25014-41-9

Usage

Uses

Used in Textile Industry:
Polyacrylonitrile is used as a textile fiber for its wool-like characteristics, making it suitable for producing outdoor awning, sails for yachts, and fiber-reinforced concrete.
Used in Carbon Fiber Production:
PAN is used as a polymeric carbon precursor to form carbon fibers, electrospun activated carbon materials with meso-macro pores, and carbon black additives. These materials are utilized in hydrogen storage, EMI shielding, electrochemistry, and separation processes.
Used in Filtration Membranes:
PAN is employed in the production of ultrafiltration membranes due to its chemical resistance and thermal stability.
Used in Cement Reinforcement:
Polyacrylonitrile fibers are used for cement reinforcement, enhancing the strength and durability of the material.
Used in Yacht Sails and Outdoor Applications:
PAN is used in the manufacturing of sails for yachts and awning fabrics for outdoor applications, taking advantage of its resistance to UV degradation and weather conditions.
Used in Acoustic and Thermal Insulation:
Specialist fibers made from PAN are utilized for acoustic and thermal insulation due to their high thermal insulation properties and resistance to breakages.
Used in Flame-Retardant Fabrics:
Inherently flame-resistant (FR) fabrics are produced using PAN homopolymer fibers, making them suitable for outdoor awning, sails, and fiber-reinforced concrete.
Used in Automobile Industry:
Poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS) and Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) are used as plastics in the automobile industry for producing lightweight and strong automobile body parts, contributing to fuel efficiency and reduced pollution.
Used in Hot Air Filtration Systems:
PAN copolymers, which are flame-retardant, are used as fibers to make knitted clothing like socks and sweaters, as well as outdoor products like tents and felts for hot air filtration systems.
Used in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites:
PAN may find applications in PAN-based single-walled carbon nanotube composites, further expanding its use in various industries.

References

https://www.britannica.com/science/polyacrylonitrile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile

Preparation

Approximately 70% of the commercial output of acrylonitrile is polymerized (with minor amounts of comonomers) to give polymers which are used for textile fibres:The most important methods for the preparation of polyacrylonitrile are solution polymerization and suspension polymerization. The former method is particularly convenient, since when a solvent for the polymer is used, the resulting solution may be utilized directly for fibre spinning. Concentrated aqueous solutions of inorganic salts such as calcium thiocyanate, sodium perchlorate and zinc chloride make suitable solvents; suitable organic solvents include dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide. Emulsion polymerization suffers from the disadvantage that the monomer has appreciable water-solubility and the formation of polymer in the aqueous phase can lead to coagulation of the latex. This tendency is reduced by the addition of ethylene dichloride to the system. Fibres prepared from straight polyacrylonitrile are difficult to dye and, in order to improve dyeability, commercial fibres invariably contain a minor proportion (about 10%) of one or two comonomers such as methylmethacrylate, vinyl acetate and 2-vinylpyridine.The average molecular weight (Mw) of commercial polyacrylonitrile is generally in the range 80000-170000. In polyacrylonitrile appreciable electrostatic forces occur between the dipoles of adjacent nitrile groups on the same polymer molecule. This intramolecular interaction restricts bond rotation and leads to a stiff chain. As a result, polyacrylonitrile has a very high crystalline melting point (317°C) and is soluble in only a few solvents such as dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide and in aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. Polyacrylonitrile cannot be melt processed since extensive decomposition occurs before any appreciable flow occurs and fibres are therefore spun from solution. In one process, for example, a solution of the polymer in dimethylformamide is extruded into a coagulating bath of glycerol and the fibre formed is drawn and wound.Polyacrylonitrile is unstable at elevated temperatures. On heating above about 200°C, polyacrylonitrile yields a red solid with very little formation of volatile products. When the red residue is heated at about 350°C there is produced a brittle black material of high thermal stability. The first step in these changes consists of a nitrile polymerization reaction whilst the second step involves aromatization to form a condensed polypyridine ladder polymer:Continued heating at high temperatures (1500-3000°C) results in the elimination of all elements other than carbon to leave a carbon fibre with graphitic crystalline structure of great strength. Polyacrylonitrile fibres have become the most important source for carbon fibres. Polyacrylonitrile is hydrolysed by heating with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide to poly(sodium acrylate).

