Gramoxone

Base Information

• Chemical Name: Gramoxone
• CAS No.: 1910-42-5
• Molecular Formula: C12H14Cl2N2
• Molecular Weight: 257.163
• Hs Code.: 29333990
• NSC Number: 263500,88126
• Mol file: 1910-42-5.mol

Synonyms:Gramoxone;Methyl Viologen;Paragreen A;Paraquat;Viologen, Methyl

Chemical Property of Gramoxone

Chemical Property:

• Appearance/Colour: off-white powder
• Vapor Pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
• Melting Point: > 300 °C(lit.)
• Refractive Index: 1.6400 (estimate)
• Boiling Point: 175oC
• PSA: 7.76000
• Density: 1.25
• LogP: -4.98940
• Storage Temp.: 0-6°C
• Water Solubility.: soluble
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
• Rotatable Bond Count: 1
• Exact Mass: 221.0845511
• Heavy Atom Count: 15
• Complexity: 145

Purity/Quality:

99.9% ^*data from raw suppliers

Paraquat Dichloride ^*data from reagent suppliers

Safty Information:

• Pictogram(s): T+,N
• Hazard Codes: T+,N
• Statements: 24/25-26-36/37/38-48/25-50/53
• Safety Statements: 22-28-36/37/39-45-60-61-28A

MSDS Files:

SDS file from LookChem

Total 1 MSDS from other Authors

Useful:

• Canonical SMILES: C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C.[Cl-]
• Description: Paraquat dichloride is a dark blue liquid, non-combustible, stable herbicide chemical. It is incompatible with strong oxidising agents. On contact with fire paraquat decomposes gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases), nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chloride. Paraquat dichloride contact and storage destroys metal. Paraquat dichloride hydrolyses in alkaline media and reacts with aluminium to produce hydrogen gas. Paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide currently registered to control weeds and grasses in many agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used preplant or preemergence on vegetables, grains, cotton, grasses, sugar cane, peanuts, potatoes, and tree plantation areas; post-emergence around fruit crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans, and sugar cane. It is also used on non-crop areas such as public airports, electric transformer stations, and around commercial buildings to control weeds. It has been reported that about seven pesticide products are registered which contain the active ingredient paraquat dichloride and classified as restricted use pesticides (RUPs). Paraquat dichloride and the products are primarily intended for ‘Occupational Use’. In the United States, Paraquat is classified as ‘restricted commercial use’, and people must obtain a license to use the product.

Technology Process of Gramoxone

There total 27 articles about Gramoxone which guide to synthetic route it. The literature collected by LookChem mainly comes from the sharing of users and the free literature resources found by Internet computing technology. We keep the original model of the professional version of literature to make it easier and faster for users to retrieve and use. At the same time, we analyze and calculate the most feasible synthesis route with the highest yield for your reference as below:

synthetic route:

Reference yield: 95.0%

methyl vilogen diiodide (1983-60-4) → paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5)

Guidance literature:

With silver(I) chloride; In water;

DOI:10.1021/jp102933h

Reference yield: 94.0%

4,4'-bipyridine (553-26-4) + chloroacetic acid (79-11-8) → paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5)

Guidance literature:

In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 140 ℃; for 24h;

DOI:10.1002/anie.201606472

Reference yield: 92.3%

4,4'-bipyridine (553-26-4) + methyl iodide (74-88-4) → paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5)

Guidance literature:

In acetonitrile; at 60 ℃; for 12h;

DOI:10.1039/c3ra41631c

upstream raw materials:

N-methylphenothiazine

methanol

sodium 3-(10'-phenothiazinyl)propane-1-sulfonate

sodium 6-(10'-phenothiazinyl)hexane-1-sulfonate

Downstream raw materials:

nitrobenzene radical anion

methyl viologen radical cation chloride

10-methylphenothiazine radical cation

formaldehyd

Refernces

A Remarkably Simple Route to Perfluoroalkylated Olefins and Perfluoroalkanoic Acids

10.1021/jo00245a041

The research explores a new method for introducing perfluoroalkyl groups into organic molecules using a zinc-methyl viologen system as an electron mediator in a Barbier-type reaction. The purpose is to develop a moderate technical approach that can efficiently convert perfluoroalkyl iodides to α-perfluoroalkyl carbinols without requiring harsh conditions like ultrasound, photolysis, or thermolysis. Key chemicals used include perfluoroalkyl iodides, benzaldehyde, zinc powder, and methyl viologen. The study concludes that the zinc-methyl viologen system significantly accelerates the conversion process, with yields of the desired products ranging from 13% to 68%. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by IR, NMR, and mass spectral data. The method is notable for its simplicity and effectiveness in synthesizing α-perfluoroalkyl carbinols under mild conditions.

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