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D-Luciferin is a small molecule that is abundantly present in bioluminescent organisms. It is sensitive to oxygen and light and is characterized as an off-white to light yellow powder. This 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consists of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid with a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.

2591-17-5

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2591-17-5 Usage

Uses

Used in Bioluminescence Assays:
D-Luciferin is used as a substrate in bioluminescence assays for detecting and measuring the presence of ATP. It plays a crucial role in the assay by reacting with luciferase enzyme to produce light, which is then measured to determine ATP levels.
Used in Luciferase Activity Assays:
In the field of molecular biology, D-Luciferin is used as a reagent for determining luciferase activity through luciferase assays. This application is particularly useful in studying gene expression and monitoring the activity of luciferase in organisms such as mice and Arabidopsis thaliana seeds.
Used in Biomedical Research:
D-Luciferin has been utilized in the preparation of reaction mixtures for nitric oxide determination by chemiluminescence measurement. This allows researchers to accurately measure nitric oxide levels, which is essential for understanding various physiological processes and disease mechanisms.
Used in Analytical Chemistry:
D-Luciferin is also used in the preparation of D-luciferin stock solutions for luciferin assays. This is important for standardizing experimental conditions and ensuring the reliability of results in various analytical chemistry applications.

Biochem/physiol Actions

D-Luciferin uptake within the cells is regulated by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter inhibitors like ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2)/ breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor fumitremorgin C. This substrate is oxidized by firefly luciferase that results in emitting a photon, which has the capability of passing through living tissues.

Purification Methods

D-Luciferin crystallises as pale yellow needles from H2O, or MeOH (83mg/7mL). It has UV max at 263 and 327nm (log 3.88 and 4.27) in 95% EtOH. The Na salt has a solubility of 4mg in 1 mL of 0.05M glycine. [White et al. J Am Chem Soc 83 2402 1961, 85 337 1963, UV and IR: Bitler & McElroy Arch Biochem 72 358 1957, Review: Cormier et al. Fortschr Chem Org Naturst 30 1 1973, Beilstein 27 III/IV 8934.]

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 2591-17-5 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 2,5,9 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 7 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 2591-17:
(6*2)+(5*5)+(4*9)+(3*1)+(2*1)+(1*7)=85
85 % 10 = 5
So 2591-17-5 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C11H8N2O3S2/c14-5-1-2-6-8(3-5)18-10(12-6)9-13-7(4-17-9)11(15)16/h1-3,7,14H,4H2,(H,15,16)

2591-17-5 Well-known Company Product Price

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  • TCI America

  • (A5030)  D-(-)-Luciferin [Chemiluminescence Reagent]  >98.0%(HPLC)

  • 2591-17-5

  • 10mg

  • 1,280.00CNY

  • Detail
  • TCI America

  • (A5030)  D-(-)-Luciferin [Chemiluminescence Reagent]  >98.0%(HPLC)

  • 2591-17-5

  • 50mg

  • 3,980.00CNY

  • Detail

2591-17-5SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 11, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 11, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name Photinus luciferin

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names (S)-2-(6-Hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:2591-17-5 SDS

2591-17-5Synthetic route

D-cysteine
921-01-7

D-cysteine

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
939-69-5

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 20℃;95%
With ammonia; sodium In methanol; water94%
Stage #1: D-cysteine; 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole In aq. buffer for 1h;
Stage #2: With ATP; magnesium chloride; zinc(II) chloride; luciferase In aq. buffer
27%
D-cysteine hydrochloride
32443-99-5

D-cysteine hydrochloride

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
939-69-5

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium carbonate In methanol; water for 0.333333h; Inert atmosphere;86%
With potassium carbonate In water; acetonitrile at 20℃; for 0.333333h;86%
With potassium carbonate In methanol; water for 0.0833333h; Yield given;
With potassium carbonate In methanol for 8h; Concentration; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere;22.76g
l-cysteine hydrochloride
52-89-1

l-cysteine hydrochloride

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
939-69-5

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: l-cysteine hydrochloride; 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole In methanol; water at 20℃; for 0.0833333h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: With potassium carbonate In methanol; water at 20℃; for 0.333333h; Inert atmosphere;
86%
With potassium carbonate In methanol; dichloromethane; water for 0.166667h; Cooling with ice;80%
S,S-cystine
349-46-2