Purification Methods

Precipitate it from dimethylformamide by addition of MeOH.

Upstream product

• 75-21-8 oxirane 
• 74-90-8 hydrogen cyanide 
• 689-97-4 3-buten-1-yne 
• 67-56-1 methanol 
• 15438-67-2 (3-methoxypropyl)amide 
• 106-98-9 1-butylene 
• 110-61-2 butanedinitrile 
• 187737-37-7 propene 
• 627-39-4 propionaldehyde oxime 
• 5314-33-0 propenal oxime 
• 29443-39-8 methyl ethyl ketone hydrazone 
• 10221-98-4 bis-(1-cyano-ethyl)-carbonate 
• 2664-61-1 3,3',3''-nitrilotripropanamide 
• 34557-54-5 methane 

Downstream Products

• 1072-66-8 1-(2-cyanoethyl)aziridine 
• 7336-15-4 hexahydro-1-(2'-cyanoethyl)-2H-azepin-2-one 
• 4491-92-3 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanenitrile 
• 41832-84-2 N-<2-(N-2-cyanoethyl)aminoethyl>morpholine 
• 84200-09-9 4-(3-cyanopropyl)pyridine 
• 102440-39-1 (2-Cyan-ethyl)-(3-morpholinopropyl)amin 
• 25386-51-0 3-(2-oxo-2H-pyridin-1-yl)-propionitrile 
• 23545-53-1 3-(2,2-dimethyl-aziridin-1-yl)-propionitrile 
• 5005-04-9 1,3-Bis-(2-cyanoethyl)-2-imidazolidinthion 
• 5589-97-9 3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile 
• 89533-16-4 2-Thioxo-3-thiazolidinpropionitril 
• 4862-35-5 3-(4-methyl-piperidino)-propionitrile 
• 4660-02-0 (+/-)-trans-2-phenylcyclopropanecarbonitrile 
• 23300-94-9 1-<2-Cyan-ethyl>indazol 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Experimental Evidence for the Existence of Cyanovinylidene :C=C(H)CN. Gas-Phase Characterization of a Possible Interstellar Molecule

Experiments on the first successful gas-phase generation of the theoretically predicted cyanovinylidene :C=C(H)CN are reported by applying the technique of neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry.

PRODUCTION OF DINITRILES

A process for producing dinitrile comprises supplying a C6 organic compound, an oxidizing agent, ammonia and a diluent to a reaction zone to produce a reaction mixture and contacting the reaction mixture in the reaction zone with a heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature from 50 to 200°C to convert at least a portion of the C6 organic compound to dinitrile and water and produce a reaction effluent. At least part of the reaction effluent is supplied to a separation system to separate at least dinitrile and unreacted ammonia from the reaction effluent and additional water is supplied to a portion of the reaction effluent prior to or during separation of unreacted ammonia from the reaction effluent.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING NITRILE

The present invention provides a method of producing a nitrile from a primary amide, characterized in that the primary amide is subjected to a dehydration reaction in a supercritical fluid in the presence of an acid catalyst. The present invention achieves the object of reducing the corrosion of a reactor and the thermal decomposition of raw materials, as well as provides the effect of improving the reaction rate and nitrile selectivity.

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING UNSATURATED NITRILE

A process for producing unsaturated nitrile comprising a reaction step of subjecting hydrocarbon to a vapor phase catalytic ammoxidation reaction in a fluidized bed reactor to produce the corresponding unsaturated nitrile, wherein, in the reaction step, a powder is fed to a dense zone in the fluidized bed reactor using a carrier gas, and a ratio of a linear velocity LV1 of the carrier gas at a feed opening to feed the powder to the fluidized bed reactor to a linear velocity LV2 of a gas in the dense zone (LV1/LV2) is not less than 0.01 and not more than 1200.

