Metal coordination mediated reversible conversion between linear and cross-linked supramolecular polymers

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.200906389

(Figure Presented) The dynamic duo: Different topologies of dynamic supramolecular polymers, such as linear (see picture, left) and crosslinked species (right), can be reversibly interconverted by external stimuli that utilize host-guest and metal-ligand

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.200906389

Communications
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906389
Supramolecular Polymers
Metal Coordination Mediated Reversible Conversion between Linear
and Cross-Linked Supramolecular Polymers**
Feng Wang, Jinqiang Zhang, Xia Ding, Shengyi Dong, Ming Liu, Bo Zheng, Shijun Li, Ling Wu,
Yihua Yu, Harry W. Gibson, and Feihe Huang*
The topology of a polymer has a significant influence on its
properties and functions, both in bulk and in solution.
Therefore, the discovery of efficient methods to control
monly associated with covalently linked polymer backbones,
and thus leading to a more effective method for switching
between different architectures. Herein, we present reversible
switching between linear and cross-linked supramolecular
polymers.
[1]
polymer topology is very important. The introduction of
non-covalent interactions into traditional covalent polymers
represents a novel approach for the control of polymer
topologies, and has allowed the incorporation of reversible
and switchable functionality into different macromolecular
That biological systems utilize multiple-interaction self-
[7]
assembly to afford hierarchical and multifunctional systems
has inspired the development of multiple-code artificial
[
2]
[8]
architectures. However, this strategy usually requires the
integration of specific molecular recognition motifs into
polymer chains; such an approach suffers from problems
such as the availability of suitable monomers and the poor
efficiency of polymerization techniques that are tolerant to
functional groups on the polymer. Conversely, supramolec-
ular polymers that are assembled from low molecular weight
monomers by non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen
supramolecular analogues. In particular, we have assembled
dynamic supramolecular polymers that have linear or cross-
linked topologies using bimodal non-covalent recognition
motifs, host–guest and metal–ligand interactions. As bis(meta-
phenylene)-[32]crown-10-based cryptands form complexes
with paraquat derivatives much more strongly than bis-
[
9]
(meta-phenylene)-[32]crown-10 (BMP32C10), the crypt-
and–paraquat complementary interaction was incorporated
into monomer 1 for the efficient construction of its linear
supramolecular polymer (Scheme 1). BMP32C10–paraquat-
based analogue 2 was also synthesized to compare the effect
of the host–guest binding ability on the properties of the
resulting supramolecular aggregates.
[
3]
[4]
bonding, metal coordination, and host–guest interac-
[
5]
tions, have demonstrated traditional polymeric properties
and are an important resource in the development of stimuli-
responsive dynamic materials.
[
6]
Until now, efforts to control the topology of supramolec-
ular polymers have mainly been concerned with the con-
version between the large-sized species and their correspond-
ing monomers/oligomers; comparatively little effort has been
devoted to the transformation between supramolecular
polymers of different topologies. The desired recognition
motifs can be conveniently introduced into the low-molec-
ular-weight-monomers, thus avoiding the problems com-
The role of 1,2,3-triazole as a ligand for coordination with
[
10]
transition metals has been well reported. Recently, Astruc
et al. reported that when [PdCl (PhCN) ] (3) acts as the metal
2
2
precursor, palladium(II) complexes could be formed with two
[
10c]
trans triazole ligands (Scheme 1).
The strategy was suc-
cessfully utilized here by the introduction of the 1,2,3-triazole
group into monomers 1 and 2. Therefore, a reversible
conversion between multiple supramolecular assemblies,
such as cyclic oligomers and linear and cross-linked supra-
molecular polymers, could be triggered by external stimuli,
for example, concentration change, temperature change, or
metal–coordination (Scheme 1).
[*] Dr. F. Wang, J. Zhang, S. Dong, Dr. M. Liu, B. Zheng, Dr. S. Li, L. Wu,
Prof. Dr. F. Huang
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027 (China)
Fax: (+86)571-8795-3189
Heteroditopic monomers 1 and 2, which consisted of
1
,2,3-triazole groups between the BMP32C10-based host and
E-mail: fhuang@zju.edu.cn
Homepage: http://www.chem.zju.edu.cn/~huangfeihe/
zhuye.html
paraquat guest units, were efficiently synthesized from
compounds 4 and 5 using copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar
click cycloaddition reactions (see the Supporting Information,
Scheme S1). Although the presence of flexible aliphatic
spacer groups between the host and guest moieties can
result in the formation of intramolecular cyclic assemblies at
low concentration, we anticipated a relatively low critical
polymerization concentration (CPC) for the aggregation of
both heteroditopic monomers into supramolecular poly-
X. Ding, Prof. Dr. Y. Yu
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
Department of Physics
East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062 (China)
Prof. Dr. H. W. Gibson
Department of Chemistry
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212 (USA)
[
3d]
mers,
owing to the unrestricted complexation conforma-
[
**] This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (20604020, 20774086, 20834004) and National
Basic Research Program (2009CB930104).
tions and the avoidance of entropic costs usually encountered
[5b]
with rigid analogues.
