Yttrium and lanthanide nitrate complexes of 2,3-dimethyl-4-formyl(benzhydrazide)-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one

DOI: 10.1081/SIM-120004449

Source and publish data:

Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry p. 831 - 842 (2002)

Update date:2022-08-28

Topics:

Authors:

Ajithkumar

Radhakrishnan

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Article abstract of DOI:10.1081/SIM-120004449

Complexes of yttrium and lanthanide nitrates with the Schiff base 2,3-dimethyl-4-formyl(benzhydrazide)-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one (L) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, electrical conductance in non-aqueous solvents and electronic as well as infrared spectra. The complexes have the general molecular formulae [Ln(L)₂(NO₃)]-(NO₃)₂ (Ln = Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho or Er). The ligand chelates with the metal ion in a neutral tridentate fashion through both carbonyl oxygens and the azomethine nitrogen in all of these complexes. One of the nitrate ions is monodentately coordinated and the other two remain as counter ions. A coordination number of seven is assigned to the metal in all of these complexes. The covalency parameters evaluated from solid and solution phase electronic spectra suggest weak covalent character of the metal-ligand bond.

Full text of DOI:10.1081/SIM-120004449

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Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic

Chemistry

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YTTRIUM AND LANTHANIDE NITRATE COMPLEXES

OF 2,3-DIMETHYL-4-FORMYL(BENZ HYDRAZIDE)-1-

PHENYL-3-PYRAZOLINE-5-ONE

G. Ajithkumar ^a& P. K. Radhakrishnan ^b

^aSchool of Chemical Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam, Kerala, 686560,

India

^bSchool of Chemical Sciences , Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam, Kerala, 686560,

India

Published online: 15 Feb 2007.

To cite this article: G. Ajithkumar & P. K. Radhakrishnan (2002) YTTRIUM AND LANTHANIDE NITRATE COMPLEXES OF 2,3-

DIMETHYL-4-FORMYL(BENZ HYDRAZIDE)-1-PHENYL-3-PYRAZOLINE-5-ONE, Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-

Organic Chemistry, 32:4, 831-842, DOI: 10.1081/SIM-120004449

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/SIM-120004449

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ꢵꢄꢄ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢋꢃꢋꢗꢂꢕꢭꢔꢃꢌꢁꢃꢝꢉꢁ ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑꢌꢍ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢡꢄꢇ ꢉꢋ

ꢊꢁꢇꢏꢃꢋꢇꢍ ꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢅꢃꢔꢈꢊꢈꢉꢑꢇꢍ ꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄꢍ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ ꢡꢟꢏ

ꢉꢋꢌꢃꢄꢟꢡꢄꢇ ꢉꢋ ꢊꢁꢇꢏꢃꢋꢉꢏꢔꢉꢄꢇꢍ ꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇꢍ ꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢋ ꢏꢇꢏꢔꢊꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢉꢑꢇꢍ ꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢃꢅꢃꢔꢈꢍ ꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄ

ꢊꢁꢇꢏꢊꢏꢇꢍ ꢏꢃꢄꢟꢇꢋꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢠꢊꢏꢇꢔꢫ

ꢊꢦꢢꢡꢗꢝꢖꢡꢜꢦ ꢋꢣꢞꢟꢚꢡꢗꢜꢞꢡꢢ

ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢁꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢊꢋꢁꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢥꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꢜꢧ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄ

ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢊꢈꢉꢑꢇꢍ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢇ ꢨꢶꢢ ꢇꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢄꢕꢏꢉꢁ ꢡꢇꢂꢊꢓꢉꢃꢔꢫ^[ꢨꢛ]

ꢬꢂꢟꢌ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢟꢄꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ

ꢆꢩꢋꢂꢩꢃ_ꢢꢂꢮꢯ_ꢣꢃꢇꢂꢮꢯ_ꢣꢃ_ꢢ

ꢩꢋ ꢀ ꢰꢍ ꢩꢊꢍ ꢱꢔꢍ ꢮꢑꢍ ꢀꢈꢍ ꢲꢟꢍ ꢐꢑꢍ ꢳꢕꢍ ꢴꢃ ꢃꢔ ꢲꢔ:

ꢃꢞꢤꢝꢜꢝꢢꢟ ꢎꢥꢢꢡꢗꢝꢜ

ꢀꢃꢈꢇ ꢝꢇꢔꢏꢉꢋꢇꢋꢏ ꢡꢊꢋꢑ ꢅꢔꢇꢪꢟꢇꢋꢁꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢊꢄꢃꢋꢭ

ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇꢉꢔ ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢈꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢭꢉꢓꢇꢋ ꢉꢋ ꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꢜꢜꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢌꢂꢃꢠꢌ ꢏꢠꢃ ꢌꢏꢔꢃꢋꢭ

Table II. ꢎꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢆꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢊꢋꢁꢇ^ꢊꢳꢊꢏꢊ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ^ꢡꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢩ

ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞ

ꢳꢎꢼ

ꢎꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ

ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢃꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ

[ꢰꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢩꢊꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢱꢔꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢮꢑꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢀꢈꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢲꢟꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢐꢑꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢳꢕꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢴꢃꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

[ꢲꢔꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢ

ꢨꢚꢻꢫꢘꢢ

ꢨꢚꢤꢫꢨꢨ

ꢨꢚꢻꢫꢘꢢ

ꢨꢻꢙꢫꢨꢤ

ꢨꢙꢾꢫꢨꢤ

ꢨꢾꢘꢫꢨꢣ

ꢨꢙꢾꢫꢨꢤ

ꢚꢾꢫꢢꢤ

ꢚꢘꢫꢨꢤ

ꢚꢚꢫꢛꢤ

ꢚꢣꢫꢻꢤ

ꢚꢘꢫꢨꢤ

^ꢊꢃꢂꢈ^ꢈꢨꢁꢈ^ꢢꢈꢃꢄ^ꢈꢨꢿ ^ꢡꢨꢛ^ꢈꢣꢎ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ

ꢀꢁꢁꢂꢃUꢄ ꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢆꢁꢉꢅꢆꢃꢇꢊ ꢋꢌꢄꢍꢈꢊXꢊꢎ

835

836

ꢅJꢃꢁꢉKUꢄꢅꢂ ꢅꢆꢇꢂꢅꢇꢉꢅKꢂꢃꢎꢉꢆꢅꢆ

ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢝꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢏ ꢨꢘꢘꢙ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢘꢢꢙ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢊꢏꢏꢔꢉꢡꢟꢏꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢆ^ꢨꢀꢯ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢆ^ꢢꢀꢯ ꢥꢼꢉꢭꢫ ꢨꢧ ꢌꢏꢔꢇꢏꢁꢂꢉꢋꢭ ꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢔꢇꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇꢄꢕꢫ^{[ꢚꢍꢨꢨꢍꢨꢢ]}ꢜꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢗ

ꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢍ ꢏꢂꢇꢌꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢔꢇꢑꢗꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢨꢘꢢꢣ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢚꢙꢚ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢊꢈꢇ

ꢃꢔꢑꢇꢔꢍ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢉꢋꢭ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢡꢃꢏꢂ ꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢋꢕꢄ ꢃꢞꢕꢭꢇꢋꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑ ꢊꢏ

ꢨꢚꢘꢘ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢉꢌ ꢊꢌꢁꢔꢉꢡꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢆꢀꢮ ꢌꢏꢔꢇꢏꢁꢂꢉꢋꢭ ꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ^{[ꢨꢨꢍꢨꢣ]}ꢃꢅ ꢥꢩꢧꢫ ꢜꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢉꢏ ꢟꢋꢑꢇꢔꢭꢃꢇꢌ ꢊ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢃꢁꢂꢔꢃꢈꢉꢁ ꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏ ꢏꢃ ꢉꢨꢚꢚꢚ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢌꢂꢃꢠꢉꢋꢭ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢗ

ꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢊꢦꢃꢈꢇꢏꢂꢉꢋꢇ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢭꢇꢋꢫ ꢬꢂꢟꢌꢍ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢌ ꢏꢔꢉꢑꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢇꢄꢕ

ꢁꢂꢇꢄꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄ ꢉꢃꢋꢫ

ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢑꢉꢟꢈꢗꢉꢋꢏꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢕ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢏ ꢨꢤꢙꢙ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢣꢤꢙ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢊꢔꢇ ꢊꢌꢁꢔꢉꢡꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢁ_ꢤꢊꢋꢑ ꢁ_ꢢꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢉꢃꢋꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢌꢏꢔꢃꢋꢭ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢏ ꢨꢣꢙꢛ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢙꢢꢛ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢊꢔꢇ ꢊꢏꢏꢔꢉꢡꢟꢏꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁ_ꢣꢊꢋꢑ ꢁ_ꢢꢓꢉꢡꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢟꢋꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ

ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ^{[ꢨꢤꢀꢨꢘ]}ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢊꢭꢋꢉꢏꢟꢑꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢁ_ꢤꢀꢁ _ꢨꢉꢌ ꢨꢤꢛ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢇꢌ ꢏꢂꢊꢏ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢉꢃꢋ ꢉꢌ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢊ ꢈꢃꢋꢃꢑꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢅꢊꢌꢂꢉꢃꢋꢫ^[ꢨꢘ]ꢬꢂꢉꢌ ꢉꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢁꢃꢋꢅꢃꢔꢈꢉꢏꢕ

ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢁꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢊꢋꢁꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢊ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢋꢟꢈꢡꢇꢔ ꢌꢇꢓꢇꢋ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ

ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄ ꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇꢌꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ

ꢊꢦꢢꢡꢗꢝꢣꢞꢖꢡ ꢎꢥꢢꢡꢗꢝꢜ

ꢬꢂꢇ ꢇꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢋꢉꢁ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢌꢂꢃꢠ ꢏꢠꢃ ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢝꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢈꢊꢞꢉꢈꢊ ꢊꢏ

ꢤꢨꢍꢤꢛꢾ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢢꢾꢍꢨꢾꢣ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢁꢃꢔꢔꢇꢌꢝꢃꢋꢑꢌ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢂ?ꢂ* ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋ?ꢂ* ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢗ

ꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢔꢇꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇꢄꢕꢫ^[ꢨꢨ]ꢜꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢍ ꢊ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢃꢁꢂꢔꢃꢈꢉꢁ ꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏ ꢉꢌ ꢃꢡꢌꢇꢔꢓꢇꢑ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢖꢗꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢊꢝꢝꢇꢊꢔ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢭꢉꢃꢋ ꢣꢻꢍꢣꢾꢛꢀꢤꢨꢍꢣꢢꢢ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢹꢗꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ

ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢢꢤꢍꢤꢾꢣꢀꢢꢘꢍꢾꢣꢾ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢔꢇꢭꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢅꢗꢅ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢃꢡꢌꢇꢔꢓꢇꢑ ꢃꢋꢄꢕ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢁꢊꢌꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢱꢔꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢮꢑꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢀꢈꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢳꢕꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢴꢃꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢃꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢄꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢍ ꢏꢂꢇꢌꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢁꢃꢟꢄꢑ ꢋꢃꢏ ꢡꢇ ꢉꢑꢇꢋꢏꢉ®ꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ

ꢏꢂꢇꢕ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢝꢔꢇꢌꢟꢈꢊꢡꢄꢕ ꢈꢊꢌꢸꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢂꢊꢔꢭꢇ ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢅꢇꢔ ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢗ

ꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ^{[ꢨꢾꢀꢨꢻ]}ꢬꢂꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢃꢡꢏꢊꢉꢋꢇꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢠꢂꢇꢋ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢏꢂꢃꢌꢇ

ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢊꢪꢟꢃ ꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢌꢂꢃꢠ ꢊ ꢋꢇꢝꢂꢇꢄꢊꢟꢞꢇꢏꢉꢁ ꢇꢇꢁꢏꢫ^[ꢢꢛ]ꢬꢂꢇ ꢋꢊꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢑꢗꢌꢂꢉꢅꢏ

ꢥꢃꢁ ꢀ ꢁ_ꢁꢃꢈꢈꢁ_ꢊꢪꢟꢃꢧ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ ꢟꢌꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ ꢊ ꢈꢇꢊꢌꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄꢗꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢏ

ꢡꢃꢋꢑꢉꢋꢭꢫ^[ꢢꢨ]ꢬꢂꢇ ꢅꢗꢅ ꢏꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢅꢔꢇꢪꢟꢇꢋꢁꢉꢇꢌ ꢊꢄꢃꢋꢭ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢗ

ꢈꢇꢋꢏꢌ^{[ꢢꢛꢍꢢꢢ]}ꢊꢔꢇ ꢭꢉꢓꢇꢋ ꢉꢋ ꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꣁꢫ

ꢬꢂꢇ ꢋꢇꢝꢂꢇꢄꢊꢟꢞꢇꢏꢉꢁ ꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃ ꢥꢄꢧꢍ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢝꢇꢔꢁꢇꢋꢏꢊꢭꢇ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢁꢕ ꢥꢅꢧꢍ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢡꢃꢋꢑꢉꢋꢭ

ꢝꢊꢔꢊꢈꢇꢏꢇꢔ ꢥꢡ^ꢨ=ꢢꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢁꢕ ꢊꢋꢭꢟꢄꢊꢔ ꢃꢓꢇꢔꢄꢊꢝ ꢝꢊꢔꢊꢈꢇꢏꢇꢔ ꢥꢆꢧ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ

ꢁꢊꢄꢁꢟꢄꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢟꢌꢉꢋꢭ ꢊꢝꢝꢔꢃꢝꢔꢉꢊꢏꢇ ꢇꢪꢟꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ^{[ꢨꢾꢍꢨꢙ]}ꢥꢬꢊꢡꢄꢇ ꢜꣁꢧꢫ ꢜꢏꢠꢊꢌ ꢅꢃꢟꢋꢑ ꢂꢏ ꢊꢏ

ꢏꢂꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢄ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢄꢇꢌꢌ ꢏꢂꢊꢋ ꢟꢋꢉꢏꢕ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢃꢌꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢆ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢡ^ꢨ=ꢢꢊꢔꢇ ꢝꢃꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇꢍ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ

ꢌꢟꢭꢭꢇꢌꢏꢌ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢁꢃꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢏ ꢁꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄꢗꢄꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑ ꢡꢃꢋꢑꢿ ꢡꢟꢏ ꢉꢏ ꢉꢌ ꢠꢇꢊꢸ ꢊꢌ

ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢓꢊꢄꢟꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢅ ꢠꢂꢉꢁꢂ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢄꢇꢌꢌ^[ꢢꢨ]ꢏꢂꢊꢋ ꢨꢫꢚꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢝꢔꢃ®ꢄꢇ ꢃꢅ

ꢂꢕꢝꢇꢔꢌꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢡꢊꢋꢑꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢮꢑꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧꢍ ꢴꢃꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢁꢄꢃꢌꢇꢄꢕ

ꢔꢇꢌꢇꢈꢡꢄꢇꢌ ꢏꢂꢊꢏ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢇꢓꢇꢋꢗꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢔꢇꢝꢃꢔꢏꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢖꢊꢔꢔꢊꢸꢊꢔ^{[ꢢꢣꢍꢢꢤ]}

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢭꢃꢃꢑ ꢊꢭꢔꢇꢇꢈꢇꢋꢏ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢃꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢝꢂꢕꢌꢉꢁꢃꢗꢁꢂꢇꢈꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢌꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢝꢔꢇꢌꢇꢋꢏꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢈꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢡꢉꢏꢓꢉꢕꢏ ꢥ

ꢇꢧ ꢉꢋ ꢳꢎꢼ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ

ꢀꢁꢁꢂꢃUꢄ ꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢆꢁꢉꢅꢆꢃꢇꢊ ꢋꢌꢄꢍꢈꢊXꢊꢎ

837

838

ꢅJꢃꢁꢉKUꢄꢅꢂ ꢅꢆꢇꢂꢅꢇꢉꢅKꢂꢃꢎꢉꢆꢅꢆ

ꢠꢊꢌ ꢇꢓꢊꢄꢟꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢄꢉꢋꢇꢊꢔ ꢔꢇꢄꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢂꢉꢝ ꢡꢇꢏꢠꢇꢇꢋ ꢁꢃꢋꢁꢇꢋꢏꢔꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢊꢋꢑ

ꢊꢡꢌꢃꢔꢡꢊꢋꢁꢇꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢅꢇꢊꢏꢟꢔꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢌꢉꢈꢉꢄꢊꢔꢍ ꢡꢃꢏꢂ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑ ꢌꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢥꢳꢎꢼ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄꢧꢍ ꢉꢋꢑꢉꢁꢊꢏꢉꢋꢭ ꢉꢑꢇꢋꢏꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢌꢏꢃꢉꢗ

ꢁꢂꢉꢃꢈꢇꢏꢔꢕ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢁꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢋꢟꢈꢡꢇꢔ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑ ꢊꢌ ꢠꢇꢄꢄ ꢊꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ

ꢝꢂꢊꢌꢇꢫ ꣀꢊꢌꢇꢑ ꢟꢝꢃꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢌꢟꢄꢏꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢊꢡꢃꢓꢇ ꢝꢂꢕꢌꢉꢁꢃꢗꢁꢂꢇꢈꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢌꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌꢍ ꢊ ꢏꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢉꢓꢇ

ꢌꢏꢔꢟꢁꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢈꢊꢕ ꢡꢇ ꢊꢌꢌꢉꢭꢋꢇꢑ ꢊꢌ ꢌꢂꢃꢠꢋ ꢉꢋ ꢼꢉꢭꢫ ꢢꢫ

ꢊXꢍꢊꢂꢃꢄꢊꢆꢁꢅꢈ

ꢄꢜꢗꢢꢝꢖꢜꢦꢠ

ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢗꢤꢗꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢞꢊꢄꢑꢇꢂꢕꢑꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢡꢇꢋꢦꢂꢕꢑꢔꢊꢦꢉꢑꢇ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢝꢟꢔꢁꢂꢊꢌꢇꢑ ꢅꢃꢔꢈ

ꢵꢄꢑꢔꢉꢁꢂ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢆꢃꢫ ꢒꢀꢵꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢕꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢄꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ

ꢝꢔꢇꢝꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ ꢑꢉꢌꢌꢃꢄꢓꢉꢋꢭ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢇꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢃꢞꢉꢑꢇꢌ ꢥꢻꢻꢫꢻ%ꢧ ꢥꢹꢊꢔꢇ ꢲꢊꢔꢏꢂꢌ ꢩꢏꢑꢿ

ꢖꢇꢔꢊꢄꢊꢍ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊ ꢃꢔ ꢵꢄꢑꢔꢉꢁꢂ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢆꢃꢫ ꢒꢀꢵꢫꢧ ꢉꢋ ꢘꢛ% ꢵꢫꢹꢫ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢉꢁ ꢊꢁꢉꢑ

ꢥꢎꢇꢔꢁꢸꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇꢋ ꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢄꢉꢦꢉꢋꢭ ꢃꢟꢏ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢊꢄꢏ ꢡꢕ ꢇꢓꢊꢝꢃꢔꢊꢏꢉꢋꢭ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢋ ꢊ

ꢌꢏꢇꢊꢈ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢫ ꢀꢃꢄꢓꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢟꢌꢇꢑ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢇꢉꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢐꢱꢹ ꢃꢔ ꢵꢹ ꢭꢔꢊꢑꢇ ꢥꢎꢇꢔꢁꢸꢍ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢿ

ꣀꢳꢴꢍ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊ ꢃꢔ ꢀꢹꢩꢍ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢧꢫ

Figure 2. ꢀꢟꢭꢭꢇꢌꢏꢇꢑ ꢌꢏꢔꢟꢁꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢃꢅ [ꢩꢋꢥꢩꢧ_ꢢꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ]ꢥꢮꢯ_ꢣꢧ_ꢢꢥꢩꢋ ꢀ ꢰꢍ ꢩꢊꢍ ꢱꢔꢍ ꢮꢑꢍ ꢀꢈꢍ

