618-88-2

Usage

Uses

Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
5-Nitroisophthalic acid is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of Glycopyrrolate, a novel pharmaceutical compound based on PDE IV inhibitors. It is used in the treatment of respiratory complaints, providing relief from symptoms such as bronchospasm and excessive secretions.
Used in Coordination Polymers:
5-Nitroisophthalic acid is used in the synthesis of coordination polymers, which are materials with potential applications in various fields, including catalysis, gas storage, and drug delivery.
Used in Dyes Industry:
5-Nitroisophthalic acid is used as a disperser in dyes, contributing to the stability and performance of dye formulations.
Used in Organic Synthesis:
5-Nitroisophthalic acid is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, allowing for the development of new compounds and materials with various applications.
Used in Agrochemical Industry:
5-Nitroisophthalic acid is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals, contributing to the development of effective pesticides and other agricultural products.

Flammability and Explosibility

Nonflammable

InChI:InChI=1/C8H5NO6/c10-7(11)4-1-5(8(12)13)3-6(2-4)9(14)15/h1-3H,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)/p-2

Synthetic route

isophthalic acid (121-91-5) → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid; nitric acid at 50 - 75℃; Temperature; Concentration;	90%
Stage #1: isophthalic acid With sulfuric acid at 75℃; for 0.5h; Stage #2: With nitric acid at 75 - 90℃; Temperature; Time;	88.3%
With fuming sulphuric acid; nitric acid at 25 - 90℃; for 4h;	83%

isophthalic acid (121-91-5) → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + 4-nitroisophthalic acid (4315-09-7)

Conditions	Yield
With nitric acid at 30℃;

5-nitro-m-xylene (99-12-7) → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2)

Conditions	Yield
With chromic acid

5-nitro-m-xylene (99-12-7) → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + 5-Methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid (113882-33-0)

Conditions	Yield
With nitric acid

isophthalic acid (121-91-5) + nitric acid (7697-37-2) → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + 4-nitroisophthalic acid (4315-09-7)

3-(3-benzoyl-5-nitro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid + acetic acid (64-19-7) + chromium (VI)-oxide → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2)

m-xylene (108-38-3) → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2)

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: alkaline permanganate 2: concentrated nitric acid / 30 °C View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: potassium permanganate; sodium hydroxide / water / 144 h / Reflux 2: nitric acid; sulfuric acid / 24 h / Reflux View Scheme

3-nitrobenzoic acid (121-92-6) → 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2)

Conditions	Yield
	2.5 mol %

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarbonylchloride (13438-30-7)

Conditions	Yield
With thionyl chloride In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 6h; Heating;	100%
With thionyl chloride Reflux;	100%
With thionyl chloride In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 6℃; Heating;	99.1%

methanol (67-56-1) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → dimethyl 5-nitroisophthalate (13290-96-5)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid for 3h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;	98%
With hydrogenchloride

zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (1135-32-6) → [Zn(5-nitroisophthalate)(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene)]n

Conditions	Yield
In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 6h;	97%
In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 6h;	97%
In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 6h;	97%
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide N2 atm., DMF-soln.;

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + water (7732-18-5) + zinc(II) chloride (7646-85-7) → [Zn(5-nitroisophthalate)(H2O)](n) (710946-12-6)

Conditions	Yield
With NaOH In water High Pressure; mixt. of 5-nitroisophthalic acid, NaOH, and H2O heated till boiling; cooled; soln. put into bomb; ZnCl2 added; bomb sealed; heated at 142°C for 72 h; cooled to room temp.; crystals obtained; elem. anal.;	95.6%

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → 5-aminoisophthalic acid (99-31-0)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; palladium on activated charcoal In methanol at 20℃; under 760 Torr; for 1h;	95%
Stage #1: 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid With sodium hydroxide In water for 1h; Stage #2: With hydrazine hydrate In water at 30 - 35℃; for 1h; Concentration; Temperature;	95%
With hydrogenchloride; tin

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + tert-butyl alcohol (75-65-0) → di-tert-butyl 5-nitroisophthalate

