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Journal Name
PleaseRd So Cn oA t da vd aj un s ct ems argins
DOI: 10.1039/C5RA12025J
ARTICLE
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007, 129, 275ꢀ286.
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N. Boukis*, V. Diem, U. Galla and E. Dinjus, Combust. Sci.
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NT600C
regenerated NT600C-60min
regenerated NT600C-300min
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
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2 S. Li, L. Guo, C. Zhu and Y. Lu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013,
, 9688ꢀ9700.
3 Y. Lu, S. Li, L. Guo and X. Zhang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
010, 35, 7161ꢀ7168.
catalysts for hydrothermal gasification of 10 wt.% glucose at 400˚C 14 S. Li, Y. Lu, L. Guo and X. Zhang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
38
H2
CO
CH4
CO2
CGE
HGE
1
,
,
,
2
Fig. 13 Catalytic activity of regenerated rutile-TiO -supported Ni
2
3
2
011, 36, 14391ꢀ14400.
5 D. C. Elliott, L. J. Sealock Jr, E. G. Baker, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
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6 P. Azadi, E. Afif, F. Azadi and R. Farnood, Green Chem., 2012,
, 1766ꢀ1777.
(
glucose: nickel=1:0.11; water density=122.32 kg/m ).
1
1
1
1
by the formation of their mixed oxide (NiTiO ) during the
calcination process. Calcination temperature of 600˚C was sufficient
to obtain the highly dispersive Ni within pure rutileꢀTiO support,
2
3
14
7 L. Zhang, P. Champagne and C. Xu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy
2011, 36, 9591ꢀ9601.
,
while increase of the calcination temperature caused the sintering of 18 A. Sharma, H. Nakagawa and K. Miura, Fuel, 2006, 85, 2396ꢀ
2
401.
the nanoparticle and lowered its catalytic activity.
With the aid of the synthesized rutileꢀTiO
nanoparticle, carbon gasification efficiency of HTG of 10 wt.%
glucose (glucose:Ni=1:0.11) was significantly promoted from 27.1%
1
2
9 A. J. Byrd, S. Kumar, L. Kong, H. Ramsurn and R. B. Gupta, Int.
J. Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36, 3426ꢀ3433.
0 V. Nichele, M. Signoretto, F. Menegazzo, I. Rossetti and G.
Cruciani, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39, 4252ꢀ4258.
2
ꢀsupported Ni
to 68.7% at 400˚C, and from 48.2% to 96.4% at 600˚C in SCW. The 21 I. Rossetti, A. Gallo, V. Dal Santo, C. L. Bianchi, V. Nichele, M.
hydrogen gasification efficiency was also greatly promoted from
0.0% to 76.3% at 400˚C, and from 50.4% to 119.7% at 600˚C in
SCW. A highly active temperature region (400ꢀ500˚C in SCW) of
Signoretto, E. Finocchio, G. Ramis and A. Di Michele,
Chemcatchem, 2013, , 294ꢀ306.
2 I. Rossetti, J. Lasso, E. Finocchio, G. Ramis, V. Nichele, M.
Signoretto and A. Di Michele, Appl. Catal., A, 2014, 477, 42ꢀ53.
3 D. Chen, K. O. Christensen, E. OchoaꢀFernandez, Z. X. Yu, B.
Totdal, N. Latorre, A. Monzon and A. Holmen, J. Catal., 2005,
5
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4
nickel catalyzed methanation reaction for CH formation was
particularly confirmed.
2
Partial Ni of the rutileꢀTiO ꢀsupported Ni nanoparticle was
229, 82ꢀ96.
oxidized in supercritical water. When the reaction time was extended 24 K. O. Christensen, D. Chen, R. Lodeng and A. Holmen, Appl.
to 300 min, Ni and rutileꢀTiO
2
showed stable crystalline structures,
Catal., A, 2006, 314, 9ꢀ22.
2
2
2
5 M. Sasaki, Z. Fang, Y. Fukushima, T. Adschiri and K. Arai, Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res., 2000, 39, 2883ꢀ2890.
6 K. P. Lopes, L. S. Cavalcante, A. Z. Simoes, J. A. Varela, E.
Longo and E. R. Leite, J Alloy Compd, 2009, 468, 327ꢀ332.
and no further oxidation of Ni was observed. In addition, gasification
of deposited carbon over the used catalyst probably happened when
the gasification was prolonged. The regenerated catalysts still
showed significant activities. Totally, the solꢀgel rutileꢀTiO2ꢀ
supported Ni nanoparticle exhibited high activity and potential
7 M. R. Mohammadi and D. J. Fray, Solid State Sci., 2010, 12
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1629ꢀ1640.
stability and antiꢀcarbon ability for longꢀterm HTG of organics for 28 J. X. Chen, N. Yao, R. J. Wang and J. Y. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J.
,
clean gas production.
2009, 148, 164ꢀ172.
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0 A. V. Murugan, V. Samuel, S. C. Navale and V. Ravi, Mater.
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Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Key 31 M. J. Lazaro, Y. Echegoyen, C. Alegre, I. Suelves, R. Moliner
and J. M. Palacios, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33, 3320ꢀ
Project for Basic Research of China (973) No. 2012CB215303.
3329.
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