Gramoxone

Base Information

• Chemical Name: Gramoxone
• CAS No.: 1910-42-5
• Molecular Formula: C12H14Cl2N2
• Molecular Weight: 257.163
• Hs Code.: 29333990
• NSC Number: 263500,88126
• Mol file: 1910-42-5.mol

Synonyms:Gramoxone;Methyl Viologen;Paragreen A;Paraquat;Viologen, Methyl

Chemical Property of Gramoxone

Chemical Property:

• Appearance/Colour: off-white powder
• Vapor Pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
• Melting Point: > 300 °C(lit.)
• Refractive Index: 1.6400 (estimate)
• Boiling Point: 175oC
• PSA: 7.76000
• Density: 1.25
• LogP: -4.98940
• Storage Temp.: 0-6°C
• Water Solubility.: soluble
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
• Rotatable Bond Count: 1
• Exact Mass: 221.0845511
• Heavy Atom Count: 15
• Complexity: 145

Purity/Quality:

99.9% ^*data from raw suppliers

Paraquat Dichloride ^*data from reagent suppliers

Safty Information:

• Pictogram(s): T+,N
• Hazard Codes: T+,N
• Statements: 24/25-26-36/37/38-48/25-50/53
• Safety Statements: 22-28-36/37/39-45-60-61-28A

MSDS Files:

SDS file from LookChem

Total 1 MSDS from other Authors

Useful:

• Canonical SMILES: C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C.[Cl-]
• Description: Paraquat dichloride is a dark blue liquid, non-combustible, stable herbicide chemical. It is incompatible with strong oxidising agents. On contact with fire paraquat decomposes gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases), nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chloride. Paraquat dichloride contact and storage destroys metal. Paraquat dichloride hydrolyses in alkaline media and reacts with aluminium to produce hydrogen gas. Paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide currently registered to control weeds and grasses in many agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used preplant or preemergence on vegetables, grains, cotton, grasses, sugar cane, peanuts, potatoes, and tree plantation areas; post-emergence around fruit crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans, and sugar cane. It is also used on non-crop areas such as public airports, electric transformer stations, and around commercial buildings to control weeds. It has been reported that about seven pesticide products are registered which contain the active ingredient paraquat dichloride and classified as restricted use pesticides (RUPs). Paraquat dichloride and the products are primarily intended for ‘Occupational Use’. In the United States, Paraquat is classified as ‘restricted commercial use’, and people must obtain a license to use the product.

Technology Process of Gramoxone

There total 27 articles about Gramoxone which guide to synthetic route it. The literature collected by LookChem mainly comes from the sharing of users and the free literature resources found by Internet computing technology. We keep the original model of the professional version of literature to make it easier and faster for users to retrieve and use. At the same time, we analyze and calculate the most feasible synthesis route with the highest yield for your reference as below:

synthetic route:

Reference yield: 95.0%

methyl vilogen diiodide (1983-60-4) → paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5)

Guidance literature:

With silver(I) chloride; In water;

DOI:10.1021/jp102933h

Reference yield: 94.0%

4,4'-bipyridine (553-26-4) + chloroacetic acid (79-11-8) → paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5)

Guidance literature:

In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 140 ℃; for 24h;

DOI:10.1002/anie.201606472

Reference yield: 92.3%

4,4'-bipyridine (553-26-4) + methyl iodide (74-88-4) → paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5)

Guidance literature:

In acetonitrile; at 60 ℃; for 12h;

DOI:10.1039/c3ra41631c

upstream raw materials:

N-methylphenothiazine

methanol

sodium 3-(10'-phenothiazinyl)propane-1-sulfonate

sodium 6-(10'-phenothiazinyl)hexane-1-sulfonate

Downstream raw materials:

methyl viologen radical cation chloride

10-methylphenothiazine radical cation

formaldehyd

Paraquat

Refernces

• 1、 Usui, Yoshiharu,Sasaki, Yoshimi,Ishi, Yukie,Tokumaru, Katsumi. "Photosensitized Reduction of Methylviologen through the Energy Transfer from Triplet Dyes to 9-Anthracenecarboxylate Anion". . p. 3335 - 3337. Retrieved 1988.
• 2、 Jones, Guilford,Malba, Vincent. "Pyridinium Quenchers of Ru(bpy)32+*. Charge Effects of the Yield of Electron Transfer". . p. 5776 - 5782. Retrieved 1985.
• 3、 Hidaka, Seiji,Matsumoto, Eizo,Toda, Fujio. "Photoinduced Reduction of Methylviologen by Ascorbate Using Chlorophyllin in Liposome System". . p. 207 - 210. Retrieved 1985.
• 4、 Mulazzani, Quinto G.,D'Agelantonio, Mila,Venturi, Margherita,Hoffman, Morton Z.,Rodgers, Michael A. J.. "Interaction of Formate and Oxalate Ions with Radiation-Generated Radicals in Aqueous Solution. Methylviologen as a Mechanistic Probe". . p. 5347 - 5352. Retrieved 1986.
• 5、 Saika, Tetsuyuki,Iyoda, Tomokazu,Shimidzu, Takeo. "Preparation of Polyviologen-modified TiO2 by Photocatalytic Polymerization of Bis(4-cyano-1-pyridinio)-p-xylene Dibromide". . p. 2025 - 2028. Retrieved 1993.
• 6、 Ebbesen, T. W.,Ferraudi, G.. "Photochemistry of Methyl Viologen in Aqueous and Methanolic Solutions". . p. 3717 - 3721. Retrieved 1983.
• 7、 Fitzmaurice, Donald,Frei, Heinz,Rabani, Joseph. "Time-Resolved Optical Study on the Charge Carrier Dynamics in a TiO2/AgI Sandwich Colloid". . p. 9176 - 9181. Retrieved 1995.
• 8、 Schoenmakers,Waagenaar,Kelly. "Methylviologen Redox Reactions at Semiconductor Single Crystal Electrodes". . p. 1169 - 1175. Retrieved 1996.
• 9、 Luo, Jian,Hu, Bo,Sam, Alyssa,Liu, T. Leo. "Metal-Free Electrocatalytic Aerobic Hydroxylation of Arylboronic Acids". supporting information. p. 361 - 364. Retrieved 2018/01/28.