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Pharm Res 3:1412–1416
Tenpe CR, Upaganlawar AB, Yeole PG (2006) Antidiabetic activity
of Cadaba indica in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Ind J Nat
Prod 22:14–17
Yousif G, Iskander GM, Eisa EB (1984) Alkaloids of Cadaba
farinosa and C. Rotundifolia. Fitoterapia 55:117–118
123