S,S-cystine

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
939-69-5

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
(i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH; Multistep reaction;
luciferin 2-nitro-5-methylbenzenesulfonate
918400-82-5

luciferin 2-nitro-5-methylbenzenesulfonate

GLUTATHIONE
70-18-8

GLUTATHIONE

A

2-amino-4-[1-(carboxymethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(5-methyl-2-nitro-phenylsulfanyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-butyric acid

2-amino-4-[1-(carboxymethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(5-methyl-2-nitro-phenylsulfanyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-butyric acid

B

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 In various solvent(s) at 20℃; for 0.5h; Enzyme kinetics; Further Variations:; Reagents;
luciferin 2-nitro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate
918400-81-4

luciferin 2-nitro-4-methylbenzenesulfonate

GLUTATHIONE
70-18-8

GLUTATHIONE

A

2-amino-4-[1-(carboxymethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-methyl-2-nitro-phenylsulfanyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-butyric acid

2-amino-4-[1-(carboxymethyl-carbamoyl)-2-(4-methyl-2-nitro-phenylsulfanyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-butyric acid

B

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With human glutathione S-transferase A1-1 In various solvent(s) at 20℃; for 0.5h; Enzyme kinetics;
6-methoxybenzothiazol-2-ylamine
1747-60-0

6-methoxybenzothiazol-2-ylamine

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: 1.) AcOH, aq. H2SO4, aq. NaNO2, 2.) NaHCO3 / 1.) 1 h, 2.) water, 30 min
2: 81 percent / pyridinium chloride / 0.75 h / 200 °C
3: K2CO3 / methanol; H2O / 0.08 h
View Scheme
2-cyano-6-methoxybenzothiazole
943-03-3

2-cyano-6-methoxybenzothiazole

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: 81 percent / pyridinium chloride / 0.75 h / 200 °C
2: K2CO3 / methanol; H2O / 0.08 h
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: Py*HCl / 200 °C
2: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: pyridine hydrochloride / 1 h / 180 °C / Neat (no solvent); Inert atmosphere
2: potassium carbonate / methanol; water / 0.33 h / Inert atmosphere
View Scheme
6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-sulfonamide
452-35-7

6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-sulfonamide

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: dimethylsulfoxide / 2.5 h / 125 °C
2: Py*HCl / 2 h / 185 - 195 °C
3: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
ethyl 4'-methoxyoxanilate
18522-99-1

ethyl 4'-methoxyoxanilate

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 6 steps
1: (i) P2S5, xylene, (ii) K3, aq. NaOH
2: HCl
3: NH3 / methanol
4: POCl3
5: Py*HCl / 200 °C
6: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 6 steps
1: (i) P2S5, xylene, (ii) K3, aq. NaOH
2: methanol; diethyl ether
3: NH3 / methanol
4: POCl3
5: Py*HCl / 200 °C
6: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
6-ethoxy-benzothiazole-2-carbonitrile
91634-13-8

6-ethoxy-benzothiazole-2-carbonitrile

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: Py*HCl / 2 h / 185 - 195 °C
2: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
6-methoxybenzothiazole-2-carboxamide
946-12-3

6-methoxybenzothiazole-2-carboxamide

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: POCl3
2: Py*HCl / 200 °C
3: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-carboxylic acid
946-13-4

6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-carboxylic acid

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 5 steps
1: HCl
2: NH3 / methanol
3: POCl3
4: Py*HCl / 200 °C
5: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 5 steps
1: methanol; diethyl ether
2: NH3 / methanol
3: POCl3
4: Py*HCl / 200 °C
5: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
6-methoxy-benzothiazole-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester
884-22-0

6-methoxy-benzothiazole-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps
1: NH3 / methanol
2: POCl3
3: Py*HCl / 200 °C
4: (i) Na, liq. NH3, (ii) /BRN= 744134/, aq. MeOH
View Scheme
C27H22N4O8S3

