Yttrium and lanthanide nitrate complexes of 2,3-dimethyl-4-formyl(benzhydrazide)-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one

Article abstract of DOI:10.1081/SIM-120004449

Complexes of yttrium and lanthanide nitrates with the Schiff base 2,3-dimethyl-4-formyl(benzhydrazide)-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one (L) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, electrical conductance in non-aqueous solvents and electronic as well as infrared spectra. The complexes have the general molecular formulae [Ln(L)₂(NO₃)]-(NO₃)₂ (Ln = Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho or Er). The ligand chelates with the metal ion in a neutral tridentate fashion through both carbonyl oxygens and the azomethine nitrogen in all of these complexes. One of the nitrate ions is monodentately coordinated and the other two remain as counter ions. A coordination number of seven is assigned to the metal in all of these complexes. The covalency parameters evaluated from solid and solution phase electronic spectra suggest weak covalent character of the metal-ligand bond.

Full text of DOI:10.1081/SIM-120004449

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Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic
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YTTRIUM AND LANTHANIDE NITRATE COMPLEXES
OF 2,3-DIMETHYL-4-FORMYL(BENZ HYDRAZIDE)-1-
PHENYL-3-PYRAZOLINE-5-ONE
G. Ajithkumar a & P. K. Radhakrishnan b
a School of Chemical Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam, Kerala, 686560,
India
b School of Chemical Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam, Kerala, 686560,
India
Published online: 15 Feb 2007.
To cite this article: G. Ajithkumar & P. K. Radhakrishnan (2002) YTTRIUM AND LANTHANIDE NITRATE COMPLEXES OF 2,3-
DIMETHYL-4-FORMYL(BENZ HYDRAZIDE)-1-PHENYL-3-PYRAZOLINE-5-ONE, Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-
Organic Chemistry, 32:4, 831-842, DOI: 10.1081/SIM-120004449
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/SIM-120004449
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ꢵꢄꢄ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢋꢃꢋꢗꢂꢕꢭꢔꢃꢌꢁꢃꢝꢉꢁ ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑꢌꢍ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢡꢄꢇ ꢉꢋ
ꢊꢁꢇꢏꢃꢋꢇꢍ ꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢅꢃꢔꢈꢊꢈꢉꢑꢇꢍ ꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄꢍ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ ꢡꢟꢏ
ꢉꢋꢌꢃꢄꢟꢡꢄꢇ ꢉꢋ ꢊꢁꢇꢏꢃꢋꢉꢏꢔꢉꢄꢇꢍ ꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇꢍ ꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢋ ꢏꢇꢏꢔꢊꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢉꢑꢇꢍ ꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢃꢅꢃꢔꢈꢍ ꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄ
ꢊꢁꢇꢏꢊꢏꢇꢍ ꢏꢃꢄꢟꢇꢋꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢠꢊꢏꢇꢔꢫ
ꢊꢦꢢꢡꢗꢝꢖꢡꢜꢦ ꢋꢣꢞꢟꢚꢡꢗꢜꢞꢡꢢ
ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢁꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢊꢋꢁꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢥꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꢜꢧ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄ
ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢊꢈꢉꢑꢇꢍ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢇ ꢨꢶꢢ ꢇꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢄꢕꢏꢉꢁ ꢡꢇꢂꢊꢓꢉꢃꢔꢫ[ꢨꢛ]
ꢬꢂꢟꢌ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢟꢄꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ
ꢆꢩꢋꢂꢩꢃꢢꢂꢮꢯꢣꢃꢇꢂꢮꢯꢣꢃꢢ
ꢩꢋ ꢀ ꢰꢍ ꢩꢊꢍ ꢱꢔꢍ ꢮꢑꢍ ꢀꢈꢍ ꢲꢟꢍ ꢐꢑꢍ ꢳꢕꢍ ꢴꢃ ꢃꢔ ꢲꢔ:
ꢃꢞꢤꢝꢜꢝꢢꢟ ꢎꢥꢢꢡꢗꢝꢜ
ꢀꢃꢈꢇ ꢝꢇꢔꢏꢉꢋꢇꢋꢏ ꢡꢊꢋꢑ ꢅꢔꢇꢪꢟꢇꢋꢁꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢊꢄꢃꢋꢭ
ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇꢉꢔ ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢈꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢭꢉꢓꢇꢋ ꢉꢋ ꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꢜꢜꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢌꢂꢃꢠꢌ ꢏꢠꢃ ꢌꢏꢔꢃꢋꢭ