ꢲꢟꢍ ꢐꢑꢍ ꢳꢕꢍ ꢴꢃ ꢃꢔ ꢲꢔꢧꢫ

ꢀꢁꢁꢂꢃUꢄ ꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢆꢁꢉꢅꢆꢃꢇꢊ ꢋꢌꢄꢍꢈꢊXꢊꢎ

ꢍꢝꢢꢥꢜꢝꢜꢗꢖꢣꢞ ꢣꢤ ꢗꢘꢢ ꢎꢡꢘꢖ ꢒꢜꢠꢢ

839

ꢵ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢡꢇꢋꢦꢂꢕꢑꢔꢊꢦꢉꢑꢇ ꢥꢨꢫꢣꢘꢨꢚ ꢭꢍ ꢨꢛ ꢈꢈꢃꢄꢧ ꢉꢋ ꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢥꢢꢛ ꢈꢩꢧ

ꢠꢊꢌ ꢈꢉꢞꢇꢑ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢊ ꢅꢇꢠ ꢑꢔꢃꢝꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢵꢫꢹꢫ ꢴꢆꢄ ꢥꢎꢇꢔꢁꢸꢧ ꢏꢃ ꢈꢊꢉꢋꢏꢊꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢝꢴ ꢊꢏ ꢘ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢡꢃꢉꢄꢇꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢊ ꢌꢏꢇꢊꢈ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢫ ꢵ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢗꢤꢗꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢞꢊꢄꢑꢇꢂꢕꢑꢇ

ꢥꢢꢫꢨꢘꢢꢤ ꢭꢍ ꢨꢛ ꢈꢈꢃꢄꢧ ꢉꢋ ꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢥꢣꢛ ꢈꢩꢧ ꢠꢊꢌ ꢊꢑꢑꢇꢑ ꢑꢔꢃꢝꢗꢠꢉꢌꢇ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢌꢏꢉꢔꢔꢉꢋꢭꢿ

ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢉꢞꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢠꢊꢌ ꢔꢇ¯ꢟꢞꢇꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢊꢡꢃꢟꢏ ꢘ ꢂꢍ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢝꢊꢄꢇ ꢕꢇꢄꢄꢃꢠ ꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ®ꢄꢏꢇꢔꢇꢑ

ꢃꢟꢏ ꢊꢅꢏꢇꢔ ꢁꢃꢃꢄꢉꢋꢭ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢠꢊꢌꢂꢇꢑ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢁꢃꢄꢑ ꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢏꢃ ꢔꢇꢈꢃꢓꢇ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢟꢋꢔꢇꢊꢁꢏꢇꢑ

ꢔꢇꢊꢁꢏꢊꢋꢏꢌ ꢉꢅ ꢊꢋꢕꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢏꢂꢇꢋ ꢔꢇꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢄꢉꢦꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ ꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄ ꢊꢁꢇꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ

ꢑꢔꢉꢇꢑ ꢃꢓꢇꢔ ꢝꢂꢃꢌꢝꢂꢃꢔꢟꢌꢥꣁꢧ ꢃꢞꢉꢑꢇ ꢟꢋꢑꢇꢔ ꢓꢊꢁꢟꢟꢈꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢝꢟꢔꢉꢏꢕ ꢠꢊꢌ ꢁꢂꢇꢁꢸꢇꢑ ꢡꢕ

ꢬꢩꢆꢍ ꢉꢋꢅꢔꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢇꢄꢇꢈꢇꢋꢏꢊꢄ ꢊꢋꢊꢄꢕꢌꢇꢌꢫ

ꢍꢝꢢꢥꢜꢝꢜꢗꢖꢣꢞ ꢣꢤ ꢗꢘꢢ ꢋꢣꢛꢥꢦꢢꢧꢢꢠ

ꢵ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢊꢔꢇ ꢇꢊꢔꢏꢂ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢥꢨ ꢈꢈꢃꢄꢧ ꢉꢋ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢥꢨꢛ ꢈꢩꢧ ꢠꢊꢌ

ꢊꢑꢑꢇꢑ ꢑꢔꢃꢝꢗꢠꢉꢌꢇ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢌꢏꢉꢔꢔꢉꢋꢭ ꢏꢃ ꢊ ꢡꢃꢉꢄꢉꢋꢭ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢉ ꢡꢊꢌꢇ

ꢥꢛꢫꢾꢛꢢꢢ ꢭꢍ ꢢꢫꢨ ꢈꢈꢃꢄꢧ ꢉꢋ ꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢥꢢꢛ ꢈꢩꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢸꢇꢝꢏ ꢟꢋꢑꢇꢔ ꢔꢇ¯ꢟꢞ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢊꢡꢃꢟꢏ ꢤ ꢂ

ꢉꢋ ꢊ ꢌꢏꢇꢊꢈ ꢡꢊꢏꢂꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢄꢉꢋꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢇꢑ ꢃꢋ ꢁꢃꢃꢄꢉꢋꢭ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ

®ꢄꢏꢇꢔꢇꢑꢍ ꢠꢊꢌꢂꢇꢑ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢉꢌꢃꢝꢔꢃꢝꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢌꢟꢡꢌꢇꢪꢟꢇꢋꢏꢄꢕ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢂꢃꢏ ꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ ꢏꢃ

ꢔꢇꢈꢃꢓꢇ ꢊꢋꢕ ꢇꢞꢁꢇꢌꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢔꢇꢊꢁꢏꢊꢋꢏꢌꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢏꢂꢇꢋ ꢔꢇꢁꢔꢕꢌꢏꢊꢄꢄꢉꢦꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ

ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢑꢔꢉꢇꢑ ꢃꢓꢇꢔ ꢝꢂꢃꢌꢝꢂꢃꢔꢟꢌꢥꣁꢧ ꢃꢞꢉꢑꢇ ꢟꢋꢑꢇꢔ ꢓꢊꢁꢟꢟꢈꢫ

ꢅꢞꢜꢦꢨꢗꢖꢡꢜꢦ ꢄꢢꢗꢘꢣꢟꢠ

ꢬꢂꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢉ ꢡꢊꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢊꢋꢊꢄꢕꢦꢇꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢁꢊꢔꢡꢃꢋꢍ ꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢭꢇꢋ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢭꢇꢋ ꢃꢋ ꢊ ꢴꢇꢔꢊꢇꢟꢌ ꢆꢴꢮꢯ ꢔꢊꢝꢉꢑ ꢊꢋꢊꢄꢕꢦꢇꢔ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢈꢇꢏꢊꢄꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ

ꢑꢇꢏꢇꢔꢈꢉꢋꢇꢑ ꢭꢔꢊꢓꢉꢈꢇꢏꢔꢉꢁꢊꢄꢄꢕ ꢊꢌ ꢃꢞꢉꢑꢇꢌꢫ^[ꢢꢚ]ꢎꢃꢄꢊꢔ ꢁꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢊꢋꢁꢇꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄ

ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢊꢈꢉꢑꢇꢍ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢋꢉꢏꢔꢃꢡꢇꢋꢦꢇꢋꢇ ꢥꢨꢛ^ꢈꢣꢎ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢧ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢈꢇꢊꢌꢟꢔꢇꢑ ꢊꢏ

ꢔꢃꢃꢈ ꢏꢇꢈꢝꢇꢔꢊꢏꢟꢔꢇ ꢟꢌꢉꢋꢭ ꢊ ꢬꢃꢌꢂꢋꢉꢠꢊꢄ ꢁꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢉꢓꢉꢏꢕ ꢡꢔꢉꢑꢭꢇ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢊ ꢑꢉꢝꢗꢏꢕꢝꢇ

ꢁꢇꢄꢄ ꢃꢅ ꢝꢄꢊꢏꢉꢋꢟꢈ ꢇꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢑꢇꢌ ꢥꢁꢇꢄꢄ ꢁꢃꢋꢌꢏꢊꢋꢏ ꢨꢫꢨꢛꢛꢙꢧꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢜꢹ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢟꢈ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢀꢁꢂꢉ ꢡꢊꢌꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢔꢇꢁꢃꢔꢑꢇꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢊꢋꢭꢇ ꢤꢛꢛꢛꢀꢤꢛꢛ ꢁꢈ^ꢈꢨꢃꢋ

ꢊ ꢀꢂꢉꢈꢊꢑꢦꢟ ꢜꢹ ꢤꢾꢛ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢝꢂꢃꢏꢃꢈꢇꢏꢇꢔ ꢉꢋ ꢖꣀꢔ ꢑꢉꢌꢁꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢇꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢋꢉꢁ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊ ꢉꢋ

ꢏꢂꢇ ꢌꢃꢄꢉꢑ ꢌꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢥꢝꢊꢌꢏꢇ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢮꢟꣃꢃꢄꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄ ꢅꢃꢔꢈꢊꢈꢉꢑꢇ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢈꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢄ ꢥꢨꢛ^ꢈꢣꢎ ꢌꢃꢄꢟꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌꢧ ꢠꢇꢔꢇ ꢔꢇꢁꢃꢔꢑꢇꢑ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢔꢊꢋꢭꢇ ꢢꢛꢛꢀꢨꢨꢛꢛ ꢋꢈ

ꢃꢋ ꢊ ꢀꢂꢉꢈꢊꢑꢦꢟ ꢒꣁ ꢨꢘꢛ ꢵ ꢌꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢝꢂꢃꢏꢃꢈꢇꢏꢇꢔꢫ

ꢅꢋKꢆꢌWꢈꢊꢇꢔꢄꢊꢆꢁꢎ

ꢬꢂꢇ ꢊꢟꢏꢂꢃꢔꢌ ꢊꢔꢇ ꢉꢋꢑꢇꢡꢏꢇꢑ ꢏꢃ ꢎꢊꢂꢊꢏꢈꢊ ꢐꢊꢋꢑꢂꢉ ꢒꢋꢉꢓꢇꢔꢌꢉꢏꢕꢍ ꢖꢇꢔꢊꢄꢊꢍ

ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢍ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢝꢔꢃꢓꢉꢑꢉꢋꢭ ꢄꢊꢡꢃꢔꢊꢏꢃꢔꢕ ꢅꢊꢁꢉꢄꢉꢏꢉꢇꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢊꢠꢊꢔꢑꢉꢋꢭ ꢊ ꣄ꢟꢋꢉꢃꢔ ꢹꢇꢌꢇꢊꢔꢁꢂ

84ꢩ

ꢅJꢃꢁꢉKUꢄꢅꢂ ꢅꢆꢇꢂꢅꢇꢉꢅKꢂꢃꢎꢉꢆꢅꢆ

ꢼꢇꢄꢄꢃꢠꢌꢂꢉꢝ ꢏꢃ ꢃꢋꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢟꢌ ꢥꢐꢵꢖꢧꢫ ꢽꢇ ꢊꢄꢌꢃ ꢏꢂꢊꢋꢸ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢴꢇꢊꢑꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢹꢇꢭꢉꢃꢋꢊꢄ

ꢀꢃꢝꢂꢉꢌꢏꢉꢁꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢜꢋꢌꢏꢔꢟꢈꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢇꢋꢏꢔꢇꢍ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢋ ꢜꢋꢌꢏꢉꢏꢟꢏꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢬꢇꢁꢂꢋꢃꢄꢃꢭꢕꢍ

ꢆꢂꢇꢋꢋꢊꢉꢍ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢋ ꢜꢋꢌꢏꢉꢏꢟꢏꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢬꢇꢁꢂꢋꢃꢄꢃꢭꢕꢍ ꢎꢟꢈꢡꢊꢉꢍ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ

ꢉꢋꢌꢏꢔꢟꢈꢇꢋꢏꢊꢄ ꢊꢋꢊꢄꢕꢌꢇꢌꢫ ꢵꢄꢌꢃꢍ ꢠꢇ ꢠꢉꢌꢂ ꢏꢃ ꢇꢞꢝꢔꢇꢌꢌ ꢃꢟꢔ ꢂꢇꢊꢔꢏꢅꢇꢄꢏ ꢏꢂꢊꢋꢸꢌ ꢏꢃ

ꢳꢔꢫ ꢀꢉꢡꢕ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢳꢔꢫ ꢮꢫ ꢬꢫ ꢎꢊꢑꢂꢟꢍ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢅꢔꢟꢉꢏꢅꢟꢄ ꢑꢉꢌꢁꢟꢌꢌꢉꢃꢋꢌꢫ

ꢂꢊFꢊꢂꢊꢆꢋꢊꢎ

ꢨꢫ ꢵꢄꢉꢁꢇꢍ ꢆꢫ꣄ꢫꢿ ꢱꢔꢊꢡꢂꢊꢸꢊꢔꢊꢋꢍ ꢆꢫꢱꢫ ꢱꢊꢄꢄꢊꢑꢉꢟꢈꢥꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢀꢁꢂꢉ

ꣀꢊꢌꢇꢌ ꢳꢇꢔꢉꢓꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ ꢚꢗꢵꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗꢢꢍꢣꢗꢥꢨꢴꢍꢣꢴꢧꢗꢝꢕꢔꢉꢈꢉꢑꢉꢋꢇꢑꢉꢃꢋꢇꢥꢚꢗꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗ

ꢟꢔꢊꢁꢉꢄꢧ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢨꢍꢢꢗꢳꢉꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢗꢨꢍꢚꢗꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢗꢢꢗꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢗꢤꢗꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗꢣꢴꢗꢝꢕꢔꢊꢦꢃꢄꢗꢣꢗ