C27H22N4O8S3

A

C16H16N2O6S

C16H16N2O6S

B

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium chloride; TEM-1 β-lactamase In phosphate buffer at 25℃; pH=7.4; Enzyme kinetics;
(S)-2-(6'-(2-nitrobenzyloxy)-2'-benzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
1186015-41-7

(S)-2-(6'-(2-nitrobenzyloxy)-2'-benzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In lead(II) sulfide Quantum yield; UV-irradiation;
(S)-2-(6'-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyloxy)-2'-benzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
1186015-42-8

(S)-2-(6'-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyloxy)-2'-benzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In lead(II) sulfide Quantum yield; UV-irradiation;
(S)-2-(6'-(1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethoxy)-2'-benzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
1186015-43-9

(S)-2-(6'-(1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethoxy)-2'-benzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In lead(II) sulfide Quantum yield; UV-irradiation;
(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamothioyl cyanide
4968-41-6

(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamothioyl cyanide

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: copper(l) iodide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; palladium dichloride / dimethyl sulfoxide; N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 3 h / 120 °C / Inert atmosphere
2: pyridine hydrochloride / 1 h / 180 °C / Neat (no solvent); Inert atmosphere
3: potassium carbonate / methanol; water / 0.33 h / Inert atmosphere
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: palladium dichloride; copper(l) iodide; tetrabutylammomium bromide / N,N-dimethyl-formamide; dimethyl sulfoxide / 2 h / 120 °C
2: pyridine hydrochloride / sulfolane / 180 °C / Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere
3: potassium carbonate / acetonitrile; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: palladium dichloride; copper(l) iodide; tetrabutylammomium bromide / Inert atmosphere
2: pyridine hydrochloride / Inert atmosphere
3: Inert atmosphere
View Scheme
4-methoxy-aniline
104-94-9

4-methoxy-aniline

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 5 steps
1.1: dichloromethane / 1 h / 20 °C / Inert atmosphere
1.2: 20 °C / Inert atmosphere
2.1: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / dichloromethane / -5 °C
3.1: copper(l) iodide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; palladium dichloride / dimethyl sulfoxide; N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 3 h / 120 °C / Inert atmosphere
4.1: pyridine hydrochloride / 1 h / 180 °C / Neat (no solvent); Inert atmosphere
5.1: potassium carbonate / methanol; water / 0.33 h / Inert atmosphere
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1.1: sulfolane / 3.33 h / 40 - 180 °C / Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere
1.2: 1 h / 180 °C / Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere
2.1: potassium carbonate / acetonitrile; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1.1: sulfolane / 3.33 h / 40 - 180 °C / Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere
1.2: 1 h / 180 °C / Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere
2.1: pyridine hydrochloride / sulfolane / 180 °C / Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere
3.1: potassium carbonate / acetonitrile; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
N-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)-4-methoxyaniline
75318-49-9

N-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)-4-methoxyaniline

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps
1: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / dichloromethane / -5 °C
2: copper(l) iodide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; palladium dichloride / dimethyl sulfoxide; N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 3 h / 120 °C / Inert atmosphere
3: pyridine hydrochloride / 1 h / 180 °C / Neat (no solvent); Inert atmosphere
4: potassium carbonate / methanol; water / 0.33 h / Inert atmosphere
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: pyridine hydrochloride / sulfolane / 1 h / 180 °C
2: potassium carbonate / acetonitrile; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: pyridine hydrochloride / sulfolane / 1 h / 180 °C
2: pyridine hydrochloride / sulfolane / 180 °C / Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere
3: potassium carbonate / acetonitrile; water / 0.33 h / 20 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps
1: 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene / Inert atmosphere
2: palladium dichloride; copper(l) iodide; tetrabutylammomium bromide / Inert atmosphere
3: pyridine hydrochloride / Inert atmosphere
4: Inert atmosphere
View Scheme
(S)-2-( 6-(4-borono-3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid
1622311-98-1

(S)-2-( 6-(4-borono-3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water; 3-morpholinosydnonymine; 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol In aq. buffer at 37℃; for 1h; pH=8.5; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst;
(S)-2-(6-(4-boronobenzyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid

(S)-2-(6-(4-boronobenzyloxy)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water; 3-morpholinosydnonymine; 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol In aq. buffer at 37℃; for 1.5h; pH=8.5; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst; Time;
2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
939-69-5

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1.1: cesium chloride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 60 °C
2.1: potassium carbonate / water; dichloromethane; methanol / Inert atmosphere
2.2: Inert atmosphere
3.1: water; 3-morpholinosydnonymine; 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol / aq. buffer / 1 h / 37 °C / pH 8.5
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: potassium carbonate / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 24 h / 70 °C
2: potassium carbonate / water; methanol / 1 h / 20 °C / pH 8 / Inert atmosphere; Darkness
3: ozone; pyrrolidine / aq. phosphate buffer; dimethyl sulfoxide / 1 h / 37 °C / pH 7
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: potassium carbonate / acetonitrile / 90 °C
2: potassium carbonate / methanol; water / 20 °C
3: oxygen; cobalt(II) chloride
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1.1: potassium carbonate / acetonitrile / Inert atmosphere
1.2: Inert atmosphere
2.1: oxygen; tyrosinase / aq. acetate buffer / 3 h / 37 °C / pH 7.4 / Enzymatic reaction
View Scheme
C13H12N2O3S2

C13H12N2O3S2

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pig liver esterase In aq. phosphate buffer at 37℃; for 24h; Inert atmosphere; Enzymatic reaction;
2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
939-69-5

2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

A

C14H12N2O4S2

C14H12N2O4S2

B

C14H14N2O5S2

C14H14N2O5S2

C

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: potassium carbonate / N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 24 h / 70 °C
2: potassium carbonate / water; methanol / 1 h / 20 °C / pH 8 / Inert atmosphere; Darkness
3: ozone / aq. phosphate buffer; dimethyl sulfoxide / 1 h / 37 °C / pH 7
View Scheme
2-cyano-6-(3-butenyloxy)benzothiazole

2-cyano-6-(3-butenyloxy)benzothiazole

A

C14H12N2O4S2

C14H12N2O4S2

B

C14H14N2O5S2

C14H14N2O5S2

C

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: potassium carbonate / water; methanol / 1 h / 20 °C / pH 8 / Inert atmosphere; Darkness
2: ozone / aq. phosphate buffer; dimethyl sulfoxide / 1 h / 37 °C / pH 7
View Scheme
2-cyano-6-(3-butenyloxy)benzothiazole

2-cyano-6-(3-butenyloxy)benzothiazole

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: potassium carbonate / water; methanol / 1 h / 20 °C / pH 8 / Inert atmosphere; Darkness
2: ozone; pyrrolidine / aq. phosphate buffer; dimethyl sulfoxide / 1 h / 37 °C / pH 7
View Scheme
C15H14N2O3S2

C15H14N2O3S2

A

C14H12N2O4S2

C14H12N2O4S2

B

C14H14N2O5S2

C14H14N2O5S2

C

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ozone In aq. phosphate buffer; dimethyl sulfoxide at 37℃; for 1h; pH=7;
C15H14N2O3S2

C15H14N2O3S2

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pyrrolidine; ozone In aq. phosphate buffer; dimethyl sulfoxide at 37℃; for 1h; pH=7; Reagent/catalyst;
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

hydrazone of 2-nitroacetophenone
116271-34-2

hydrazone of 2-nitroacetophenone

C19H15N3O5S2

C19H15N3O5S2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: hydrazone of 2-nitroacetophenone With manganese(IV) oxide In dichloromethane at -20℃; for 1h;
Stage #2: D-luciferin In methanol; dichloromethane Cooling with ice;
69.4%
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

2-(6’-hydroxy-2'-benzothiazolyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid
20115-09-7

2-(6’-hydroxy-2'-benzothiazolyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With oxygen; sodium hydroxide65%
With sodium hydroxide Heating;
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

N-acetyl-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid methyl ester
67670-69-3

