Synthetic antitumor vaccines containing MUC1 glycopeptides with two immunodominant domains-induction of a strong immune response against breast tumor tissues

Article abstract of DOI:10.1002/anie.201104529

A shot in the arm for cancer treatment: Two MUC1 tetanus toxoid vaccines were synthesized and induced a strong immune response in mice. The antibodies elicited by the vaccines show a high selectivity for the tumor cells in mammary carcinoma tissues and al

Full text of DOI:10.1002/anie.201104529

DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104529
Cancer Therapy
Synthetic Antitumor Vaccines Containing MUC1 Glycopeptides with
Two Immunodominant Domains—Induction of a Strong Immune
Response against Breast Tumor Tissues**
Nikola Gaidzik, Anton Kaiser, Danuta Kowalczyk, Ulrika Westerlind, Bastian Gerlitzki,
Hans Peter Sinn, Edgar Schmitt,* and Horst Kunz*
Dedicated to Professor Dieter Hoppe on the occasion of his 70th birthday
[
1c,7]
An active immunization against human tumor tissues can be
achieved only through vaccines that induce selective immune
reactions directed towards membrane structures of tumor
cells. The tumor-associated mucin MUC1 apparently is a
satisfactory immune reactions.
Yet it could be shown that
fully synthetic vaccines consisting of MUC1 glycopeptide
antigens combined with a T-cell epitope peptide induce highly
selective immune responses. The induced antibodies selec-
tively recognized the MUC1 glycopeptide, but neither the
nonglycosylated MUC1 peptide of identical sequence nor the
saccharide antigen linked to a different peptide. The
immunogenicity of MUC1 antitumor vaccines generated so
far has been too low to break the natural tolerance against
tumor-associated glycoprotein structures. Recently, we could
solve this problem by developing vaccines that contain MUC1
[
1–3]
promising target structure for antitumor vaccines.
MUC1
occurs on nearly all epithelial tissues. It contains a large,
highly glycosylated domain in the extracellular part, which is
composed of numerous tandem repeat sequences, and it is
[
8]
[
4]
strongly overexpressed on epithelial tumor cells. Tumor-
associated MUC1 is markedly different from MUC1 of
normal epithelial cells with regards to the glycosylation
[
1–3,5]
[9]
profile.
The changed activities of glycosyltransferases
glycopeptide antigens coupled to tetanus toxoid (TTox).
result in short, prematurely sialylated glycans on tumor-
associated MUC1, such as the Thomson–Friedenreich (T-)
Extraordinarily high titers of antibodies (1/50000–1/500000)
were induced in wild-type mice. These antibodies bind to
MCF-7 breast tumor cells, and their binding can be neutral-
ized by synthetic tumor-associated glycopeptide antigens
from MUC1.
antigen, the T antigen, and their sialylated forms 2,6-sialyl-
N
[
1,5,6]
T , 2,6-sialyl-T, and 2,3-sialyl-Tantigens.
As a result of the
N
[1]
predominant short glycans, peptide epitopes, which are
masked in MUC1 on normal cells through the long carbohy-
drates, are accessible for the immune system in tumor-
associated MUC1. However, vaccines designed with non-
glycosylated MUC1 tandem repeat peptides or tumor-asso-
ciated saccharide antigens conjugated to carrier proteins, for
example, KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin), effected no
Binding studies with MUC1 glycopeptides bound to
[
10]
microchips
showed that the recognition profile of the
antibodies induced by the aforementioned vaccines is differ-
ent from that found for the biologically optimized, tumor-
[
11]
selective antibody SM3 . It also differs from those of
[12]
autoantibodies isolated from serum of tumor patients.