Facile dehydration of primary amides to nitriles catalyzed by lead salts: The anionic ligand matters

The synthesis of nitrile under mild conditions was achieved via dehydration of primary amide using lead salts as catalyst. The reaction processes were intensified by not only adding surfactant but also continuously removing the only by-product, water from the system. Both aliphatic and aromatic nitriles can be prepared in this manner with moderate to excellent yields. The reaction mechanisms were obtained with high-level quantum chemical calculations, and the crucial role the anionic ligand plays in the transformations were revealed.

INTEGRATED METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCING AMIDE AND NITRILE COMPOUNDS

Provided herein are integrated methods and systems for the production of acrylamide and acrylonitrile compounds and other compounds from at least beta-lactones and/or beta-hydroxy amides.

PROCESSES FOR STABILIZING ANTIMONY CATALYSTS

The present disclosure relates to a process for stabilizing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst in an ammoxidation process. The process may comprise providing an antimony ammoxidation catalyst to a reactor; reacting propylene with ammonia and oxygen in the fluidized bed reactor in the presence of the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to form a crude acrylonitrile product; and adding an effective amount of an antimony-containing compound to the antimony ammoxidation catalyst to maintain catalyst conversion and selectivity; wherein the antimony-containing compound has a melting point less than 375°C. The present disclosure also relates to catalyst compositions and additional processes using the antimony ammoxidation catalyst stabilized by an antimony-containing compound.

Method for producing acrylonitrile

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing acrylonitrile capable of both improving a yield by minimizing the fluctuation of the catalytic activity and reducing a yield of acrolein. SOLUTION: There is provided a method for producing a corresponding acrylonitrile by subjecting a hydrocarbon to a vapor phase contact ammoxidation reaction in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst in a fluid bed reactor, which comprises a step of extracting a catalyst during reaction from the fluid bed reactor and a step of adding an unreacted catalyst into the fluid bed reactor, wherein when the extraction amount of the catalyst during reaction extracted from the fluid bed reactor is defined as X kg based on 1 ton of the production amount of acrylonitrile and the amount scattered to the outside from the fluid bed reactor is defined as Y kg, the following expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied, X>0 (1) and 0.1≤X+Y≤1.5 (2) and when the amount of the unreacted catalyst added in a reactor is defined a Z kg based on 1 ton of the production amount of acrylonitrile, the following expression (3) is satisfied, 0.3≤Z/(X+Y)≤2.5 (3). SELECTED DRAWING: None COPYRIGHT: (C)2021,JPOandINPIT

An Air-Stable N-Heterocyclic [PSiP] Pincer Iron Hydride and an Analogous Nitrogen Iron Hydride: Synthesis and Catalytic Dehydration of Primary Amides to Nitriles

An air-stable N-heterocyclic PSiP pincer iron hydride FeH(PMe3)2(SiPh(NCH2PPh2)2C6H4) (4) was synthesized by Si-H activation of a Ph-substituted [PSiP] pincer ligand. The analogous strong electron-donating iPr-substituted [PSiP] pincer ligand was prepared and introduced into iron complex to give an iron nitrogen complex FeH(N2)(PMe3)(SiPh(NCH2PiPr2)2C6H4) (6). Both 4 and 6 showed similar high efficiency for catalytic dehydration of primary amides to nitriles. Air-stable iron hydride 4 was the best catalyst for its stabilization and convenient preparation. A diverse range of cyano compounds including aromatic and aliphatic species was obtained in moderate to excellent yields. A plausible catalytic reaction mechanism was proposed.

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING METHACRYLIC ACID OR METHACRYLIC ACID ESTERS

The present invention relates to a process for producing methacrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters. The present invention is directed to a new process for the production of methacrylic acid or alkyl methacrylate starting from Acrolein, which is available from glycerol or propane.