We then carried out host–guest complexation studies of
the heteroditopic monomers. Both the UV/Vis absorption
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906389.
1
090
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Chemie
exchanging host–guest inter-
actions in solution on the
1
H NMR timescale.
1
H NMR spectroscopy of
monomer 1 ([D ]acetonitrile,
3
4
00 MHz, 298 K) at concen-
trations in the range 2.72–
03 mm provided further
2
insight into the competition
between linear chain exten-
sion and cyclic oligomeriza-
tion of monomer 1 (Figure 1).
Compared with the model
compounds
(Supporting
Information, Figure S4), the
protons on both the host and
guest moieties exhibited
unusual behavior; for exam-
ple, at low concentration, the
9
pyridinium proton H under-
went
chemical
À0.17 ppm; 2.72 mm versus
), and at higher concentra-
a
significant upfield
shift (Dd =
4
tion there was an accompany-
ing slight downfield shift. This
trend is quite different from
those previously reported for
supramolecular
polymers
that are assembled from
[5b]
rigid monomers,
in which
the protons shifted continu-
ously as the monomer con-
centration increased. This
phenomenon indicates that
the flexible spacer group con-
tributes to the intramolecular
Scheme 1. Bottom: Controlling supramolecular polymer topology from heteroditopic monomer 1; Middle:
Part of a reported cryptand/paraquat complex crystal structure showing host–guest interactions in the
supramolecular polymers.
[
9d]
spectrum (Supporting Information, Figure S1) and the
NOESY NMR spectrum (Supporting Information, Figure S2)
of 1 suggested that the paraquat group was deeply threaded
into the cavity of the cryptand moiety. Furthermore, variable-
1
temperature H NMR experiments were also performed
1
(
Supporting Information, Figure S3). The H NMR spectrum
at 348 K showed well-defined sharp signals, indicating that
cyclic oligomers dominated. When the solution was gradually
2
9
cooled to 298 K, the aromatic H protons and pyridinium H
protons exhibited upfield shifts (Dd = À0.08 and À0.05 ppm,
respectively), and H and H exhibited downfield shifts (Dd =
.02 and 0.04 ppm, respectively; Supporting Information
4
10
0
Figure S3a). The most significant feature was the shielding
of the ethyleneoxy protons, which appeared characteristically
upfield at d = 3.40 ppm (Dd = À0.27 ppm). These shifts con-
firmed the temperature-dependent aggregration of monomer
1
. Moreover, the energy barrier for the host–guest threading/
°
dethreading process was also calculated (DG = 16.8 kcal
mol ), based on the two pyridinium H protons (d = 8.887
À1 [5d]
9
and 8.876 ppm) that broadened and coalesced at 318 K
1
Figure 1. Partial H NMR spectra (400 MHz, [D ]acetonitrile, 208C) of
1
3
(
Supporting Information, Figure S3b). The relatively high
at different concentrations: a) 2.72, b) 17.4, c) 34.1, d) 61.4, e) 77.4,
f) 89.3, g) 96.8, h) 141, i) 203 mm; j) monomer 2 at 203 mm. “c” and
°
value of DG also suggested the formation of large-size
assemblies, which imposed a larger hindrance on the rapidly
“l” denote cyclic and linear species, respectively.
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formation of cyclic species at low concentrations. In the
1
H NMR spectra at concentrations between 17.4 and 89.3 mm
Figure 1, spectra b–f), the pyridinium H and the benzyl H
4
5
(
protons were resolved into two sets of signals, representing
the cyclic and linear species, respectively. The main reasons
for the peak splitting in these fast-exchange systems were
presumably the different chemical environments for the
extended linear chains and the cyclic oligomers, and also the
relatively high energy barrier for the pseudorotaxane thread-
ing/dethreading process (demonstrated in the variable-tem-
1
perature H NMR experiment). When the monomer concen-
tration exceeded 96.8 mm, the signals for the cyclic species
were no longer observed, along with a broadening of all
signals, which confirmed the formation of high molecular
weight aggregates driven by hydrogen bonding, face-to-face
p-stacking and charge-transfer interactions between the
cryptand–host and paraquat–guest moieties (see the crystal
1
Figure 2. Partial H NMR spectrum (400 MHz, [D
]acetonitrile, 208C)
3
[9d]
À1
of 1 at a concentration of 140 mmolL with successive addition of
structure in Scheme 1).