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid With oxalyl dichloride; N,N-dimethyl-formamide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 12h; Stage #2: tert-butyl alcohol With dmap In toluene at 20 - 25℃; for 4h;	95%
With dmap; benzotriazol-1-ol; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0 - 23℃; Inert atmosphere;	64%

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (121-57-3) → 4,4'-[(5-nitrobenzene-1,3-diyl)bis(carbonylimino)]dibenzenesulfonic acid (792175-38-3)

Conditions	Yield
With pyridine; triphenyl phosphite In N,N-dimethyl acetamide at 75 - 115℃; Inert atmosphere;	94.7%

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → 3,5,3',5'-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid (365549-33-3)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid With sodium hydroxide In water at 60℃; for 1h; Stage #2: With D-glucose In water for 0.5h; Stage #3: In water at 20℃; for 16h;	92%
Stage #1: 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid With sodium hydroxide In water at 60℃; for 1h; Stage #2: In water Heating; Stage #3: With oxygen In water at 20℃; for 16h;	92%
Stage #1: 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid With sodium hydroxide In water at 60℃; for 0.5h; Stage #2: With D-Glucose Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In water pH=1;	90%

1,10-Phenanthroline (66-71-7) + copper(II) choride dihydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + water (7732-18-5) → [CuCl(1,10-phenanthroline)2](C8H4NO6)*2H2O

Conditions	Yield
at 160℃; for 72h; Autoclave;	92%

zinc dioxide + 1,2-bis(4'-pyridyl)ethane (4916-57-8) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (1135-32-6) → C8H3NO6(2-)*0.8C12H10N2*0.2C12H12N2*Zn(2+)

Conditions	Yield
With zirconia balls In water at 20℃; for 1h;	91%

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → dimethyl 5-nitroisophthalate (13290-96-5)

Conditions	Yield
With thionyl chloride In methanol at 0 - 80℃; for 6h; Inert atmosphere;	90%
With hydrogenchloride
With sulfuric acid In methanol; water; toluene

5-t-butylisophthalic acid (2359-09-3) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + zinc(II) oxide + trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (1135-32-6) → [Zn(NO2ip)0.95(tBuip)0.05(bpe)]

Conditions	Yield
In water at 25℃; for 1h;	90%

5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → 5-nitro-m-xylene-(α,α')-diol (71176-55-1)

Conditions	Yield
With sodium tetrahydroborate; boron trifluoride diethyl etherate In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 16h;	89%
Stage #1: 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 49h; Stage #2: With methanol In tetrahydrofuran	88.6%
With borane-THF In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 25℃; for 44.5h; Inert atmosphere;	83%

ethanol (64-17-5) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → diethyl 5-nitro-isophthalate (10560-13-1)

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid for 36h; Heating;	88%
With hydrogenchloride

1H-imidazole (288-32-4) + copper(II) nitrate trihydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → [(copper)3(5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate)2(hydoxy)2(imidazole)2]n

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol; water High Pressure; hydrothermal reaction of Cu(NO3)2*3H2O, 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid and imidazole in aqua-alcohol solution; crystn.;	88%

cadmium(II) nitrate tetrhydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + 4-stilbazole → [Cd2(5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid)2(5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid)2(H2O)4]·(4-styrylpyridine-H)2

Conditions	Yield
In water at 150℃; for 72h; Autoclave; regiospecific reaction;	88%

1,2-bis(4'-pyridyl)ethane (4916-57-8) + zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → Zn(5-nitroisophthalic acid(-2H))(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium hydroxide In water at 160℃; for 72h;	88%

1,2-bis(4'-pyridyl)ethane (4916-57-8) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + zinc(II) acetate dihydrate (5970-45-6) → Zn(5-nitroisophthalic acid(-2H))(1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethane)

Conditions	Yield
With potassium hydroxide In water at 160℃; for 72h;	88%

zinc(II) nitrate (10196-18-6) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + N4,N4′-di(pyridin-4-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′- dicarboxamide (1381886-63-0) → Zn(N4,N4'-di(pyridin-4-yl)biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxamide)(5-nitro-isophthalate)