N-acetyl-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid methyl ester

luciferyl N-acetylneuraminic acid

luciferyl N-acetylneuraminic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: D-luciferin With sodium hydroxide In water at 0 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere; Darkness;
Stage #2: N-acetyl-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid methyl ester With sodium iodide dihydrate; sodium hydroxide In water; acetone at 20℃; for 2h; pH=9 - 10; Inert atmosphere; Darkness;
Stage #3: With sodium hydroxide In methanol; water for 1h;
43%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

(S)-methyl 2-(6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylate
73918-26-0

(S)-methyl 2-(6-hydroxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pyridine; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide for 3h; Inert atmosphere;42%
With thionyl chloride at 20℃; for 1h;
tert-butylsulfinyl chloride
31562-43-3

tert-butylsulfinyl chloride

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

C15H16N2O4S3

C15H16N2O4S3

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide In water at 0 - 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;40%
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene
70-34-8

2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene

C17H10N4O7S2

C17H10N4O7S2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In dichloromethane at 25℃; for 2h;30%
C18H28ClNO10
1400692-83-2

C18H28ClNO10

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

luciferyl 4,7-di-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid

luciferyl 4,7-di-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: D-luciferin With sodium hydroxide In water at 0 - 20℃; Darkness; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: C18H28ClNO10 With sodium iodide dihydrate; sodium hydroxide In water; acetone at 20℃; for 2.42h; pH=9 - 10; Inert atmosphere; Darkness;
Stage #3: With sodium hydroxide In methanol; water for 1h;
28%
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

(S)-2-(6-Hydroxy-7-iodo-benzothiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid

(S)-2-(6-Hydroxy-7-iodo-benzothiazol-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With chloroamine-T; sodium iodide In ethanol at 20℃; for 0.166667h;22%
4-(bromomethyl)phenyl 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinate

4-(bromomethyl)phenyl 2-methylpropane-2-sulfinate

D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

C22H22N2O5S3

C22H22N2O5S3

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide In ethanol; water at 0 - 20℃; for 3.5h; Inert atmosphere;12%
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

D-(-)-2-(6'-hydroxy-7'-[123I]iodobenzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid

D-(-)-2-(6'-hydroxy-7'-[123I]iodobenzothiazolyl)-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With [123I] sodium iodide; chloroamine-T In ethanol at 20℃; for 0.0833333h;
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

[11C]methyl triflate
145577-00-0

[11C]methyl triflate

C11(11)CH10N2O3S2

C11(11)CH10N2O3S2

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hydroxide In methanol; acetonitrile at 70 - 80℃; for 0.0333333h;
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

2-(6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one
17002-50-5

2-(6-hydroxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With oxygen; rose bengal; ATP; firefly luciferase In water at 25℃; pH=7.8; Kinetics; Further Variations:; Reagents;
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: triethylamine / N,N-dimethyl-formamide
2: triethylamine; oxygen / N,N-dimethyl-formamide
View Scheme
With firefly luciferase; oxygen; ATP; magnesium chloride In aq. buffer at 20℃; Concentration; Enzymatic reaction;
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

2-(6-acetoxy-benzothiazol-2-yl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester

2-(6-acetoxy-benzothiazol-2-yl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: aq. NaOH / Heating
2: (i) MeOH, Et2O, (ii) /BRN= 385737/, Py
View Scheme
D-luciferin
2591-17-5

D-luciferin

2-thiazol-2-yl-benzothiazol-6-ol
63565-77-5

2-thiazol-2-yl-benzothiazol-6-ol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: aq. NaOH / Heating
2: 150 °C
View Scheme

2591-17-5Relevant academic research and scientific papers

A simple bioluminescent method for measuring d-amino acid oxidase activity

Bailey, T. Spencer,Donor, Micah T.,Naughton, Sean P.,Pluth, Michael D.

, p. 5425 - 5428 (2015)

d-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) plays important roles in regulating d-amino acid neurotransmitters and was recently identified as a key enzyme integral to hydrogen sulfide production from d-Cys. We report here the development of a simple biocompatible, bioluminescent method for measuring DAO activity based on the highly selective condensation of d-Cys with 6-hydroxy-2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT-OH) to form d-luciferin. This journal is

A bioluminescent probe for longitudinal monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential

Bazhin, Arkadiy A.,Sinisi, Riccardo,De Marchi, Umberto,Hermant, Aurélie,Sambiagio, Nicolas,Maric, Tamara,Budin, Ghyslain,Goun, Elena A.

