10.1002/anie.202003375
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
COMMUNICATION
tions that is parallel to the long axis of the molecule. Since no
indications for any such dynamics of the lignoceroyl moiety were
found in the 2H NMR spectra, the hairpin model of Cer[NS] in the
SC layers has to be rejected. Even with an all-trans lignoceroyl
chain conformation, the required axially symmetric rotation of
Cer[NS] would decrease the lignoceroyl order parameters to 0.5,
which was clearly not observed. Only an extended conformation
of Cer[NS], where the two chains could move independently,
would agree with our experimental data. Even at elevated tem-
peratures, we see very different dynamical features of the ligno-
ceroyl and the sphingosine chains that would not agree with the
hairpin conformation. (iii) To avoid large packing defects caused
by chain length mismatches of the dynamic and rigid chains at
the interface between orthorhombic lignoceroyl and highly mo-
bile sphingosine chains, it becomes likely that the lipid phase of
the SC shows a domain structure. Since the highly mobile and
fully extended sphingosine chains feature very different lengths,
a random distribution of lipids would produce frequent hydropho-
bic mismatches that are energetically highly unfavorable. These
situations are avoided by clustering mobile and rigid chains, re-
spectively, minimizing the interface between the domains cha-
racterized by very different chain lengths. Such fluctuations in li-
pid distribution would also agree with modern models of fluid
biological membranes.[26;27] Taken together, (iv) with the new
structural data reported here, we suggest a model of the SPP of
the SC mixture as sketched in Fig. 3. At skin temperature, the
Cer molecules are in an extended conformation and highly mo-
bile and highly rigid chain moieties are likely to cluster together
introducing heterogeneities and fluctuations to the lipid phase of
the SC. Such mobile SC lipid chains may be important to main-
tain skin elasticity and enable translocation of physiologically im-
portant molecules, such as water, cytokines and antimicrobial
peptides, which is consistent with the current view on the SC
sensory and defensive functions. Thus, with the current and two
recent[9;10] reports on the high mobility of specific segments of
Cer molecules in the SC it appears that the models of the lipid
structures of the outermost layer of human skin will have to be
revised to consider more molecular disorder and dynamics of
the lipids under physiological conditions.
0000841) co-funded by ERDF. O E. acknowledges the Sigrid
Juselius Foundation, Ruth and Nils-Erik Stenbäck's Foundation.
Keywords: chain conformation • lipids • membranes •
nanostructure • NMR spectroscopy
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This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation and
German Research Foundation (19-09135J and HU 720 18/1)
and the project EFSA-CDN (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/
4
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