ꢃꢋꢇꢫ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 199ꢩꢍ ꢀꢁꢍ ꢤꢤꢻꢀꢤꢚꢣꢫ

ꢢꢫ ꢵꢄꢊꢟꢑꢇꢇꢋꢍ ꢎꢫꢿ ꢵꢡꢔꢊꢂꢊꢈꢍ ꢵꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ

ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢡꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢊꢄ ꢵꢁꢏꢉꢓꢉꢏꢕ ꢃꢅ ꢹꢊꢔꢇ ꢲꢊꢔꢏꢂ ꢱꢇꢔꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢥꢢ^ꢊꢗ

ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢋꢊꢝꢂꢏꢂꢕꢄꢊꢦꢃꢧꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢱꢔꢃꢁꢫ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢋ ꢵꢁꢊꢑꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫ ꢥꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫꢧ

1995ꢍ ꢀꢂꢃꢍ ꢨꢢꢣꢀꢨꢢꢘꢫ

ꢣꢫ ꢀꢉꢋꢭꢂꢍ ꢩꢫꢿ ꢎꢃꢂꢊꢋꢍ ꢐꢫꢿ ꢱꢊꢔꢊꢌꢂꢊꢔꢍ ꢹꢫꢖꢫꢿ ꢬꢔꢉꢝꢊꢏꢂꢉꢍ ꢀꢫꢱꢫꢿ ꢀꢂꢊꢔꢈꢊꢍ ꢹꢫꢆꢫ

ꢀꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢋ ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢗꢉꢋ¯ꢊꢈꢈꢊꢏꢃꢔꢕ ꢵꢁꢏꢉꢓꢉꢏꢕ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢃꢋꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ

ꢃꢅ ꣀꢉꢃꢊꢁꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢯꢔꢭꢊꢋꢉꢁ ꢎꢃꢄꢇꢁꢟꢄꢇꢌꢫ ꢆꢟꢔꢔꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫ ꢥꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢧ 1986ꢍ ꢁꢁꢍ ꢙꢤꢘꢀꢙꢤꢙꢫ

ꢤꢫ Xꢟꢗꢀꢂꢇꢋꢿ ꢰꢟꢕꢟꢊꢋꢗXꢉꢇꢿ ꢴꢊꢟꢄꢉꢊꢋꢭꢗ꣄ꢉꢊꢋꢭꢫ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ

ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢊ ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢊꢦꢃꢋꢇ ꢳꢇꢔꢉꢓꢇꢑ ꢅꢔꢃꢈ ꢊ ꢮꢃꢓꢇꢄ ꢵꢈꢉꢑꢃ ꢵꢁꢉꢑ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢜꢌꢃꢋꢉꢁꢃꢏꢉꢋꢉꢁ

ꢵꢁꢉꢑ ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢊꢦꢉꢑꢇꢶ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌꢍ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢦꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢵꢋꢏꢉꢡꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢊꢄ ꢵꢁꢏꢉꢓꢗ

ꢉꢏꢕꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ ꢄꢁ ꢥꢤꢧꢍ ꢚꢨꢨꢀꢚꢨꢻꢫ

ꢚꢫ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫꢿ ꢜꢋꢑꢔꢊꢌꢇꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢿ ꢮꢊꢉꢔꢍ ꢆꢫꢐꢫꢹꢫ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ

ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇꢌ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢤꢗꢮꢗꢥꢢ^ꢊꢗꢴꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢡꢇꢋꢦꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢗ

ꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢱꢃꢄꢕꢂꢇꢑꢔꢃꢋ 1984ꢍ ꢅ ꢥꢨꢧꢍ ꢘꢾꢀꢾꢛꢫ

ꢘꢫ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢥꢢ^ꢊꢍꢤ^ꢊꢗ

ꢳꢉꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢊꢦꢃꢧꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꣄ꢫ ꢩꢇꢌꢌꢫ ꢆꢃꢈꢈꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫ 1985ꢍ ꢀꢂꢃꢍ

ꢤꢚꢀꢚꢛꢫ

ꢾꢫ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢮꢗꢥꢢ^ꢊꢗꢴꢕꢗ

ꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢗꢨꢗꢋꢊꢝꢂꢏꢂꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢉꢈꢫ ꢵꢁꢏꢊ 1985ꢍ ꢀꢀꢂꢍ

ꢢꢨꢨꢀꢢꢨꢣꢫ

ꢙꢫ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂꢍ ꢀꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ

ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢮꢍꢮ^ꢊꢗꣀꢉꢌꢗꢥꢤꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢕꢄꢈꢇꢏꢂꢇꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢇꢋꢇꢑꢉꢊꢈꢉꢋꢇꢫ

ꢱꢔꢃꢁꢫ ꢜꢋꢑꢉꢊꢋ ꢵꢁꢊꢑꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫ ꢥꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢀꢁꢉꢫꢧ 1998ꢍ ꢀꢀꢂ ꢥꢢꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢾꢀꢨꢨꢤꢫ

ꢻꢫ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂꢍ ꢀꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢇ

ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗꢼꢃꢔꢈꢕꢄꢗꢢꢍꢣꢗꢑꢉꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢗꢨꢗꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢗꢣꢗꢝꢕꢔꢊꢦꢃꢄꢉꢋꢇꢗꢚꢗꢃꢋꢇꢫ

ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1999ꢍ ꢄ9 ꢥꢘꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢾꢾꢀꢨꢛꢙꢻꢫ

ꢨꢛꢫ ꢐꢇꢊꢔꢕꢍ ꢽꢫ꣄ꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢒꢌꢇ ꢃꢅ ꢆꢃꢋꢑꢟꢁꢏꢉꢓꢉꢏꢕ ꢎꢇꢊꢌꢟꢔꢇꢈꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢯꢔꢭꢊꢋꢉꢁ ꢀꢃꢄꢗ

ꢓꢇꢋꢏꢌ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢌꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢃꢟꢋꢑꢌꢫ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢫ

ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢹꢇꢓꢫ 1971ꢍ ꢃꢍ ꢙꢨꢀꢨꢢꢢꢫ

ꢀꢁꢁꢂꢃUꢄ ꢅꢆꢇꢈꢅꢆꢁꢉꢅꢆꢃꢇꢊ ꢋꢌꢄꢍꢈꢊXꢊꢎ

841

ꢨꢨꢫ ꢀꢉꢄꢓꢇꢔꢌꢏꢇꢉꢋꢍ ꢹꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꣀꢊꢌꢌꢄꢇꢔꢍ ꢐꢫꢆꢫꢿ ꢎꢃꢔꢔꢉꢄꢍ ꢬꢫꢆꢫ ꢜꢋꢅꢔꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢌꢁꢃꢝꢕꢫ

ꢜꢋ ꢆꢇꢈꢉꢊꢋꢌꢍꢈꢊꢋꢎꢉ ꢏꢐꢈꢑꢊꢎ®ꢉꢒꢊꢎꢌꢑ ꢌꢓ ꢔꢋꢕꢒꢑꢎꢉ ꢖꢌꢍꢇꢌꢗꢑꢐꢘꢍ ꢚꢏꢂ ꢲꢑꢋꢿ ꣄ꢃꢂꢋ

ꢽꢉꢄꢇꢕ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢀꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢜꢋꢁꢫꢶ ꢮꢇꢠꢰꢃꢔꢸꢍ ꢨꢻꢻꢨꢿ ꢻꢣꢫ

ꢨꢢꢫ ꢵꢭꢊꢔꢠꢊꢄꢍ ꢹꢫꢖꢫꢿ ꢵꢭꢊꢔꢠꢊꢄꢍ ꢴꢫ ꢎꢊꢭꢋꢇꢏꢃꢍ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢬꢂꢇꢔꢈꢊꢄ ꢜꢋꢗ

ꢓꢇꢌꢏꢉꢭꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢀꢃꢈꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢤꢗ[ꢥꢮꢗꢆꢉꢋꢋꢊꢈꢊꢄꢉꢗ

ꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃ]ꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ

ꢄꢁ ꢥꢚꢧꢍ ꢾꢨꢚꢀꢾꢣꢾꢫ

ꢨꢣꢫ ꢮꢊꢉꢔꢍ ꢎꢫꢖꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢌꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ

ꢃꢅ ꢜꢃꢑꢉꢑꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇꢌ ꢠꢉꢏꢂ ꢨꢍꢢꢗꢥꢳꢉꢉꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗ

ꢤ^ꢊꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢕꢄꢧꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ

ꢄꢁ ꢥꢾꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢾꢾꢀꢨꢛꢙꢻꢫ

ꢨꢤꢫ ꢎꢊꢑꢂꢟꢍ ꢮꢫꢬꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢆꢃꢡꢊꢄꢏꢥꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢨꢍꢢꢗ

ꢥꢳꢉꢉꢈꢉꢋꢃꢗꢤ^ꢊꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢕꢄꢧꢇꢏꢂꢊꢋꢇ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢤꢗꢮꢗꢥꢤ^ꢊꢗꢵꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢕꢄꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢗ

ꢊꢈꢉꢋꢃꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢉꢋꢇꢫ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢏꢩꢩꢩꢍ ꢄꢁꢍ ꢢꢙꢾꢀꢢꢻꢢꢫ

ꢨꢚꢫ ꢐꢊꢏꢇꢂꢃꢟꢌꢇꢍ ꣀꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꢩꢉꢓꢉꢋꢭꢌꢏꢃꢋꢇꢍ ꢀꢫꢲꢫꢿ ꢮꢕꢂꢃꢄꢈꢍ ꢹꢫꢀꢫ ꢜꢋꢅꢔꢊꢔꢇꢑ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊ ꢃꢅ

ꢀꢃꢈꢇ ꢮꢉꢏꢔꢊꢏꢃ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢃꢏꢂꢇꢔ ꢯꢞꢕ ꢵꢋꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꣄ꢫ ꢜꢋꢗ

ꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢮꢟꢁꢄꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1958ꢍ ꢙꢍ ꢾꢚꢀꢾꢙꢫ

ꢨꢘꢫ ꢮꢊꢸꢊꢈꢃꢏꢃꢍ ꢖꢫ ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢃꢟꢋꢑꢌꢫ ꢜꢋ ꢏꢑꢓꢋꢒꢋꢈꢐꢒꢑꢐꢚꢒꢍꢒꢑ

ꢆꢇꢈꢉꢊꢋꢒ ꢌꢓ ꢏꢑꢌꢋꢕꢒꢑꢎꢉ ꢒꢑꢐ ꢖꢌꢌꢋꢐꢎꢑꢒꢊꢎꢌꢑ ꢖꢌꢍꢇꢌꢗꢑꢐꢘꢍ ꢤꢏꢂ ꢲꢑꢋꢿ ꣄ꢃꢂꢋꢽꢉꢄꢇꢕ

ꢊꢋꢑ ꢀꢃꢋꢌꢍ ꢜꢋꢁꢫꢶ ꢮꢇꢠꢰꢃꢔꢸꢍ ꢨꢻꢙꢘꢿ ꢢꢚꢤꢀꢢꢚꢾꢫ

ꢨꢾꢫ ꢰꢟꢌꢟꢍ ꢖꢫꢖꢫꢎꢫꢿ ꢀꢔꢇꢇꢸꢊꢄꢊꢍ ꢹꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢆꢂꢊꢔꢊꢁꢏꢇꢔꢉꢦꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ

ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇꢥꢜꢜꢜꢧ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢨꢗꢥꢢ^ꢊꢗꢴꢕꢑꢔꢃꢞꢕꢡꢇꢋꢦꢕꢄꢧꢗꢢꢗꢥꢢ^ꢊꢗꢂꢕꢑꢔꢃꢗ

ꢞꢕꢝꢂꢇꢋꢕꢄꢧꢡꢇꢋꢦꢉꢈꢉꢑꢊꢦꢃꢄꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1991ꢍ

ꢄꢀ ꢥꢙꢧꢍ ꢨꢨꢚꢾꢀꢨꢨꢘꢾꢫ

ꢨꢙꢫ ꢹꢊꢃꢍ ꢬꢫꢹꢫꢿ ꢖꢟꢈꢊꢔꢍ ꢱꢫꢵꢫ ꢀꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢋ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ

ꢴꢇꢏꢇꢔꢃꢁꢕꢁꢄꢉꢁ ꢩꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑꢌꢫ ꢱꢊꢔꢏ ꢜꢜꢜꢫ ꢲꢉꢭꢂꢏꢗꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢊꢋ

ꢒꢋꢌꢕꢈꢈꢇꢏꢔꢉꢁꢊꢄ ꢬꢇꢏꢔꢊꢑꢇꢋꢏꢊꢏꢇ ꢀꢁꢂꢉ ꣀꢊꢌꢇꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗ

ꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1995ꢍ ꢄꢁ ꢥꢘꢧꢍ ꢨꢛꢨꢨꢀꢨꢛꢢꢘꢫ

ꢨꢻꢫ ꢖꢟꢈꢊꢔꢍ ꢱꢫꢵꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢇꢌꢉꢌ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢊꢄ ꢀꢏꢟꢑꢉꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢀꢇꢓꢇꢋꢗ

ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢹꢊꢔꢇ ꢲꢊꢔꢏꢂ ꢎꢇꢏꢊꢄ ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗ

ꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1997ꢍ ꢄꢃ ꢥꢤꢧꢍ ꢚꢾꢾꢀꢚꢙꢙꢫ

ꢢꢛꢫ ꢆꢊꢔꢋꢊꢄꢄꢍ ꢽꢫꢬꢫꢿ ꢼꢉꢇꢄꢑꢌꢍ ꢱꢫꢹꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꣃꢋꢊꢸꢍ ꢖꢫ ꢲꢄꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢋꢉꢁ ꢲꢋꢇꢔꢭꢕ ꢩꢇꢓꢇꢄꢌ ꢉꢋ ꢏꢂꢇ

ꢬꢔꢉꢓꢊꢄꢇꢋꢏꢩꢊꢋꢂꢏ ꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢵꢪꢟꢃ ꢜꢃꢋꢌ ꢜꢫ ꢱꢔ ^ꢣꢄꢍ ꢮꢑ^ꢣꢄꢍ ꢱꢔꢋ^ꢣꢄꢍ ꢀꢈ^ꢣꢄꢍ ꢳꢕ^ꢣꢄ

ꢍ

ꢴ_ꢛ^ꢣꢄꢍ ꢲꢔ^ꢣꢄꢊꢋꢑ ꢬꢈ^ꢣꢄꢫ ꣄ꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ ꢱꢂꢕꢌꢫ 1968ꢍ ꢛ9 ꢥꢨꢛꢧꢍ ꢤꢤꢢꢤꢀꢤꢤꢤꢢꢫ

ꢢꢨꢫ ꢀꢉꢋꢂꢊꢍ ꢀꢫꢱꢫ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢌꢁꢃꢝꢉꢁ ꢜꢋꢓꢇꢌꢏꢉꢭꢊꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢌꢃꢈꢇ ꢮꢇꢃꢑꢕꢈꢉꢟꢈ ꢆꢃꢈꢗ

ꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌꢫ ꢀꢝꢇꢁꢏꢔꢃꢁꢂꢉꢈꢫ ꢵꢁꢏꢊ 1966ꢍ ꢄꢄꢍ ꢚꢾꢀꢘꢢꢫ

ꢢꢢꢫ ꣄ꢃꢌꢇꢝꢂꢍ ꢀꢫꢿ ꢹꢊꢑꢂꢊꢸꢔꢉꢌꢂꢋꢊꢋꢍ ꢱꢫꢖꢫ ꢰꢏꢏꢔꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢩꢊꢋꢏꢂꢊꢋꢉꢑꢇ ꢱꢇꢔꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢊꢏꢇ

ꢆꢃꢈꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢮꢍꢮ^ꢊꢗꣀꢉꢌꢥꢤꢗꢊꢋꢏꢉꢝꢕꢔꢕꢄꢈꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢉꢑꢇꢋꢇꢧꢇꢏꢂꢕꢄꢇꢋꢇꢑꢉꢊꢈꢉꢋꢇꢫ

ꢀꢕꢋꢏꢂꢫ ꢹꢇꢊꢁꢏꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢎꢇꢏꢫꢗꢯꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1998ꢍ ꢄꢙ ꢥꢣꢧꢍ ꢤꢢꢣꢀꢤꢣꢚꢫ

ꢢꢣꢫ ꢖꢊꢔꢔꢊꢸꢇꢔꢍ ꢳꢫꢐꢫ ꢴꢕꢝꢇꢔꢌꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢀꢉꢞꢗꢍ ꢀꢇꢓꢇꢋꢗ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢉꢭꢂꢏꢗ

ꢆꢃꢃꢔꢑꢉꢋꢊꢏꢇ ꢮꢇꢃꢑꢕꢈꢉꢟꢈꢍ ꢴꢃꢄꢈꢉꢟꢈ ꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔꢡꢉꢟꢈꢍ ꢆꢂꢇꢄꢊꢏꢇꢌꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ

ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1967ꢍ ꢜ ꢥꢨꢛꢧꢍ ꢨꢙꢘꢣꢀꢨꢙꢘꢙꢫ

84ꢏ

ꢅJꢃꢁꢉKUꢄꢅꢂ ꢅꢆꢇꢂꢅꢇꢉꢅKꢂꢃꢎꢉꢆꢅꢆ

ꢢꢤꢫ ꢖꢊꢔꢔꢊꢸꢇꢔꢍ ꢳꢫꢐꢫ ꢬꢂꢇ ꢴꢕꢝꢇꢔꢌꢇꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢓꢇ ꢬꢔꢊꢋꢌꢉꢏꢉꢃꢋꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢴꢕꢑꢔꢊꢏꢇꢑ ꢮꢑ^ꢣꢄ

ꢍ

ꢴꢃ^ꢣꢄꢊꢋꢑ ꢲꢔ^ꢣꢄꢜꢃꢋꢌꢫ ꢜꢋꢃꢔꢭꢫ ꢆꢂꢇꢈꢫ 1968ꢍ ꢃ ꢥꢣꢧꢍ ꢤꢾꢣꢀꢤꢾꢻꢫ

ꢢꢚꢫ ꢮꢊꢉꢔꢍ ꢎꢫꢹꢫꢐꢫꢿ ꢖꢟꢔꢉꢊꢋꢍ ꢎꢫ꣄ꢫꢿ ꢱꢔꢊꢡꢂꢊꢸꢊꢔꢊꢋꢍ ꢆꢫꢱꢫ ꢱꢇꢊꢁꢇꢅꢟꢄ ꢱꢕꢔꢃꢄꢕꢌꢉꢌ ꢀ

ꢵ ꢮꢃꢓꢇꢄ ꢎꢇꢏꢂꢃꢑ ꢅꢃꢔ ꢏꢂꢇ ꢳꢇꢁꢃꢈꢝꢃꢌꢉꢏꢉꢃꢋ ꢃꢅ ꢎꢇꢏꢊꢄ ꢱꢇꢔꢁꢂꢄꢃꢔꢊꢏꢇ ꢆꢃꢈꢗ

ꢝꢄꢇꢞꢇꢌ ꢃꢅ ꢯꢔꢭꢊꢋꢉꢁ ꢩꢉꢭꢊꢋꢑꢌꢫ ꢬꢊꢄꢊꢋꢏꢊ 1981ꢍ ꢄꢙꢍ ꢣꢻꢚꢀꢣꢻꢘꢫ

ꢹꢇꢁꢇꢉꢓꢇꢑ ꢮꢃꢓꢇꢈꢡꢇꢔ ꢨꢘꢍ ꢢꢛꢛꢨ

ꢵꢁꢁꢇꢝꢏꢇꢑ ꢼꢇꢡꢔꢟꢊꢔꢕ ꢢꢨꢍ ꢢꢛꢛꢢ

ꢹꢇꢅꢇꢔꢇꢇ ꢜꢶ ꣀꢫ ꣀꢟꢋ

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