pH-Responsive supramolecular DOX-dimer based on cucurbit[8]uril for selective drug release

Article abstract of DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.020

A supramolecular dimer of doxorubicin (DOX) was constructed via ternary host-guest interactions between cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and tryptophan modified DOX (DOX-Trp, connected with an acid-labile bond) and we demonstrate for the first time that a supramolecular dimer of DOX can be formed upon homo-dimerization by CB[8], which may act as a stimuli pH-responsive, supramolecular DOX dimer prodrug system. This supramolecular DOX dimer transported DOX efficiently and selectively to cancer cells, thereby exhibiting significantly minimized cytotoxicity against noncancerous cells while maintaining effective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Under this strategy, many other anticancer drugs could be chemically modified and loaded as a dimeric “ammunition” into CB[8] as supramolecular dimer prodrug systems (or a “jet fighter”) for improved cancer therapy.

Full text of DOI:10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.020

Journal Pre-proof
pH-Responsive supramolecular DOX-dimer based on cucurbit[8]uril for
selective drug release
Qian Cheng, Shengke Li, Yanlong Ma, Hang Yin, Ruibing Wang
PII:
S1001-8417(19)30624-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.020
CCLET 5284
DOI:
Reference:
To appear in:
Chinese Chemical Letters
Accepted Date:
18 October 2019
Please cite this article as: Cheng Q, Li S, Ma Y, Yin H, Wang R, pH-Responsive
supramolecular DOX-dimer based on cucurbit[8]uril for selective drug release, Chinese
Chemical Letters (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.10.020
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Chinese Chemical Letters
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Communication
pH-Responsive supramolecular DOX-dimer based on cucurbit[8]uril for selective
drug release
a,1
b,1
a
a
a,
Qian Cheng , Shengke Li , Yanlong Ma , Hang Yin , Ruibing Wang 
a
State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
b

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rwang@um.edu.mo (R. Wang)
These authors contributed equally to this work.
1
Graphical abstract
A pH-responsive, supramolecular dimer of doxorubicin (DOX) was constructed via ternary host-guest interactions between
cucurbit[8]uril and tryptophan modified DOX (DOX-Trp, connected with an acid-labile bond), which exhibited selective cytotoxicity
against cancer cells.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
A supramolecular dimer of doxorubicin (DOX) was constructed via ternary host guest
interactions between cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and tryptophan modified DOX (DOX-Trp,
connected with an acid-labile bond) and we demonstrate for the first time that a supramolecular
dimer of DOX can be formed upon homo-dimerization by CB[8], which may act as a stimuli
(pH)-responsive, supramolecular DOX dimer pro-drug system. This supramolecular DOX dimer
transported DOX efficiently and selectively to cancer cells, thereby exhibiting significantly
minimized cytotoxicity against noncancerous cells while maintaining effective cytotoxicity
against cancer cells. Under this strategy, many other anticancer drugs could be chemically
modified and loaded as a dimeric “ammunition” into CB[8] as supramolecular dimer pro-drug
systems (or a “jet fighter”) for improved cancer therapy.
Received 12 September 2019
Received in revised form 8 October 2019
Accepted 15 October 2019
Available online
Keywords:
Host-guest
Cucurbit[8]uril
pH-Responsive
Prodrug
Drug delivery
Chemotherapy, as one of the most common modalities to treat various diseases, such as cancers and human immunodeficiency virus
HIV), faces a variety of challenges in clinical applications, including but not limited to poor specificity and associated side-effects. To
(
address these challenges, a plethora of stimuli-responsive prodrugs including dimeric and polymeric prodrugs have been developed and
exhibited therapeutic improvements in preclinical and even clinical settings [1-8]. For instance, camptothecin (CPT) dimer, connected
by a reduction-labile maleimide thioether bond was designed and loaded into an acid-active nanoplatform for the targeted killing of
tumor cells [9]. Moreover, the CPT dimer possesses Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect between CPT and maleimide
—
——