Conditions	Yield
In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 48h; Autoclave;	88%

nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + N-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)-phenyl)pyridin-2-amine + water (7732-18-5) + acetonitrile (75-05-8) → [Ni(dipyridin-2-yl-[4-(2-pyridin-4-yl-vinyl)-phenyl]amine)(5-nitroisophthalate)(H2O)]2*MeCN

Conditions	Yield
at 150℃; for 48h; Sealed tube; High pressure;	88%

1H-imidazole (288-32-4) + cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → [cobalt(II)(5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate)(imidazole)2]n

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol; water High Pressure; Co(NO3)2*6H2O, 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid and imidazole mixed in aqua-alcohol solution, hydrothermal conditions; crystn.;	85%

1,10-Phenanthroline (66-71-7) + copper(II) nitrate trihydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → [Cu(5-nitroisophthalate)(1,10-phenanthroline)]n (781673-71-0)

Conditions	Yield
With NaOH In water High Pressure; mixture of Cu(NO3)2*3H2O, 5-nitroisophthalic acid, 1,10-phenanthroline, and NaOH stirred in air for 15 min, sealed, heated hydrothermally at 150°C for 5 d, cooled to room temp. at rate 5 °C/h; washed with water; elem. anal.;	85%

N,N'-dimethylpiperazine (106-58-1) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → C8H5NO6*0.5C6H14N2

Conditions	Yield
With nitric acid In methanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide pH=5;	85%

cadmium(II) nitrate tetrhydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + 1,4-bis(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (96982-29-5) + water (7732-18-5) → Cd(2+)*C12H10N4*C8H3NO6(2-)*3H2O

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide at 120℃; for 72h; High pressure;	85%

pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (55-22-1) + europium(III) nitrate hexahydrate + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + water (7732-18-5) + zinc(II) acetate dihydrate (5970-45-6) → [EuZn(5-nitroisophthalate)2(isonicotinate)(H2O)]n

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine at 150℃; for 72h; pH=Ca. 3; Autoclave; High pressure;	85%

cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate + 1,2-bis(4'-pyridyl)ethane (4916-57-8) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → [(Co(1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene)(5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate))*0.5(1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene)](n)*nH2O

Conditions	Yield
With NaOH In water High Pressure; pH preadjusted to about 6, sealed in an autoclave, heated to 200°C for 72 h; crystallization on slow cooling; elem. anal.;	84%

2-ethyl-N-(2-ethylhexyl)-1-hexanamine (106-20-7) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → C40H71N3O4 (1360595-64-7)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid With thionyl chloride In chloroform at 10 - 65℃; for 3h; Stage #2: 2-ethyl-N-(2-ethylhexyl)-1-hexanamine With triethylamine In chloroform at 64℃; for 3h;	83.4%

1,10-Phenanthroline (66-71-7) + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) + trimethyltin(IV)chloride (1066-45-1) + water (7732-18-5) → [(Me3Sn)2(5-nitroisophthalate)(H2O)]*1,10-phenanthroline

Conditions	Yield
With sodium ethoxide In methanol (N2); addn. of acid and EtONa to methanol, stirring for 10 min, addn. oftin compd., addn. of phen, heating to 40°C for 12 h, cooling to room temp.; filtration, gradual evapn. in vac., recrystn. (hexane/CH2Cl2); elem. anal.;	83%

1,2-bis(4'-pyridyl)ethane (4916-57-8) + aqueous cadmium chloride + 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (618-88-2) → Cd[1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane]1.5[5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate](H2O)0.25

Conditions	Yield
With NaOH In water High Pressure; hydrothermally, mixed, pH adjusted to 6 (aq.NaOH), in stainless autoclave at 180°C for 72 h; cooled to room temp, elem. anal.;	82%

Upstream product

• 121-91-5 isophthalic acid 
• 99-12-7 5-nitro-m-xylene 
• 7697-37-2 nitric acid 
• 64-19-7 acetic acid 
• 108-38-3 m-xylene 
• 121-92-6 3-nitrobenzoic acid 