Table II. ꢎꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢆꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢊꢋꢁꢇꢊ ꢳꢊꢏꢊ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢡ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢩ
ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞ
ꢳꢎꢼ
ꢎꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ
ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢃꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ
[ꢰꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢩꢊꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢱꢔꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢮꢑꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢀꢈꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢲꢟꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢐꢑꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢳꢕꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢴꢃꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
[ꢲꢔꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ
ꢨꢚꢻꢫꢘꢢ
ꢨꢚꢻꢫꢘꢢ
ꢨꢚꢻꢫꢘꢢ
ꢨꢚꢤꢫꢨꢨ
ꢨꢚꢤꢫꢨꢨ
ꢨꢚꢤꢫꢨꢨ
ꢨꢚꢤꢫꢨꢨ
ꢨꢚꢤꢫꢨꢨ
ꢨꢚꢻꢫꢘꢢ
ꢨꢚꢻꢫꢘꢢ
ꢨꢻꢙꢫꢨꢤ
ꢨꢙꢾꢫꢨꢤ
ꢨꢙꢾꢫꢨꢤ
ꢨꢙꢾꢫꢨꢤ
ꢨꢾꢘꢫꢨꢣ
ꢨꢾꢘꢫꢨꢣ
ꢨꢾꢘꢫꢨꢣ
ꢨꢾꢘꢫꢨꢣ
ꢨꢙꢾꢫꢨꢤ
ꢨꢙꢾꢫꢨꢤ
ꢚꢾꢫꢢꢤ
ꢚꢘꢫꢨꢤ
ꢚꢘꢫꢨꢤ
ꢚꢚꢫꢛꢤ
ꢚꢚꢫꢛꢤ
ꢚꢣꢫꢻꢤ
ꢚꢣꢫꢻꢤ
ꢚꢣꢫꢻꢤ
ꢚꢘꢫꢨꢤ
ꢚꢘꢫꢨꢤ
ꢊꢃꢂꢈꢈꢨ ꢁꢈꢢ ꢈꢃꢄꢈꢨꢿ ꢡꢨꢛꢈꢣ ꢎ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ

ꢀꢁꢁꢂꢃUꢄ ꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢆꢁꢉꢅꢆꢃꢇꢊ ꢋꢌꢄꢍꢈꢊXꢊꢎ
835

836
ꢅJꢃꢁꢉKUꢄꢅꢂ ꢅꢆꢇꢂꢅꢇꢉꢅKꢂꢃꢎꢉꢆꢅꢆ
ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢝꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢏ ꢨꢘꢘꢙ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢘꢢꢙ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢊꢏꢏꢔꢉꢡꢟꢏꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢆꢨꢀꢯ
ꢊꢋꢑ ꢆꢢꢀꢯ ꢥꢼꢉꢭꢫ ꢨꢧ ꢌꢏꢔꢇꢏꢁꢂꢉꢋꢭ ꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢔꢇꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇꢄꢕꢫ[ꢚꢍꢨꢨꢍꢨꢢ] ꢜꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢗ
ꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢍ ꢏꢂꢇꢌꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢔꢇꢑꢗꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢨꢘꢢꢣ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢚꢙꢚ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢊꢈꢇ
ꢃꢔꢑꢇꢔꢍ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢉꢋꢭ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢡꢃꢏꢂ ꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢋꢕꢄ ꢃꢞꢕꢭꢇꢋꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑ ꢊꢏ
ꢨꢚꢘꢘ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢉꢌ ꢊꢌꢁꢔꢉꢡꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢆꢀꢮ ꢌꢏꢔꢇꢏꢁꢂꢉꢋꢭ ꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ[ꢨꢨꢍꢨꢣ] ꢃꢅ ꢥꢩꢧꢫ ꢜꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ
ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢉꢏ ꢟꢋꢑꢇꢔꢭꢃꢇꢌ ꢊ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢃꢁꢂꢔꢃꢈꢉꢁ ꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏ ꢏꢃ ꢉꢨꢚꢚꢚ ꢁꢈꢈꢨꢌꢂꢃꢠꢉꢋꢭ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢗ
ꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢊꢦꢃꢈꢇꢏꢂꢉꢋꢇ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢭꢇꢋꢫ ꢬꢂꢟꢌꢍ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢌ ꢏꢔꢉꢑꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢇꢄꢕ
ꢁꢂꢇꢄꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄ ꢉꢃꢋꢫ
ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢑꢉꢟꢈꢗꢉꢋꢏꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢕ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢏ ꢨꢤꢙꢙ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢣꢤꢙ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢊꢌꢁꢔꢉꢡꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ
ꢁꢤ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢢ ꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢉꢃꢋꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢌꢏꢔꢃꢋꢭ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢏ ꢨꢣꢙꢛ
ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢙꢢꢛ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢊꢏꢏꢔꢉꢡꢟꢏꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢣ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢢ ꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢟꢋꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ
ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ[ꢨꢤꢀꢨꢘ] ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢊꢭꢋꢉꢏꢟꢑꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢁꢤꢀꢁ ꢨ ꢉꢌ ꢨꢤꢛ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢇꢌ ꢏꢂꢊꢏ ꢏꢂꢇ
ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢉꢃꢋ ꢉꢌ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢊ ꢈꢃꢋꢃꢑꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢅꢊꢌꢂꢉꢃꢋꢫ[ꢨꢘ] ꢬꢂꢉꢌ ꢉꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢁꢃꢋꢅꢃꢔꢈꢉꢏꢕ
ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢁꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢊꢋꢁꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢊ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢋꢟꢈꢡꢇꢔ ꢌꢇꢓꢇꢋ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ
ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄ ꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇꢌꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ
ꢊꢦꢢꢡꢗꢝꢣꢞꢖꢡ ꢎꢥꢢꢡꢗꢝꢜ
ꢬꢂꢇ ꢇꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢋꢉꢁ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢌꢂꢃꢠ ꢏꢠꢃ ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢝꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢈꢊꢞꢉꢈꢊ ꢊꢏ
ꢤꢨꢍꢤꢛꢾ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢢꢾꢍꢨꢾꢣ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢁꢃꢔꢔꢇꢌꢝꢃꢋꢑꢌ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢂ?ꢂ* ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋ?ꢂ* ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢗ
ꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢔꢇꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇꢄꢕꢫ[ꢨꢨ] ꢜꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢍ ꢊ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢃꢁꢂꢔꢃꢈꢉꢁ ꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏ ꢉꢌ ꢃꢡꢌꢇꢔꢓꢇꢑ
ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢖꢗꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢝꢝꢇꢊꢔ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢭꢉꢃꢋ ꢣꢻꢍꢣꢾꢛꢀꢤꢨꢍꢣꢢꢢ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢹꢗꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ
ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢢꢤꢍꢤꢾꢣꢀꢢꢘꢍꢾꢣꢾ ꢁꢈꢈꢨ ꢔꢇꢭꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢅꢗꢅ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢃꢡꢌꢇꢔꢓꢇꢑ ꢃꢋꢄꢕ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ
ꢁꢊꢌꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢱꢔꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢮꢑꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢀꢈꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢳꢕꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢴꢃꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ
ꢊꢋꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢃꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢄꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢍ ꢏꢂꢇꢌꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢁꢃꢟꢄꢑ ꢋꢃꢏ ꢡꢇ ꢉꢑꢇꢋꢏꢉ®ꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ
ꢏꢂꢇꢕ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢝꢔꢇꢌꢟꢈꢊꢡꢄꢕ ꢈꢊꢌꢸꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢂꢊꢔꢭꢇ ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢅꢇꢔ ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢗ
ꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ[ꢨꢾꢀꢨꢻ] ꢬꢂꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢃꢡꢏꢊꢉꢋꢇꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢠꢂꢇꢋ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢃꢌꢇ
ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢊꢪꢟꢃ ꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢌꢂꢃꢠ ꢊ ꢋꢇꢝꢂꢇꢄꢊꢟꢞꢇꢏꢉꢁ ꢇ€ꢇꢁꢏꢫ[ꢢꢛ] ꢬꢂꢇ ꢋꢊꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢑꢗꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏ
ꢥꢃꢁ ꢀ ꢁꢁꢃꢈꢈꢁꢊꢪꢟꢃꢧ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ ꢟꢌꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ ꢊ ꢈꢇꢊꢌꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄꢗꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢏ
ꢡꢃꢋꢑꢉꢋꢭꢫ[ꢢꢨ] ꢬꢂꢇ ꢅꢗꢅ ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢅꢔꢇꢪꢟꢇꢋꢁꢉꢇꢌ ꢊꢄꢃꢋꢭ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢗ
ꢈꢇꢋꢏꢌ[ꢢꢛꢍꢢꢢ] ꢊꢔꢇ ꢭꢉꢓꢇꢋ ꢉꢋ ꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꣁꢫ
ꢬꢂꢇ ꢋꢇꢝꢂꢇꢄꢊꢟꢞꢇꢏꢉꢁ ꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃ ꢥꢄꢧꢍ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢝꢇꢔꢁꢇꢋꢏꢊꢭꢇ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢁꢕ ꢥꢅꢧꢍ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢡꢃꢋꢑꢉꢋꢭ
ꢝꢊꢔꢊꢈꢇꢏꢇꢔ ꢥꢡꢨ=ꢢꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢁꢕ ꢊꢋꢭꢟꢄꢊꢔ ꢃꢓꢇꢔꢄꢊꢝ ꢝꢊꢔꢊꢈꢇꢏꢇꢔ ꢥꢆꢧ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ
ꢁꢊꢄꢁꢟꢄꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢟꢌꢉꢋꢭ ꢊꢝꢝꢔꢃꢝꢔꢉꢊꢏꢇ ꢇꢪꢟꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ[ꢨꢾꢍꢨꢙ] ꢥꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꣁꢧꢫ ꢜꢏꢠꢊꢌ ꢅꢃꢟꢋꢑ ꢂꢏ ꢊꢏ
ꢏꢂꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢄ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢄꢇꢌꢌ ꢏꢂꢊꢋ ꢟꢋꢉꢏꢕ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢃꢌꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢆ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢡꢨ=ꢢ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢝꢃꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇꢍ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ
ꢌꢟꢭꢭꢇꢌꢏꢌ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢏ ꢁꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄꢗꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢡꢃꢋꢑꢿ ꢡꢟꢏ ꢉꢏ ꢉꢌ ꢠꢇꢊꢸ ꢊꢌ
ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢅ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢄꢇꢌꢌ[ꢢꢨ] ꢏꢂꢊꢋ ꢨꢫꢚꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢝꢔꢃ®ꢄꢇ ꢃꢅ
ꢂꢕꢝꢇꢔꢌꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢮꢑꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢴꢃꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢁꢄꢃꢌꢇꢄꢕ
ꢔꢇꢌꢇꢈꢡꢄꢇꢌ ꢏꢂꢊꢏ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢇꢓꢇꢋꢗꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢔꢇꢝꢃꢔꢏꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢖꢊꢔꢔꢊꢸꢊꢔ[ꢢꢣꢍꢢꢤ]
ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢭꢃꢃꢑ ꢊꢭꢔꢇꢇꢈꢇꢋꢏ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢃꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢝꢂꢕꢌꢉꢁꢃꢗꢁꢂꢇꢈꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢌꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ
ꢝꢔꢇꢌꢇꢋꢏꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢡꢉꢏꢓꢉꢕꢏ ꢥ
ꢇꢧ ꢉꢋ ꢳꢎꢼ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ

ꢀꢁꢁꢂꢃUꢄ ꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢆꢁꢉꢅꢆꢃꢇꢊ ꢋꢌꢄꢍꢈꢊXꢊꢎ
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ꢠꢊꢌ ꢇꢓꢊꢄꢟꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢋꢇꢊꢔ ꢔꢇꢄꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢂꢉꢝ ꢡꢇꢏꢠꢇꢇꢋ ꢁꢃꢋꢁꢇꢋꢏꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢊꢋꢑ
ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢡꢊꢋꢁꢇꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢅꢇꢊꢏꢟꢔꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢌꢉꢈꢉꢄꢊꢔꢍ ꢡꢃꢏꢂ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ
ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑ ꢌꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢥꢳꢎꢼ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄꢧꢍ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢉꢋꢭ ꢉꢑꢇꢋꢏꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢌꢏꢃꢉꢗ
ꢁꢂꢉꢃꢈꢇꢏꢔꢕ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢋꢟꢈꢡꢇꢔ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑ ꢊꢌ ꢠꢇꢄꢄ ꢊꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ
ꢝꢂꢊꢌꢇꢫ ꣀꢊꢌꢇꢑ ꢟꢝꢃꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢌꢟꢄꢏꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢊꢡꢃꢓꢇ ꢝꢂꢕꢌꢉꢁꢃꢗꢁꢂꢇꢈꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢌꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌꢍ ꢊ ꢏꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢉꢓꢇ
ꢌꢏꢔꢟꢁꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ ꢌꢂꢃꢠꢋ ꢉꢋ ꢼꢉꢭꢫ ꢢꢫ
ꢊXꢍꢊꢂꢃꢄꢊꢆꢁꢅꢈ
ꢄꢜꢗꢢꢝꢖꢜꢦꢠ
ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢗꢤꢗꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢞꢊꢄꢑꢇꢂꢕꢑꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢡꢇꢋꢦꢂꢕꢑꢔꢊꢦꢉꢑꢇ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢝꢟꢔꢁꢂꢊꢌꢇꢑ ꢅꢃꢔꢈ
ꢵꢄꢑꢔꢉꢁꢂ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢆꢃꢫ ꢒꢀꢵꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢕꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢄꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ
ꢝꢔꢇꢝꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢑꢉꢌꢌꢃꢄꢓꢉꢋꢭ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢃꢞꢉꢑꢇꢌ ꢥꢻꢻꢫꢻ%ꢧ ꢥꢹꢊꢔꢇ ꢲꢊꢔꢏꢂꢌ ꢩꢏꢑꢿ
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ꢌꢏꢇꢊꢈ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢫ ꢀꢃꢄꢓꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢟꢌꢇꢑ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢇꢉꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢐꢱꢹ ꢃꢔ ꢵꢹ ꢭꢔꢊꢑꢇ ꢥꢎꢇꢔꢁꢸꢍ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢿ
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Figure 2. ꢀꢟꢭꢭꢇꢌꢏꢇꢑ ꢌꢏꢔꢟꢁꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ [ꢩꢋꢥꢩꢧꢢꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯꢣꢧꢢ ꢥꢩꢋ ꢀ ꢰꢍ ꢩꢊꢍ ꢱꢔꢍ ꢮꢑꢍ ꢀꢈꢍ
ꢲꢟꢍ ꢐꢑꢍ ꢳꢕꢍ ꢴꢃ ꢃꢔ ꢲꢔꢧꢫ

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ꢠꢊꢌ ꢈꢉꢞꢇꢑ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢊ ꢅꢇꢠ ꢑꢔꢃꢝꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢵꢫꢹꢫ ꢴꢆꢄ ꢥꢎꢇꢔꢁꢸꢧ ꢏꢃ ꢈꢊꢉꢋꢏꢊꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢝꢴ ꢊꢏ ꢘ
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ꢃꢟꢏ ꢊꢅꢏꢇꢔ ꢁꢃꢃꢄꢉꢋꢭ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢠꢊꢌꢂꢇꢑ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢁꢃꢄꢑ ꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢏꢃ ꢔꢇꢈꢃꢓꢇ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢟꢋꢔꢇꢊꢁꢏꢇꢑ
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ꢑꢔꢉꢇꢑ ꢃꢓꢇꢔ ꢝꢂꢃꢌꢝꢂꢃꢔꢟꢌꢥꣁꢧ ꢃꢞꢉꢑꢇ ꢟꢋꢑꢇꢔ ꢓꢊꢁꢟꢟꢈꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢝꢟꢔꢉꢏꢕ ꢠꢊꢌ ꢁꢂꢇꢁꢸꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ
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ꢉꢋ ꢊ ꢌꢏꢇꢊꢈ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢄꢉꢋꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢇꢑ ꢃꢋ ꢁꢃꢃꢄꢉꢋꢭ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ
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ꢔꢇꢈꢃꢓꢇ ꢊꢋꢕ ꢇꢞꢁꢇꢌꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢔꢇꢊꢁꢏꢊꢋꢏꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢏꢂꢇꢋ ꢔꢇꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢄꢉꢦꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ
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ꢬꢂꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢉ€ ꢡꢊꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢊꢋꢊꢄꢕꢦꢇꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢋꢍ ꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢭꢇꢋ
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ꢳꢔꢫ ꢀꢉꢡꢕ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢳꢔꢫ ꢮꢫ ꢬꢫ ꢎꢊꢑꢂꢟꢍ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢅꢔꢟꢉꢏꢅꢟꢄ ꢑꢉꢌꢁꢟꢌꢌꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ
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ꣀꢊꢌꢇꢌ ꢳꢇꢔꢉꢓꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ ꢚꢗꢵꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗꢢꢍꢣꢗꢥꢨꢴꢍꢣꢴꢧꢗꢝꢕꢔꢉꢈꢉꢑꢉꢋꢇꢑꢉꢃꢋꢇꢥꢚꢗꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗ
ꢟꢔꢊꢁꢉꢄꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢍꢢꢗꢳꢉꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢗꢨꢍꢚꢗꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢗꢢꢗꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢗꢤꢗꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗꢣꢴꢗꢝꢕꢔꢊꢦꢃꢄꢗꢣꢗ
ꢃꢋꢇꢫ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 199ꢩꢍ ꢀꢁꢍ ꢤꢤꢻꢀꢤꢚꢣꢫ
ꢢꢫ ꢵꢄꢊꢟꢑꢇꢇꢋꢍ ꢎꢫꢿ ꢵꢡꢔꢊꢂꢊꢈꢍ ꢵꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ
ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢡꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢊꢄ ꢵꢁꢏꢉꢓꢉꢏꢕ ꢃꢅ ꢹꢊꢔꢇ ꢲꢊꢔꢏꢂ ꢱꢇꢔꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢥꢢꢊꢗ
ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢋꢊꢝꢂꢏꢂꢕꢄꢊꢦꢃꢧꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢱꢔꢃꢁꢫ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢋ ꢵꢁꢊꢑꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫ ꢥꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫꢧ
1995ꢍ ꢀꢂꢃꢍ ꢨꢢꢣꢀꢨꢢꢘꢫ
ꢣꢫ ꢀꢉꢋꢭꢂꢍ ꢩꢫꢿ ꢎꢃꢂꢊꢋꢍ ꢐꢫꢿ ꢱꢊꢔꢊꢌꢂꢊꢔꢍ ꢹꢫꢖꢫꢿ ꢬꢔꢉꢝꢊꢏꢂꢉꢍ ꢀꢫꢱꢫꢿ ꢀꢂꢊꢔꢈꢊꢍ ꢹꢫꢆꢫ
ꢀꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢋ ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢗꢉꢋ¯ꢊꢈꢈꢊꢏꢃꢔꢕ ꢵꢁꢏꢉꢓꢉꢏꢕ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢋꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ
ꢃꢅ ꣀꢉꢃꢊꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢯꢔꢭꢊꢋꢉꢁ ꢎꢃꢄꢇꢁꢟꢄꢇꢌꢫ ꢆꢟꢔꢔꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫ ꢥꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢧ 1986ꢍ ꢁꢁꢍ ꢙꢤꢘꢀꢙꢤꢙꢫ
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ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢊ ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢊꢦꢃꢋꢇ ꢳꢇꢔꢉꢓꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ ꢊ ꢮꢃꢓꢇꢄ ꢵꢈꢉꢑꢃ ꢵꢁꢉꢑ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢜꢌꢃꢋꢉꢁꢃꢏꢉꢋꢉꢁ
ꢵꢁꢉꢑ ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢊꢦꢉꢑꢇꢶ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌꢍ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢦꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢡꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢊꢄ ꢵꢁꢏꢉꢓꢗ
ꢉꢏꢕꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ ꢄꢁ ꢥꢤꢧꢍ ꢚꢨꢨꢀꢚꢨꢻꢫ
ꢚꢫ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫꢿ ꢜꢋꢑꢔꢊꢌꢇꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢿ ꢮꢊꢉꢔꢍ ꢆꢫꢐꢫꢹꢫ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ
ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇꢌ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢤꢗꢮꢗꢥꢢꢊꢗꢴꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢡꢇꢋꢦꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢗ
ꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢱꢃꢄꢕꢂꢇꢑꢔꢃꢋ 1984ꢍ ꢅ ꢥꢨꢧꢍ ꢘꢾꢀꢾꢛꢫ
ꢘꢫ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢥꢢꢊꢍꢤꢊꢗ
ꢳꢉꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢊꢦꢃꢧꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꣄ꢫ ꢩꢇꢌꢌꢫ ꢆꢃꢈꢈꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫ 1985ꢍ ꢀꢂꢃꢍ
ꢤꢚꢀꢚꢛꢫ
ꢾꢫ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢮꢗꢥꢢꢊꢗꢴꢕꢗ
ꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢗꢨꢗꢋꢊꢝꢂꢏꢂꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢉꢈꢫ ꢵꢁꢏꢊ 1985ꢍ ꢀꢀꢂꢍ
ꢢꢨꢨꢀꢢꢨꢣꢫ
ꢙꢫ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂꢍ ꢀꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ
ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢮꢍꢮꢊꢗꣀꢉꢌꢗꢥꢤꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢕꢄꢈꢇꢏꢂꢇꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢇꢋꢇꢑꢉꢊꢈꢉꢋꢇꢫ
ꢱꢔꢃꢁꢫ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢋ ꢵꢁꢊꢑꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫ ꢥꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫꢧ 1998ꢍ ꢀꢀꢂ ꢥꢢꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢾꢀꢨꢨꢤꢫ
ꢻꢫ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂꢍ ꢀꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ
ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢼꢃꢔꢈꢕꢄꢗꢢꢍꢣꢗꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢗꢨꢗꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢗꢣꢗꢝꢕꢔꢊꢦꢃꢄꢉꢋꢇꢗꢚꢗꢃꢋꢇꢫ
ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1999ꢍ ꢄ9 ꢥꢘꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢾꢾꢀꢨꢛꢙꢻꢫ
ꢨꢛꢫ ꢐꢇꢊꢔꢕꢍ ꢽꢫ꣄ꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢒꢌꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢆꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢉꢓꢉꢏꢕ ꢎꢇꢊꢌꢟꢔꢇꢈꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢯꢔꢭꢊꢋꢉꢁ ꢀꢃꢄꢗ
ꢓꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢌꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢃꢟꢋꢑꢌꢫ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢫ
ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢹꢇꢓꢫ 1971ꢍ ꢃꢍ ꢙꢨꢀꢨꢢꢢꢫ

ꢀꢁꢁꢂꢃUꢄ ꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢆꢁꢉꢅꢆꢃꢇꢊ ꢋꢌꢄꢍꢈꢊXꢊꢎ
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ꢨꢨꢫ ꢀꢉꢄꢓꢇꢔꢌꢏꢇꢉꢋꢍ ꢹꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꣀꢊꢌꢌꢄꢇꢔꢍ ꢐꢫꢆꢫꢿ ꢎꢃꢔꢔꢉꢄꢍ ꢬꢫꢆꢫ ꢜꢋꢅꢔꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢌꢁꢃꢝꢕꢫ
ꢜꢋ ꢆꢇꢈꢉꢊꢋꢌꢍꢈꢊꢋꢎꢉ ꢏꢐꢈꢑꢊꢎ®ꢉꢒꢊꢎꢌꢑ ꢌꢓ ꢔꢋꢕꢒꢑꢎꢉ ꢖꢌꢍꢇꢌꢗꢑꢐꢘꢍ ꢚꢏꢂ ꢲꢑꢋꢿ ꣄ꢃꢂꢋ
ꢽꢉꢄꢇꢕ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢀꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢜꢋꢁꢫꢶ ꢮꢇꢠꢰꢃꢔꢸꢍ ꢨꢻꢻꢨꢿ ꢻꢣꢫ
ꢨꢢꢫ ꢵꢭꢊꢔꢠꢊꢄꢍ ꢹꢫꢖꢫꢿ ꢵꢭꢊꢔꢠꢊꢄꢍ ꢴꢫ ꢎꢊꢭꢋꢇꢏꢃꢍ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢬꢂꢇꢔꢈꢊꢄ ꢜꢋꢗ
ꢓꢇꢌꢏꢉꢭꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢀꢃꢈꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗ[ꢥꢮꢗꢆꢉꢋꢋꢊꢈꢊꢄꢉꢗ
ꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃ]ꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ
ꢄꢁ ꢥꢚꢧꢍ ꢾꢨꢚꢀꢾꢣꢾꢫ
ꢨꢣꢫ ꢮꢊꢉꢔꢍ ꢎꢫꢖꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢌꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ
ꢃꢅ ꢜꢃꢑꢉꢑꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇꢌ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢨꢍꢢꢗꢥꢳꢉꢉꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗ
ꢤꢊꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢕꢄꢧꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ
ꢄꢁ ꢥꢾꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢾꢾꢀꢨꢛꢙꢻꢫ
ꢨꢤꢫ ꢎꢊꢑꢂꢟꢍ ꢮꢫꢬꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢆꢃꢡꢊꢄꢏꢥꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢨꢍꢢꢗ
ꢥꢳꢉꢉꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗꢤꢊꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢕꢄꢧꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢤꢗꢮꢗꢥꢤꢊꢗꢵꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢕꢄꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢗ
ꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢏꢩꢩꢩꢍ ꢄꢁꢍ ꢢꢙꢾꢀꢢꢻꢢꢫ
ꢨꢚꢫ ꢐꢊꢏꢇꢂꢃꢟꢌꢇꢍ ꣀꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꢩꢉꢓꢉꢋꢭꢌꢏꢃꢋꢇꢍ ꢀꢫꢲꢫꢿ ꢮꢕꢂꢃꢄꢈꢍ ꢹꢫꢀꢫ ꢜꢋꢅꢔꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊ ꢃꢅ
ꢀꢃꢈꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢃ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢃꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢯꢞꢕ ꢵꢋꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꣄ꢫ ꢜꢋꢗ
ꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢮꢟꢁꢄꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1958ꢍ ꢙꢍ ꢾꢚꢀꢾꢙꢫ