thioether bond, and the reversion of the dimer to monomeric CPT resulted in the “turn-off” of the FRET signal, making the drug release
process trackable. Furthermore, abacavir dimeric prodrug was designed to facilitate the blood brain barrier penetration via inhibiting the
drug’s efflux by P-glycoprotein, and the dimeric drug was reverted back into potent monomeric therapeutic agent specifically inside
target cells [10]. Although these covalent dimeric prodrugs exhibited promising selectivity towards cancer cells, the preparation of these
materials often involves ingenious design and complex synthesis, and each synthetic strategy cannot be translated to dimerization of
other drug systems. In addition, many of these dimeric prodrugs often need to be further loaded into nanomaterials for improved therapy
[2]. A more facile, general approach to prepare dimeric prodrug that may be used directly as a therapeutic agent is highly sought after.
Due to excellent guest-binding behaviours, macrocyclic cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n = 5–8 and 10) have attracted increasing attentions
in supramolecular chemistry during recent years [11-18]. Recent studies have demonstrated that CB[7] may serve as an effective
pharmaceutical excipient that offers a variety of benefits, such as taste-masking and side effect alleviation of the included drugs [19,20].
On the other hand, CB[8] (Fig. 1) may simultaneously bind two guest drug molecules inside the cavity to form a stable ternary complex,
doubling drug loading of that from either CB[7] or CB[8]-based binary complex systems [21-23]. Therefore, CB[8] has been frequently
employed as a non-covalent crosslinker in construction of a variety of functional materials [11, 24-28]. One typical example is that
peptides or proteins with tryptophan (Trp) or phenylalanine (Phe) residues at N-terminal could be dimerized by CB[8] via homo-ternary
complexation, which was firstly discovered by Urbach and coworkers [23]. Such strategy has been applied to dimerize proteins and
manipulate their enzymatic activity [29,30]. Under the same principles, Scherman and co-workers demonstrated the preparation of
supramolecular hydrogels by CB[8]-mediated crosslinking of Phe-functionalized polysaccharides, which have exhibited potential
applications in controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering [31-33]. Similarly, Wang et al. reported an eco-friendly antibiotic based
on CB[8] crosslinked Phe-functionalized polyethylenimine [34]. However, in all of these previous examples, CB[8] was employed to
crosslink peptides, proteins and polymers, whereas CB[8]-crosslinked dimeric drug molecules are extremely rare. Herein we designed a
doxorubicin (DOX) prodrug DOX-Trp that contains an acid-labile hydrazone bond, and we demonstrate for the first time that a
supramolecular dimer of DOX based on CB[8] and Trp modified DOX (DOX-Trp) may act as a stimuli pH-responsive DOX dimer
prod-drug system that may transport DOX efficiently and selectively to cancer cells. This novel supramolecular drug dimer system
resulted in improved therapeutic effect towards cancer cells with minimal cytotoxicity against noncancerous cells.
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of CB[8] mediated dimerization of DOX-Trp and the selective release of DOX against cancer cells.
Firstly, Trp conjugated DOX via a hydrazone bond, DOX-Trp was synthesized. The synthetic procedures are detailed in Scheme S1
1
13
(
Supporting information), and its chemical structure was confirmed by H NMR and C NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Supramolecular dimer
1
of DOX, crosslinked by CB[8], was formed when DOX-Trp and CB[8] were mixed at 2:1 molar ratio in an aqueous solution. H NMR,
isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and ESI-MS were employed to investigate the formation of such a ternary complex. As shown in
Fig. S1 (Supporting information), the mixture exhibited significant exchange broadening on H NMR spectra during titration with
1
CB[8], consistent with previous observations reported by Urbach and coworkers, which is inconclusive for the interaction and binding
ratio between CB[8] and DOX-Trp [23]. The ITC experiment was conducted by injection of DOX-Trp (1.0 mmol/L) into CB[8]
solution (0.024 mmol/L) in the cell. The integrated thermogram (Fig. 2) performed after the deduction of the blank control was fitted to
the “sequential binding” model, resulting in a 2:1 binding stoichiometry of DOX-Trp@CB[8], with stepwise bimolecular association
6
5
constants determined to be Ks1 = 1.99×10 L/mol and Ks2 1.14×10 L/mol, respectively, slightly larger than the previously reported
5
4
values (Ks1 = 1.3× 10 L/mol and Ks2 = 2.8× 10 L/mol), likely due to the absence of salts in the ultrapure water solutions in our study,
instead of PBS used in the previous study [23, 35]. Furthermore, ESI-MS analysis (Fig. S2 in Supporting information) revealed a

3+
characteristic triply charged peak at m/z 939.66, corresponding to [(DOX-Trp) @CB[8]+3H] (calcd. value 939.66), further supported
2
the 2:1 binding ratio between DOX-Trp and CB[8].
Fig. 2. ITC results of the titration of DOX-Trp into CB[8]in aqueous solutions at 25.0 °C. Top: Thermogram of 19 drops (2 µL per drop) of
DOX-Trp (1.0 mmol/L, 0.04 mL) injected into CB[8] solution (0.024 mmol/L, 0.2 mL). Bottom: The dependence of △H against the molar ratio
between DOX-Trp and CB[8] during titration; the solid line represents the best fit plot by using the “sequential binding” binding model.
As the prodrug DOX-Trp contained an acid-labile hydrazone bond, it was expected that the dimer system would exhibit pH
responsive release of DOX under acidic conditions typically encountered in tumour tissues and cells. As the typical pH in cancer tissues
and around cancer cells is approximately 6.5 and even lower in lysosome (pH 5.0), and the pH of extracellular fluids and around normal
cells is approximately 7.0 [36-38]. Therefore, we chose pH 5.0, 6.5 and 7.0 to examine the drug release behaviours of DOX-
Trp@CB[8]. Thus, DOX release rate of the supramolecular dimer was studied under different pH conditions using HPLC. As shown in
Fig. 3, the dimer system showed decent stability when incubated in a PBS solution at pH 7.0, with accumulated DOX release less than
16% after incubation for 72 h. Conversely, the release of free DOX reached up to 62% and 49% when incubated at pH 5.0 and 6.5,
respectively, for 72 h, confirming the pH sensitivity of the dimer system.
Fig. 3. The time-dependent release efficiency of DOX from DOX-Trp@CB[8] under neutral and acidic conditions (n = 3).
Fig. 4. CLSM images of BEL 7402 and LO2 cells incubated with DOX-Trp@CB[8] for 24 h. The cell nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue
fluorescence).
Next, the cellular uptake behaviours of the dimer system by LO2 and BEL 7402 cell lines, as representative noncancerous and cancer
cell lines, were investigated via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) upon incubating the cells with the dimer system for 24 h.
As shown in Fig. 4, DAPI was employed to stain the cell nucleus with blue fluorescence, while DOX possesses naturally-occurring red
fluorescence. Upon incubation of the cells with DOX-Trp@CB[8] for 24 h, BEL 7402 and LO2 cells exhibited obviously different
levels of uptake of DOX, as much higher-intensity of red fluorescence was observed in BEL 7402 cells than that in LO2 cells. In
addition, most of red fluorescence in LO2 cells was concentrated in the cytoplasm, while in BEL 7402 cells red fluorescence was