Furthermore, the signals in con-
[
PdCl (C H CN) ] and PPh : a) 0 equiv; b) 0.1 equiv; c) 0.2 equiv;
2 6 5 2 3
centrated solutions of monomer 1 were broader than those of
monomer 2 under the same conditions (203 mm; Figure 1,
spectrum i versus j). This result shows that monomer 1 is more
prone to aggregate into higher molecular weight polymer,
because the signals are indicative of the reduced mobility of
the polymer chains. Therefore, it is evident that both the
temperature and monomer concentration had a significant
impact on the reversible transformation between the cyclic
oligomers and linear supramolecular polymers.
d) 0.3 equiv; e) 0.4 equiv; f) 0.5 equiv; g) 0.8 equiv of [PdCl (C H CN) ]
3); h) 0.8 equiv of 3 and 1.2 equiv of PPh ; i) 0.8 equiv of 3 and
2
6
5
2
(
3
1
.6 equiv of PPh , after filtration.
3
filtration (Figure 2, spectrum i). Therefore, successive addi-
tion of the metal cross-linker [PdCl (PhCN) ] and use of the
competitive ligand PPh provide a convenient method for the
reversible transition between linear and cross-linked supra-
molecular polymers.
Two-dimensional diffusion-ordered NMR (DOSY)
experiments were performed to investigate the self-aggrega-
tion of monomer 1 to form linear or cross-linked supramolec-
ular polymers. As the monomer concentration was increased
from 10 to 120 mm, the measured weight average diffusion
2
2
3
We then investigated the transition from linear to cross-
linked supramolecular polymers, which was accomplished by
replacing the PhCN ligands of [PdCl (PhCN) ] (3) with 1,2,3-
2
2
trizole moieties to form a disubstituted palladium(II) com-
plex. To investigate the feasibility of this approach, we studied
the feed-ratio effect of [PdCl (PhCN) ] on the formation of
2
2
À9
the cross-linked supramolecular polymer (Figure 2). The
initial concentration of monomer 1 was chosen to be
coefficients decreased considerably from 8.58 ꢀ 10 to 2.57 ꢀ
10 m s (Figure 3), suggesting the concentration depend-
À10
2
À1
1
40 mm because the linear species plays a prominent role at
this concentration (Figure 2, spectra a–g). Upon progressive
6
addition of [PdCl (PhCN) ], the triazole H proton and the
neighboring protons H
2
2
,5,7
4
(assigned by NOESY NMR
spectroscopy) underwent substantial downfield shifts, indi-
cating preferential complexation between the triazole ligands
and the palladium atom (Supporting Information, Figure S7).
Increasing the amount of [PdCl (PhCN) ] favored the cross-
2
2
linking process, which was manifested by a progressive
decrease in the original signals, and a gradual strengthening
of the newly formed coordinated proton signals (Figure 2).
Complete disappearance of the original signals of uncom-
Figure 3. Concentration dependence of diffusion coefficient D
(
500 MHz, [D ]acetonitrile, 208C) of 1.
3
5
–7
plexed H was achieved when 0.5 equivalent of [PdCl2-
PhCN) ] was added to the solution, which is direct evidence
(
2
for the formation of the triazole-disubstituted palladium(II)
complex.
ence of the linear supramolecular polymerization of mono-
mer 1. When 0.5 equivalent of [PdCl (PhCN) ] was added to a
2
2
Deconstruction of the supramolecular polymer networks
was triggered by the addition of a competitive ligand, PPh3.
The competition reaction for coordination at the metal
center, to form the [Pd(PPh ) Cl ] complex, was visually
100 mm solution of monomer 1, a decrease in the diffusion
À10
À10
2
À1
coefficient from 3.53 ꢀ 10
to 2.69 ꢀ 10 m s
was
observed, which indicates an increase in the average aggre-
gation size owing to cross-linking of the linear supramolecular
polymer.