, p. 1385 - 1393 (2020)

Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) is a universal selective indicator of mitochondrial function and is known to play a central role in many human pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus, cancer and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Here, we report the design, synthesis and several applications of mitochondria-activatable luciferin (MAL), a bioluminescent probe sensitive to ΔΨm, and partially to plasma membrane potential (ΔΨp), for non-invasive, longitudinal monitoring of ΔΨm in vitro and in vivo. We applied this new technology to evaluate the aging-related change of ΔΨm in mice and showed that nicotinamide riboside (NR) reverts aging-related mitochondrial depolarization, revealing another important aspect of the mechanism of action of this potent biomolecule. In addition, we demonstrated application of the MAL probe for studies of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and non-invasive in vivo assessment of ΔΨm in animal cancer models, opening exciting opportunities for understanding the underlying mechanisms and for discovery of effective treatments for many human pathologies. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

A Convenient Synthetic Method of 2-Cyano-6-methoxybenzothiazole, - A Key Intermediate for the Synthesis of Firefly Luciferin

Toya, Yoshiaki,Takagi, Masaharu,Nakata, Hisao,Suzuki, Nobutaka,Isobe, Minoru,Goto, Toshio

, p. 392 - 395 (1992)

The title compound was prepared in one step from commercially available 2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole by using the Sandmeyer cyanation reaction.The result enabled us to synthesize firefly luciferin effectively from this amino compound through three steps in 36percent overall yield.

Highly Sensitive Bioluminescent Probe for Thiol Detection in Living Cells

Hemmi, Mayu,Ikeda, Yuma,Shindo, Yutaka,Nakajima, Takahiro,Nishiyama, Shigeru,Oka, Kotaro,Sato, Moritoshi,Hiruta, Yuki,Citterio, Daniel,Suzuki, Koji

, p. 648 - 655 (2018)

The sensitive detection of thiols including glutathione and cysteine is desirable owing to their roles as indispensable biomolecules in maintaining intracellular biological redox homeostasis. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of SEluc-1 (sulfinate ester luciferin), a chemoselective probe exhibiting a ratiometric and turn-on response towards thiols selectively in fluorescence and bioluminescence, respectively. The probe, which was designed based on the “caged” luciferin strategy, displays excellent selectivity, high signal/noise ratio (>240 in the case of bioluminescence), and a biologically relevant limit of detection (LOD, 80 nm for cysteine), which are all desirable traits for a sensitive bioluminescent sensor. SEluc-1 was further applied to fluorescence imaging of thiol activity in living human cervical cancer HeLa cell cultures, and was successfully able to detect fluctuations in thiol concentrations induced by oxidative stress in a bioluminescent assay utilizing African green monkey fibroblast COS-7 cells and human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells.

Specific Imaging of Tyrosinase in Vivo with 3-Hydroxybenzyl Caged D -Luciferins

Li, Shuang,Hu, Rui,Wang, Shuangqing,Guo, Xudong,Zeng, Yi,Li, Yi,Yang, Guoqiang

, p. 9296 - 9300 (2018)

Tyrosinase (TYR), a key enzyme in biosynthesis of melanin, usually functions as a biomarker of severe skin diseases such as vitiligo and melanoma cancer. Accurate detection of TYR activity in vivo is urgent but still challenging. Inspired by the advantages of bioluminescence in vivo strategy in imaging and the specific hydroxylation of 3-hydroxybenzyloxy group by TYR, a bioluminogenic probe, TYR-LH2, was designed and synthesized through caging D-luciferin with 3-hydroxybenzyl. The probe exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity toward TYR with a detection limit of 0.11 U/mL in a small detection volume of 100 μL. Bioluminescence imaging results show that TYR-LH2 is fully competent for monitoring the dynamic changes of TYR in living cells and model animals and possesses the capability of discriminating melanocytes from other cell lines, thus offering a promising approach for investigation and diagnosis of melanoma cancer and other TYR-related diseases in vivo.