mainly situated in the nucleus, suggesting that DOX was effectively released by the dimer system and more efficiently taken up by the
cancer cells. With regards to free DOX-Trp (Fig. S3 in Supporting information), both LO2 cells and BEL 7402 cells were infiltrated by
red fluorescence produced by DOX, indicating that DOX-Trp does not have the ability to selectively release DOX. In contrast, the
dimer system likely remained its integrity in the relatively neutral microenvironment of LO2 cell lines, which has limited its uptake by
the cells. Subsequently, the quantitative analysis of cellular uptake by flow cytometry was conducted. As shown in Figs. S4 and S5
(Supporting information), the amount of DOX taken up by BEL 7402 cells was nearly 10-fold higher than that by LO2 cells. This was
likely attributed to the different pH micro-environments of cancerous cells and noncancerous cells, where free DOX could not be
released at neutral pH conditions encountered near noncancerous cells, resulting in significantly reduced uptake by noncancerous cells.
To further investigate the selective drug release profile of the supramolecular dimer system in cancer cells, cytotoxicity experiment
was conducted in both cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines. For comparison, each cell line was incubated with free DOX, DOX-Trp,
DOX-Trp@CB[8] and CB[8], respectively, and were subsequently investigated via MTT assays. As shown in Fig. 5, after incubation
for 48 h, free DOX, DOX-Trp and DOX-Trp@CB[8] exhibited comparable anticancer activities against BEL 7402 cells with the IC50
(inhibitory concentration to produce 50% cell death) values determined to be 4.85± 1.28 μmol/L, 7.168± 1.23 μmol/L and 4.61± 1.01
μmol/L, respectively. In contrast, the DOX-Trp@CB[8] group exhibited remarkably reduced cytotoxicity against LO2 cell line after 48
h of incubation, when compared to DOX-Trp group and free DOX group. The IC50 value was determined to be 13.66± 1.21 μmol/L for
DOX-Trp@CB[8], significantly higher than that of free DOX (2.11± 1.08 μmol/L) and DOX-Trp (8.01± 0.88 μmol/L) against LO2
cells, suggesting that the dimer system may set the ammunition (DOX) free at the target site due to the inherent pH sensitivity. The
dramatically improved safety profile of the dimer system against noncancerous cells was consistent with the reduced cellular uptake by
noncancerous cells, likely attributed to the reduced transmembrane transport of the supramolecular dimer. Our previous studies have
exhibited that supramolecular complexation of a guest species by cucurbituril may inhibit its cellular uptake [39,40]. In fact, DOX has
proven anticancer activity, however, its clinical application has been mainly hampered by its systemic toxicity. Thus, the
supramolecular dimer system may provide a novel approach to alleviate the cytotoxicity of DOX while maintaining its cytotoxicity
against cancer cells in a specific manner.
Fig. 5 Cytotoxicity results of free DOX, DOX-Trp, DOX-Trp@CB[8] and CB[8] against BEL 7402 and LO2 cells incubated for 48 h analysed
by using MTT assay (n = 5).
In summary, we have designed and developed a novel pH-sensitive supramolecular DOX dimer system, via CB[8] mediated DOX-
Trp homo-dimerization, which has exhibited selective ammunition (DOX) release in cancer cells, thus exerting a significantly improved
safety profile against normal cells while maintaining effective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Under this strategy, many other
anticancer drugs could be chemically modified and loaded as a dimeric “ammunition” into this supramolecular dimer system for
improved cancer therapy.
Declaration of interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that
could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be
considered as potential competing interests:
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau SAR (No. 030/2017/A1), University of Macau
(
No. MYRG2016-00008-ICMS-QRCM) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21871301).
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