3
2
2
confirmed by the precipitation of a white solid from the
acetonitrile solution. When one equivalent of PPh was added
to the solution, the original linear supramolecular species,
derived from monomer 1, was quantitatively restored upon
To further compare the supramolecular aggregations
derived from the two heteroditopic monomers 1 and 2,
viscosity measurements were carried out in acetonitrile using
3
1
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Chemie
a micro-Ubbelohde viscometer. The linear supramolecular
polymers, assembled from monomers 1 and 2, both exhibited
viscosity transitions, and were characterized by a change in
slope in the double logarithmic plots of specific viscosity
versus concentration (Figure 4a). At low concentrations, the
the triazole groups are complexed when 0.5 equivalents of
[PdCl (PhCN) ] was added to solutions of monomer 1
2
2
(Figure 2), and 2) the influence of metal–ligand interactions
on the host–guest aggregation; the linker in monomer 1
becomes more rigid after coordination, which is disadvanta-
geous for the entanglement of the supramolecular poly-
[
14]
mers. However, for monomer 2, cross-linking led to a small
increase in the reduced viscosity at high concentrations
(Figure 4b). One possible reason for this is that the polyelec-
trolyte effect is more important than the extensive cross-
linking and monomer rigidification effects, given the lower
association constant between the BMP32C10 and paraquat
units.
In conclusion, the topologies of supramolecular polymers
can be efficiently controlled by utilization of orthogonal non-
covalent recognition motifs, host–guest and metal–ligand
interactions. Using a combination of various techniques, such
Figure 4. a) Specific viscosity V (acetonitrile, 258C) of 1 (
&
), and 2
*), versus the monomer concentration; (b) reduced viscosity VR
acetonitrile, 298 K) of 1 (*), 2 (
), 1 equiv of 1 plus 0.5 equiv of
S
1
1
(
(
as H NMR, variable-temperature H NMR, NOESY, UV/
Vis spectroscopy, DOSY, and Ubbelohde viscometry, the
formation of linear supramolecular polymers was shown to be
highly dependent on the temperature, monomer concentra-
tion, and the association constants, all of which exert
significant influence on the reversible conversion between
the cyclic oligomeric and linear supramolecular polymer
forms. Moreover, the convenient inclusion of the 1,2,3-trizole
unit in the monomer allows for the efficient transition
between linear and cross-linked supramolecular polymers,
and subsequently reversal by the successive addition of a
metal cross-linker [PdCl (PhCN) ] and a competitive ligand
&
[
PdCl (C H CN) ] (*), and 1 equiv of 2 plus 0.5 equiv of [PdCl -
2
6
5
2
2
(
C H CN) ] (&), versus the monomer concentration.
6 5 2
slopes of both curves tended to 1, which is characteristic for
cyclic oligomers with constant size. When the concentration
exceeded the CPC (approximately 75 mm for both monomers
and 2, in agreement with the H NMR results), the weak
association between the crown ether host and paraquat guest
units afforded a slope of 1.43 for monomer 2. In contrast, a
sharp increase in the viscosity for monomer 1 was observed
[5c]
[11]
1
1
2
2
PPh . This study provides an alternative method for the
3
(
slope = 3.54) which is consistent with the theoretically
topological control and stimuli responsiveness of macromo-
lecules, which benefits the construction of smart materials
that will be investigated in our future work.
predicted value (3.5–3.7) using the reptation model of a
telechelic polymer. Moreover, this value is comparable to
[12]
the
ureidopyrimidone-based
self-assembling
systems
[3b,d,h]
reported by Meijer et al. (slopes of 3–6),
an extremely strong association between the cryptand host
and paraquat guest units in solution.
which implies
Received: November 12, 2009
Published online: January 5, 2010
Keywords: host–guest systems · metal–ligand coordination ·
The formation of supramolecular polymer networks was
also confirmed using viscosity studies (Figure 4b). The
reduced viscosity increased nonlinearly with concentration
for the palladium-cross-linked supramolecular polymers,
indicating growth of the cross-linked supramolecular polymer
chain length with increasing concentration. When the con-
centration was increased above the CPC, both the linear and
cross-linked solutions of monomer 1 had relatively higher
viscosity values than those of monomer 2; this observation
further supports the formation of larger polymeric aggregates
of 1 owing to the higher association constant between the
cryptand and paraquat units. On the other hand, the cross-
linked polymers exhibited higher viscosities than their linear
counterparts at low concentration, which partially results
.
polymers · supramolecular chemistry · topochemistry
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