Downstream Products

• 10560-13-1 diethyl 5-nitro-isophthalate 
• 41616-00-6 5-Amino-N,N'-diethyl-isophthalamide 
• 99-31-0 5-aminoisophthalic acid 
• 365549-33-3 3,5,3',5'-azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid 
• 110935-44-9 azoxybenzene-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarboxylic acid 
• 1955-46-0 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, monomethyl ester 
• 852355-46-5 C₄₄H₅₃N₅O₁₄ 
• 10552-75-7 dibutyl 5-nitroisophthalate 
• 441775-25-3 3,5-bis(4-hydroxybenzoyl)aminobenzene 
• 441775-23-1 3,5-bis(4-methoxylbenzoyl)nitrobenzene 
• 441775-24-2 3,5-bis(4-hydroxybenzoyl)nitrobenzene 
• 441775-26-4 N-[3,5-bis(4'-hydroxybenzoyl)benzene]-4-fluorophthalimide 
• 365549-28-6 diethyl 5-nitroso-isophthalate 
• 25351-79-5 5-amino-isophthalic acid dibutyl ester 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

5-Nitroisophthalic acid hydrate

In the title compound, C8H5NO6·H2O, the carboxylic acid groups are coplanar with the phenyl ring, whereas the nitro group is twisted from it by 26.1 (3)°. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by O - H...O hydrogen bonds through the water molecules and by weak C -H...O hydrogen bonds involving the nitro groups, to form infinite zigzag sheets.

Continuous synthesis method of 5-nitroisophthalic acid

The invention relates to a continuous synthesis method of 5-nitroisophthalic acid. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: by using isophthalic acid feed liquid and a nitrationreagent as raw materials, carrying out preheating, nitration reaction and quenching to obtain 5-nitroisophthalic acid; the synthesis method is carried out in a continuous reactor, raw materials are uninterruptedly added into a feed port of the continuous reactor, the 5-nitroisophthalic acid is uninterruptedly obtained at a discharge port of the reactor, and the total reaction time is less than orequal to 20 minutes; the phthalic acid feed liquid can be a solution, an emulsion, turbid liquid or an emulsion. According to the method, the limitation of the traditional process is innovatively broken through, and the continuous synthesis of the 5-nitroisophthalic acid is realized; and the total reaction time is greatly shortened, the material amount in the reactor is greatly reduced, and the safety is greatly improved.

Synthesizing method of 5-nitroisophthalic acid

The invention discloses a synthesizing method of 5-nitroisophthalic acid. The synthesizing method comprises the following steps of reacting, washing by water, filtering, recrystallizing and purifying.The synthesizing method has the advantages that by using isophthalic acid as a raw material, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid and 60% of nitric acid are used for reacting and nitrifying,so as to synthesize the 5-nitroisophthalic acid; the usage amounts of sulfuric acid and nitric acid are reduced, the effective utilization rate of equipment is improved, the generation of waste liquidin production is reduced, the difficulty in treatment of the waste liquid is decreased, the problem of nitrifying difficulty is solved, and the economic benefit and environment-friendly social benefit of the product are improved.

Liquid-Crystalline Star-Shaped Supergelator Exhibiting Aggregation-Induced Blue Light Emission

A family of closely related star-shaped stilbene-based molecules containing an amide linkage are synthesized, and their self-assembly in liquid-crystalline and gel states was investigated. The number and position of the peripheral alkyl tails were systematically varied to understand the structure-property relation. Interestingly, one of the molecules with seven peripheral chains was bimesomorphic, exhibiting columnar hexagonal and columnar rectangular phases, whereas the rest of them stabilized the room-temperature columnar hexagonal phase. The self-assembly of these molecules in liquid-crystalline and organogel states is extremely sensitive to the position and number of alkoxy tails in the periphery. Two of the compounds with six and seven peripheral tails exhibited supergelation behavior in long-chain hydrocarbon solvents. One of these compounds with seven alkyl chains was investigated further, and it has shown higher stability and moldability in the gel state. The xerogel of the same compound was characterized with the help of extensive microscopic and X-ray diffraction studies. The nanofibers in the xerogel are found to consist of molecules arranged in a lamellar fashion. Furthermore, this compound shows very weak emission in solution but an aggregation-induced emission property in the gel state. Considering the dearth of solid-state blue-light-emitting organic materials, this molecular design is promising where the self-assembly and emission in the aggregated state can be preserved. The nonsymmetric design lowers the phase-transition temperatures.The presence of an amide bond helps to stabilize columnar packing over a long range because of its polarity and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in addition to promoting organogelation.