These divergent recognition selectivities probably can be
traced back to different glycosylation positions in the MUC1
tandem repeat sequence 1:
[
*] N. Gaidzik, A. Kaiser, D. Kowalczyk, Prof. Dr. H. Kunz
Johannes Gutenberg-Universitꢀt Mainz
Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz (Germany)
E-mail: hokunz@uni-mainz.de
6
Pro-Ala-His-Gly-Val-Thr -Ser-Ala-Pro-Asp-Thr-Arg-Pro-Ala-Pro-
1
7
18
Gly-Ser -Thr -Ala-Pro-Pro-Ala
1
B. Gerlitzki, Prof. Dr. E. Schmitt
Johannes Gutenberg-Universitꢀt Mainz
Universitꢀtsmedizin, Institut fꢁr Immunologie
Langenbeckstrasse 1, Geb. 708, 55101 Mainz (Germany)
E-mail: eschmitt@uni-mainz.de
[
9]
The MUC1 tetanus toxoid vaccines described above
carried the T antigen or the sialyl-TN antigen side chains at
[
10,11]
threonine-6 of 1, whereas the SM3 antibody
as well as the
showed intensive
binding to MUC1 glycopeptides glycosylated in the GSTA
[
12]
Dr. U. Westerlind
Gesellschaft zur Fçrderung der analytischen Wissenschaften e.V.
ISAS-Institute for Analytical Sciences
autoantibodies in the sera of patients
17
18
region (Ser , Thr ). NMR spectroscopic analyses had shown
that glycan side chains in the STAPPA peptide sequence of
MUC1 influence the conformation of this peptide segment.
Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund (Germany)
Prof. Dr. H. P. Sinn
Universitꢀt Heidelberg, Pathologisches Institut
Sektion Gynꢀkopathologie
[13]
As the conformation is apparently decisive for the tumor
[
14]
selectivity of the MUC1 glycopeptides, the investigation of
MUC1 tetanus toxoid vaccines glycosylated at serine-17 or
threonine-18 is of particular interest. To include the con-
formational influence of the STAPPA sequence, the peptide
sequence was extended to the 22mer glycopeptides displayed
Im Neuenheimer Feld 220, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
[
**] This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
by the Jꢁrgen Knop Foundation, and by the Fonds der Chemischen
Industrie.
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201104529.
[
11]
in 1 incorporating both the APDTRP motif and the second
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ꢀ 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
9977

Communications
[
10,11]
binding epitope
body.
of the tumor-selective anti-MUC1 anti-
resin using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/triisopropylsilane (TIS)
and water. Simultaneously, all acid-sensitive protecting
groups were cleaved. After purification by semipreparative
HPLC, 5 was obtained in 30% and 6 in 29% overall yield.
These relatively moderate yields reflect the above-men-
tioned difficulties in these syntheses, and are presumably a
The solid-phase syntheses of the MUC1 glycopeptides
were carried out in a peptide synthesizer on Tentagel R-resin
preloaded with Fmoc-alanine through a trityl linker
according to a previously described method (Scheme 1).
The couplings of the Fmoc-modified amino acids (10 equiv)
were performed with HBTU/HOBt. The consecutive pro-
lines at the C terminus and the early building in of the O-
glycosyl amino acids result in particular demands on the
[
16]
[9]
2
[9]
consequence of the influence of the saccharide on the
[17]
[13,19,21]
conformation
of the resin-bound peptide in the sense
of back-folding. Finally, the protecting groups of the carbo-
hydrate portions of 5 and 6 were removed through treatment
with aqueous NaOH solution at pH 11, and the pure sialyl-TN
MUC1(22) peptides 7 and 8 were obtained by semiprepar-
ative HPLC.
[18]
coupling reactions. Fmoc-protected sialyl-T -threonine (3)
N
[
19]
as well as Fmoc-sialyl-T -serine (4) were activated with
N
[
20]
HATU/HOAt and coupled in 5 h under vigorous shaking
Vortex). The two subsequent Fmoc-modified amino acids
(
Reaction of the glycopeptide antigens 7 and 8 with diethyl
[
22]
were coupled following the standard protocol, but the
reaction had to be repeated in order to achieve adequate
conversion. The remaining Fmoc amino acids and the Fmoc
spacer amino acid were coupled according to the standard
squarate at pH 8 afforded the corresponding squaric acid
[
23]
[24]
monoamides 9 and 10 after purification by semiprepar-
ative HPLC (Scheme 2). These monoamides were conjugated
with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in phosphate buffer
solution at pH 9.5 to form the neoglycoproteins 10 and 11
used for coating the microtiter plates or with tetanus toxoid
(TTox) to give the synthetic vaccines 13 and 14. All protein
[
9,18]
procedure,
whereby another drop in yield occurred during
the coupling of Fmoc-alanine-8 to proline-9. Instead of
acetylation after removal of the N-terminal Fmoc group,
MUC1(22) glycopeptides 5 and 6 were detached from the
Scheme 1. Solid-phase synthesis of the sialyl-TN MUC1 glycopeptides 7 and 8: Fmoc=fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl; HBTU=O-benzotriazole-1-yl
N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyluronium-hexafluorophosphate; HOBt=1-hydroxybenzotriazole; DIPEA=diisopropylethylamine (Hꢁnig base); NMM=N-
methylmorpholine; NMP=N-methylpyrrolidone; TFA=trifluoroacetic acid; TIS=triisopropylsilane.
