T:Toxic;
117-81-7Relevant articles and documents
ESTERFICATION OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE BY ALCOHOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF TITANIUM BIS(β-DIKETONATES)
Khrustaleva, E. A.,Yatluk, Yu. G.,Suvorov, A. L.
, p. 1133 - 1136 (1989)
-
Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash: Characterization and kinetic studies of organic matter
Dugenest,Combrisson,Casabianca,Grenier-Loustalot
, p. 1110 - 1115 (1999)
Bottom ash is the main solid residue (in weight) which is produced by municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) facilities. To be reused in public works, it has to be stored previously a few months. This material is composed primarily of a mineral matrix but also contains unburnt organic matter. The mineral content and its change in the course of aging are relatively well- known, in contrast with the organic content. So in order to detect the phenomena responsible for changes in organic matter and their effects during aging, the concentrations of the main organic compounds previously characterized, the number of microorganisms, and the release of carbon dioxide were followed kinetically (over 13 months) in model laboratory conditions (mass, particle size, humidity, temperature, aerobiosis). The results showed that the aging process led to the natural biodegradation of the organic matter available in bottom ash, composed essentially of carboxylic acids and n-alkanes (steroids and PAH's to a lesser extent), and consequently that it would improve the bottom ash quality. Furthermore these results were confirmed by the study of aging Conducted in conditions used in the industrial scale (over 12 months).
Catalytic upcycling of PVC waste-derived phthalate esters into safe, hydrogenated plasticizers
Bals, Sara,De Vos, Dirk E.,Diefenhardt, Thomas,Jain, Noopur,Marquez, Carlos,Schlummer, Martin,Windels, Simon
supporting information, p. 754 - 766 (2022/02/02)
Recycling of end-of-life polyvinyl chloride (PVC) calls for solutions to deal with the vast amounts of harmful phthalate plasticizers that have historically been incorporated in PVC. Here, we report on the upcycling of such waste-extracted phthalate esters into analogues of the much safer diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate plasticizer (DINCH), via a catalytic one-pot (trans)esterification-hydrogenation process. For most of the virgin phthalates, Ru/Al2O3 is a highly effective hydrogenation catalyst, yielding >99% ring-hydrogenated products under mild reaction conditions (0.1 mol% Ru, 80 °C, 50 bar H2). However, applying this reaction to PVC-extracted phthalates proved problematic, (1) as benzyl phthalates are hydrogenolyzed to benzoic acids that inhibit the Ru-catalyst, and (2) because impurities in the plasticizer extract (PVC, sulfur) further retard the hydrogenation. These complications were solved by coupling the hydrogenation to an in situ (trans)esterification with a higher alcohol, and by pretreating the extract with an activated carbon adsorbent. In this way, a real phthalate extract obtained from post-consumer PVC waste was eventually completely (>99%) hydrogenated to phthalate-free, cycloaliphatic plasticizers. This journal is
Diacidic ionic liquid supported on magnetic-silica nanocomposite: a novel, stable, and reusable catalyst for selective diester production
Fareghi-Alamdari, Reza,Nadiri Niri, Mehri,Hazarkhani, Hassan,Zekri, Negar
, p. 2615 - 2629 (2018/09/13)
Abstract: Supported diacidic ionic liquid on magnetic silica nanoparticles (SDAIL@magnetic nanoSiO2) was successfully prepared through a multi-step approach. 2,2- bis ((3- methylimidazolidin-1-yl) methyl) propane- 1,3- diol bromide salt was immobilized onto the surface of magnetic silica nanoparticles via covalent bonding to prepare a novel powerful acidic catalyst. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TGA, VSM, N2 adsorption–desorption measurements and acid-base titration. The catalytic activity of the prepared SDAIL@magnetic nanoSiO2 was investigated for the selective diesterification of alcohols by phthalic anhydride to afford corresponding dialkyl plasticizers under solvent-free conditions. The nature of two acidic counter anions as well as the presence of Lewis acidic species (Fe3O4) on the magnetic nanosilica and high surface area of the nanosilica influenced the behavior of the catalyst. Surperisingly, the high acidic character of the catalyst facilitates the reaction with a short reaction time. Furthermore, TG analysis strongly demonstrates that major content of IL is still stable on the support up to 290?°C, so catalyst has a good thermal stability. Under the optimized conditions, the conversion of phthalic anhydride was 100% and diester plasticizers were obtained with excellent yields (80–100%). The SDAIL@magnetic nanoSiO2 catalyst showed a good reusability and could be easily separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnet thanks to its superparamagnetic behavior and reused for several runs without significant activity loss. An important advantage of the SDAIL@magnetic nanoSiO2 was its high-hydrophilicity resulted in excellent selectivity towards the formation of only diesters which are commonly used plasticizers in different industries. Graphical abstract [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