Synthesis of bis(propargyl) aromatic esters and ethers: A potential replacement for isocyanate based curators

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel class of non-isocyanate curing agents based on bis-propargyl aromatic esters 2a-e and ethers 4a-c. A total of eight non-isocyanate curators were prepared from the reaction of respective dicarboxy or dihydroxybenzene with propargyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate with good yields. The structure and purity of the synthesized compounds and the corresponding intermediates were confirmed by spectral (IR and NMR), thermal (DSC) and chromatographic techniques (HPLC & GC-MS). Furthermore, kinetics of the curing reaction between glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) and the synthesized alkynes (4b, 4c) were studied using time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy as a function of time at 303, 323 and 333 K. It was found that the curing reaction was faster when the temperature was increased. Kinetic parameters of the curing reaction, such as the reaction order and activation energy, were calculated for the GAP-4a and GAP-4c systems. All the curing reactions followed first order kinetics and the corresponding activation energy of the curing reaction for the systems was found to be 15.56 and 13.22 kcal mol-1. For comparison, curing studies were performed for GAP with a conventional curator Desmodur N-100. GAP cured with non-isocyanate curators offered good mechanical properties compared to GAP cured with isocyanate (N-100). The advantage of these new curing systems is that they do not require catalyst and there is no need for specific environmental conditions. Based on these studies, 1,4-bis(2-propynyloxy)benzene (4b) has the most potential as a non-isocyanate curator for azide polymeric binders.

Inclusion complex containing epoxy resin composition for semiconductor encapsulation

The invention is an epoxy resin composition for sealing a semiconductor, including (A) an epoxy resin and (B) a clathrate complex. The clathrate complex is one of (b1) an aromatic carboxylic acid compound, and (b2) at least one imidazole compound represented by formula (II): wherein R2 represents a hydrogen atom, C1-C10 alkyl group, phenyl group, benzyl group or cyanoethyl group, and R3 to R5 represent a hydrogen atom, nitro group, halogen atom, C1-C20 alkyl group, phenyl group, benzyl group, hydroxymethyl group or C1-C20 acyl group. The composition has improved storage stability, retains flowability when sealing, and achieves an effective curing rate applicable for sealing delicate semiconductors.

Naaladase inhibitors for treating retinal disorders and glaucoma

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating a retinal disorder or glaucoma using NAALADase inhibitors.

Naaladase inhibitors for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using NAALADase inhibitors.

Benzenedicarboxylic acid derivatives

New benzenedicarboxylic acid derivative compounds; pharmaceutical compositions, diagnostic methods, and diagnstic kits that include those compounds; and methods of using those compounds for inhibiting NAALADase enzyme activity, detecting diseases where NAALADase levels are altered, effecting neuronal activity, effecting TGF-β activity, inhibiting angiogenesis, and treating glutamate abnormalities, neutopathy, pain, compulsive disorders, prostate diseases, cancers, and glaucoma.

Process for introducing a carboxyl group to an aromatic carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof

Disclosed is a process for introducing a carboxyl group to an aromatic carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, which comprises reacting a starting aromatic carboxylic acid, such as a benzoic acid, a biphenylcarboxylic acid, a naphthalenecarboxylic acid, a diphenylcarboxylic acid, or a derivative thereof, with a carbon tetrahalide in the presence of a cyclodextrin and an alkali metal hydroxide, thereby introducing a carboxyl group to the aromatic ring of the starting aromatic carboxylic acid or the derivative thereof in substitution for a hydrogen atom bonded thereto. By the process of the present invention, a desired aromatic polycarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof can be easily obtained with high selectivity.