9
978 www.angewandte.org
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 9977 –9981

Scheme 2. Conjugation of the synthetic sialyl-TN MUC1 glycopeptide antigens with the carrier proteins BSA and tetanus toxoid to give vaccines;
BSA=bovine serum albumin.
conjugates 11–14 were isolated as colorless lyophilisates after
ultrafiltration (30 kDa membrane).
Characterization of the isotype showed that IgG anti-
1
bodies were generated by 13 as well as by 14. The binding of
the antibodies induced by vaccines 13 and 14 to breast tumor
The MALDI-TOF mass spectra of the BSA conjugates
show that in 11 on average at least four and in 12 at least three
molecules of glycopeptide are bound to one molecule of
protein (see the Supporting information). One should keep in
mind that for glycoprotein conjugates such as 11 and 12
containing sialic acid only the lighter ones can be detected;
the higher ones are not amenable to MALDI-TOF analysis.
[
25]
cells of the cell line MCF-7
was determined by FACS
[
9b]
(fluorescent-activated cell-sorter) analysis (Figure 2).
MCF-7 tumor cells that had been treated only with buffer
solution (Figure 2a) were counted by laser light scattering;
they show no binding of the fluorescence-labeled (Alexa-
fluor488) goat-anti-mouse antibody and appear in the left
field. In contrast, all MCF-7 cells incubated with the serum of
mouse 2 (Figure 2b), which had been immunized with vaccine
13, show fluorescence (right field) and thus that they are
recognized by the induced antibodies. The serum of a mouse
immunized with pure tetanus toxoid (Figure 2c) barely
contains antibodies that bind to MCF-7 cells. In contrast,
antibodies induced by the MUC1(22) tetanus toxoid vaccine
14 in the serum of mouse 5 (Figure 2d) recognized the
membrane glycoproteins on the MCF-7 tumor cells. This
binding is selective, because it was neutralized through
[9a]
As had been shown already for other examples,
the
glycopeptide loading of TTox vaccines 13 and 14 can only
be estimated through comparison of ELISA binding studies
and corresponds to approximately 20 molecules glyopeptide
per molecule protein.
Three wild-type (Balb/cJ) mice were immunized with
vaccine 13 (mice 1–3) and 14 (mice 4–6) together with
complete Freundꢀs adjuvant for biological evaluation. At
intervals of 21 days two booster immunizations were per-
formed with the same vaccines. Five days after the third
immunization, blood was drawn and the sera were analyzed
for the binding of the induced antibodies to the BSA
conjugates 11 and 12 in ELISA binding studies (Figure 1).
Very strong immune responses breaking the natural tolerance
incubation of the antibodies with sialyl-T MUC1 glycopep-
N
ꢀ
1
tide 8 (25 mgmL ; Figure 2e). Figure 2 f shows that the SM3
antibody, which was optimized by cloning, binds clearly less
selectively to MCF-7 breast tumor cells than the antibodies
induced by the synthetic vaccines 13 (Figure 2b) and 14
(Figure 2d). In addition, the binding of the antibodies elicited
(
titers approximately 1/30000) were determined for all six
mice.
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Communications
ꢀ
1
by vaccine 14 in mouse 5 to human breast tumor cells of the
bodies with glycopeptide 8 (6 mgmL ; Figure 2i), which
proves the structure selectivity of the immune reaction
initiated by 14.