Real-Time Bioluminescence Imaging of Nitroreductase in Mouse Model

Feng, Ping,Zhang, Huateng,Deng, Quankun,Liu, Wei,Yang, Linghui,Li, Guobo,Chen, Guo,Du, Lupei,Ke, Bowen,Li, Minyong

, p. 5610 - 5614 (2016)

Nitroreductase (NTR) is an endogenous reductase overexpressed in hypoxic tumors; however, its precise detection in living cells and animals remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we developed three reaction-based probes and a related bioluminescence assay for the real-time NTR detection. The high sensitivity and selectivity of probe 3, combined with its remarkable potential of bioluminescence imaging, affords a valuable approach for in vivo imaging of NTR in a tumor model mouse.

A bioluminescent probe for imaging endogenous hydrogen polysulfides in live cells and a murine model of bacterial infection

Li, Jun-Bin,Wang, Qianqian,Liu, Hong-Wen,Yuan, Lin,Zhang, Xiao-Bing

, p. 4487 - 4490 (2019)

In this work, we report the first bioluminescent probe BP-PS for detecting H2Sn with high specificity and sensitivity. Owing to the bioluminescence imaging without requiring an excitation light source, tissue autofluorescence is eliminated and BP-PS shows a high signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, BP-PS was successfully utilized to visualize endogenous H2Sn in live cells and a murine model of bacterial infection.

Real-Time Imaging and Quantification of Peptide Uptake in Vitro and in Vivo

Karatas, Hacer,Maric, Tamara,D'Alessandro, Pier Luca,Yevtodiyenko, Aleksey,Vorherr, Thomas,Hollingworth, Gregory J.,Goun, Elena A.

, p. 2197 - 2205 (2019)

Peptides constitute an important class of drugs for the treatment of multiple metabolic, oncological, and neurodegenerative diseases, and several hundred novel therapeutic peptides are currently in the preclinical and clinical stages of development. However, many leads fail to advance clinically because of poor cellular membrane and tissue permeability. Therefore, assessment of the ability of a peptide to cross cellular membranes is critical when developing novel peptide-based therapeutics. Current methods to assess peptide cellular permeability are limited by multiple factors, such as the need to introduce rather large modifications (e.g., fluorescent dyes) that require complex chemical reactions as well as an inability to provide kinetic information on the internalization of a compound or distinguish between internalized and membrane-bound compounds. In addition, many of these methods are based on end point assays and require multiple sample manipulation steps. Herein, we report a novel Split Luciferin Peptide (SLP) assay that enables the real-time noninvasive imaging and quantification of peptide uptake both in vitro and in vivo using a very sensitive bioluminescence readout. This method is based on a straightforward, stable chemical modification of the peptide of interest with a d-cysteine tag that preserves the overall peptidic character of the original molecule. This method can be easily adapted for screening peptide libraries and can thus become an important tool for preclinical peptide drug development.

Highly sensitive and selective bioluminescence based ozone probes and their applications to detect ambient ozone

Nam, Younseok,Kim, Beom Seok,Shin, Injae

, p. 1128 - 1130 (2016)

Highly selective and sensitive bioluminescence based probes, which respond to ozone but not to other ROS, have been developed. These probes were used to determine ozone concentrations in environmental samples.

Bioluminescent Turn-On Probe for Sensing Hypochlorite in Vitro and in Tumors

Chen, Peiyao,Zheng, Zhen,Zhu, Yunxia,Dong, Yu,Wang, Fuqiang,Liang, Gaolin

, p. 5693 - 5696 (2017)

Hypochlorite (ClO-) is one of the most important reactive oxygen species but using a BL probe for its selective detection (or imaging) still remains challenging. Herein, we report a latent BL probe benzoylhydrazine luciferin (1) for highly selective detection of ClO- in vitro and imaging ClO- in living cells and tumors. In vitro tests indicated that 1 could be applied for highly selective detection of ClO- within the range of 0-62.5 μM with a limit of detection of 0.705 μM. Using these unique features of 1, we successfully applied it to image ClO- in living cells and tumors. We envision that probe 1 might be applied to elucidate the biological roles of ClO- in wider physiological and pathological processes in the near future.

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