ꢨꢘꢫ ꢮꢊꢸꢊꢈꢃꢏꢃꢍ ꢖꢫ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢃꢟꢋꢑꢌꢫ ꢜꢋ ꢏꢑꢓꢋꢒꢋꢈꢐꢒꢑꢐꢚꢒꢍꢒꢑ
ꢆꢇꢈꢉꢊꢋꢒ ꢌꢓ ꢏꢑꢌꢋꢕꢒꢑꢎꢉ ꢒꢑꢐ ꢖꢌꢌꢋꢐꢎꢑꢒꢊꢎꢌꢑ ꢖꢌꢍꢇꢌꢗꢑꢐꢘꢍ ꢤꢏꢂ ꢲꢑꢋꢿ ꣄ꢃꢂꢋꢽꢉꢄꢇꢕ
ꢊꢋꢑ ꢀꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢜꢋꢁꢫꢶ ꢮꢇꢠꢰꢃꢔꢸꢍ ꢨꢻꢙꢘꢿ ꢢꢚꢤꢀꢢꢚꢾꢫ
ꢨꢾꢫ ꢰꢟꢌꢟ€ꢍ ꢖꢫꢖꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꢀꢔꢇꢇꢸꢊꢄꢊꢍ ꢹꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢦꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ
ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢨꢗꢥꢢꢊꢗꢴꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢡꢇꢋꢦꢕꢄꢧꢗꢢꢗꢥꢢꢊꢗꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢗ
ꢞꢕꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢧꢡꢇꢋꢦꢉꢈꢉꢑꢊꢦꢃꢄꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1991ꢍ
ꢄꢀ ꢥꢙꢧꢍ ꢨꢨꢚꢾꢀꢨꢨꢘꢾꢫ
ꢨꢙꢫ ꢹꢊꢃꢍ ꢬꢫꢹꢫꢿ ꢖꢟꢈꢊꢔꢍ ꢱꢫꢵꢫ ꢀꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢋ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ
ꢴꢇꢏꢇꢔꢃꢁꢕꢁꢄꢉꢁ ꢩꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑꢌꢫ ꢱꢊꢔꢏ ꢜꢜꢜꢫ ꢲꢉꢭꢂꢏꢗꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢊꢋ
ꢒꢋꢌꢕꢈꢈꢇꢏꢔꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢬꢇꢏꢔꢊꢑꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢉ€ ꣀꢊꢌꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗ
ꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ ꢄꢁ ꢥꢘꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢨꢨꢀꢨꢛꢢꢘꢫ
ꢨꢻꢫ ꢖꢟꢈꢊꢔꢍ ꢱꢫꢵꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢀꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢀꢇꢓꢇꢋꢗ
ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢹꢊꢔꢇ ꢲꢊꢔꢏꢂ ꢎꢇꢏꢊꢄ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗ
ꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1997ꢍ ꢄꢃ ꢥꢤꢧꢍ ꢚꢾꢾꢀꢚꢙꢙꢫ
ꢢꢛꢫ ꢆꢊꢔꢋꢊꢄꢄꢍ ꢽꢫꢬꢫꢿ ꢼꢉꢇꢄꢑꢌꢍ ꢱꢫꢹꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꣃꢋꢊꢸꢍ ꢖꢫ ꢲꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢋꢉꢁ ꢲꢋꢇꢔꢭꢕ ꢩꢇꢓꢇꢄꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ
ꢬꢔꢉꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢏꢩꢊꢋꢂꢏ ꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢵꢪꢟꢃ ꢜꢃꢋꢌ ꢜꢫ ꢱꢔ ꢣꢄꢍ ꢮꢑꢣꢄꢍ ꢱꢔꢋꢣꢄꢍ ꢀꢈꢣꢄꢍ ꢳꢕꢣꢄ
ꢍ
ꢴꢛꢣꢄꢍ ꢲꢔꢣꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢬꢈꢣꢄꢫ ꣄ꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢱꢂꢕꢌꢫ 1968ꢍ ꢛ9 ꢥꢨꢛꢧꢍ ꢤꢤꢢꢤꢀꢤꢤꢤꢢꢫ
ꢢꢨꢫ ꢀꢉꢋꢂꢊꢍ ꢀꢫꢱꢫ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢌꢁꢃꢝꢉꢁ ꢜꢋꢓꢇꢌꢏꢉꢭꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢮꢇꢃꢑꢕꢈꢉꢟꢈ ꢆꢃꢈꢗ
ꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢁꢂꢉꢈꢫ ꢵꢁꢏꢊ 1966ꢍ ꢄꢄꢍ ꢚꢾꢀꢘꢢꢫ
ꢢꢢꢫ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂꢍ ꢀꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢱꢇꢔꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢊꢏꢇ
ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢮꢍꢮꢊꢗꣀꢉꢌꢥꢤꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢕꢄꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢇꢋꢇꢑꢉꢊꢈꢉꢋꢇꢫ
ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1998ꢍ ꢄꢙ ꢥꢣꢧꢍ ꢤꢢꢣꢀꢤꢣꢚꢫ
ꢢꢣꢫ ꢖꢊꢔꢔꢊꢸꢇꢔꢍ ꢳꢫꢐꢫ ꢴꢕꢝꢇꢔꢌꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢀꢉꢞꢗꢍ ꢀꢇꢓꢇꢋꢗ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢉꢭꢂꢏꢗ
ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇ ꢮꢇꢃꢑꢕꢈꢉꢟꢈꢍ ꢴꢃꢄꢈꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔꢡꢉꢟꢈꢍ ꢆꢂꢇꢄꢊꢏꢇꢌꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ
ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1967ꢍ ꢜ ꢥꢨꢛꢧꢍ ꢨꢙꢘꢣꢀꢨꢙꢘꢙꢫ

84ꢏ
ꢅJꢃꢁꢉKUꢄꢅꢂ ꢅꢆꢇꢂꢅꢇꢉꢅKꢂꢃꢎꢉꢆꢅꢆ
ꢢꢤꢫ ꢖꢊꢔꢔꢊꢸꢇꢔꢍ ꢳꢫꢐꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢴꢕꢝꢇꢔꢌꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢮꢑꢣꢄ
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ꢴꢃꢣꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔꢣꢄ ꢜꢃꢋꢌꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1968ꢍ ꢃ ꢥꢣꢧꢍ ꢤꢾꢣꢀꢤꢾꢻꢫ
ꢢꢚꢫ ꢮꢊꢉꢔꢍ ꢎꢫꢹꢫꢐꢫꢿ ꢖꢟꢔꢉꢊꢋꢍ ꢎꢫ꣄ꢫꢿ ꢱꢔꢊꢡꢂꢊꢸꢊꢔꢊꢋꢍ ꢆꢫꢱꢫ ꢱꢇꢊꢁꢇꢅꢟꢄ ꢱꢕꢔꢃꢄꢕꢌꢉꢌ ꢀ
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