[26]
line T-47D was investigated. Whereas T-47D cells treated
with buffer showed no fluorescence labeling in FACS analysis
after addition of Alexafluor488-goat-anti-mouse antibodies
This selective binding can be observed not only with
cultured tumor cells but also in native tumor tissues. Figure 3
shows three examples of mammary carcinoma tissue sections,
which were fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin, in a
light microscope (magnification 1/100). An isotype-control
(
Figure 2g), all of the cells incubated with the serum of
mouse 5 were fluorescence-labeled in FACS analysis after
addition of the secondary antibody (Figure 2h). This binding
was completely neutralized through incubation of the anti-
antibody (IgG ) was used as negative control (Figure 3a–c).
1
In contrast, the tissue sections shown in Figure 3d–f were
incubated with the serum of mouse 5, which had been
immunized with vaccine 14. Bound tumor-selective antibod-
ies were detected with a biotinylated goat-anti-mouse/anti-
rabbit antibody, whose adhesion was displayed with a
streptavidin horseradish peroxidase conjugate, which cata-
Figure 3. Sections of breast tumor tissues of three patients: a–c) tis-
sues were fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin in a light
microscope (1:100); d–f) tissues were incubated with the serum from
mouse 5, which had been immunized with the synthetic vaccine 14.
The detection was carried out with a biotinylated goat-anti-mouse/anti-
rabbit antibody (ChemMate Detection Kit, Dakocytomation, Glostrup,
Denmark), horse radish peroxidase bound to streptavidin, which
catalyzes oxidation of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole.
Figure 1. ELISA binding studies of the antisera induced by vaccine 13
(
a) and 14 (b); binding to BSA conjugates 11 (a) and 12 (b).
Figure 2. FACS analysis of the binding of the antisera induced by vaccines 13 and 14: a) MCF-7 tumor cells treated with PBS buffer; b) MCF-7
cells treated with antiserum (1:1000) of mouse 2, which had been immunized with 13; c) MCF-7 cells treated with serum of a control mouse,
which had been immunized only with tetanus toxoid; d) MCF-7 cells treated with antiserum (1:1000) of mouse 5, which had been immunized
ꢀ1
with 14; e) the binding shown in (d) is neutralized by the addition of MUC1 glycopeptide 8 (25 mgmL ); f) binding of the SM3 antibody to MCF-
tumor cells; g) T-47D breast tumor cells treated with PBS buffer; h) T-47D cells treated with antiserum (1:1000) of mouse 5, which had been
7
ꢀ1
immunized with 14; i) the binding shown in (h) is neutralized by the addition of MUC1 glycopeptide 8 (6 mgmL ).
9
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lyzes the oxidation of 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole to a rose-
colored dye. Figure 3a shows a barely dedifferentiated tumor
tissue (early phase, grade G1, less than 1% reacting tumor
cells), Figure 3b a tissue, in which between 1 and 9% of the
cells react (grade G2), and Figure 3c an advanced tumor
tissue containing 10–50% reacting cells.
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After incubation with serum from mouse 5, which had
been immunized with the synthetic vaccine 14, the rose
coloring indicates that the IgG antibodies induced by 14 bind
1
[
[
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only weakly to the tumor tissue in the early phase (Figure 3d,
G1), but bind considerably to the tumor in G2-phase (Fig-
ure 3e). The connective tissue seen in the picture is not
marked. The tumor tissue in the advanced G3 phase (Fig-
ure 3 f) is very strongly marked by the antibodies, which were
induced in mice by the synthetic vaccine 14.
These results give evidence for the first time of the
diagnostic value of the antibodies induced by the synthetic
MUC1 glycopeptide TTox vaccines. Moreover, if one keeps in
mind that according to the immunological mechanisms, tumor
cells recognized by the IgG antibodies should be catabolized
through the immune system, then the results shown in
Figures 2 and 3 suggest that an active immunization of
patients against their own tumor tissues should be feasible
with synthetic MUC1-glycopeptide vaccines such as 13 and
[
[
[
1
4.
Received: June 30, 2011
Published online: September 9, 2011
[
Keywords: antitumor vaccines · glycopeptide antigens ·
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[
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([M+HꢀNeuNAcCOOH] , calc.: 2585.2).
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Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 9977 –9981
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www.angewandte.org
9981