7440-16-6

Usage

Uses

Used in Jewelry and Decorative Items:
Rhodium is used as a decorative material for its bright, silver-white appearance and high reflectivity, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of jewelry and decorative items.
Used in Automotive Industry:
Rhodium is used as a plating material for other metals, particularly in the automotive industry for catalytic converters, due to its high resistance to corrosion.
Used in Chemical Production:
Rhodium is used as a catalyst in the production of nitric acid, facilitating the chemical reaction process.
Used in Chemical Reactions:
Rhodium is employed as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, promoting the efficiency and selectivity of these processes.
Used in Electrical Industry:
Rhodium is used in the manufacturing of electrical contacts, leveraging its corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity properties.

InChI:InChI=1/Rh

Upstream product

• 16065-89-7 rhodium(III) 
• 7647-01-0 hydrogenchloride 
• 10039-56-2 sodium hypophosphite monohydrate 
• 1333-74-0 hydrogen 
• 32610-45-0 (η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η4-cycloocta-1,5-diene)rhodium(I) 
• 141-53-7 sodium formate 
• 14119-03-0 tris(η3-allyl)rhodium 

Downstream Products

• 14085-43-9 2-cyclohexyl-1H-imidazole 
• 3796-70-1 trans geranyl acetone 
• 145149-55-9 3-{[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]methyl}cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 
• 108-24-7 acetic anhydride 
• 164646-07-5 (trans)-(4-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-methyl-amine 
• 100400-96-2 (S)-2-acetylamino-3-cyclohexylpropionic acid 
• 2163-42-0 2-methyl-1.3-propanediol 
• 15608-29-4 rhodium(III) bromide 
• 10049-07-7 rhodium(III)chloride 
• 16887-00-6 chloride 
• 7440-06-4 platinum 
• 12067-06-0 rhodium monosulfide 
• 7446-09-5 sulfur dioxide 
• 7732-18-5 water 

Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Nature of the Short Rh-Li Contact between Lithium and the Rhodium ω-Alkenyl Complex [Rh(CH2CMe2CH2CH═CH2)2]-

We describe the preparation of the cis-bis(η1,η2-2,2-dimethylpent-4-en-1-yl)rhodate(I) anion, cis-[Rh(CH2CMe2CH2CH═CH2)2]-, and the interaction of this species with Li+ both in solution and in the solid state. For the lithium(diethyl ether) salt [Li(Et2O)][Rh(CH2CMe2CH2CH═CH2)2], VT-NMR and 1H{7Li} NOE NMR studies in toluene-d8 show that the Li+ cation is in close proximity to the dz2 orbital of rhodium. In the solid-state structure of the lithium(12-crown-4) salt [Li(12-crown-4)2][Li{Rh(CH2CMe2CH2CH═CH2)2}2], one lithium atom is surrounded by two [Rh(CH2CMe2CH2CH═CH2)2]- anions, and in this assembly there are two unusually short Rh-Li distances of 2.48 ?. DFT calculations, natural energy decomposition, and ETS-NOCV analysis suggest that there is a weak dative interaction between the 4dz2 orbitals on the Rh centers and the 2pz orbital of the Li+ cation. The charge-transfer term between Rh and Li+ contributes only about the 1/5 of the total interaction energy, however, and the principal driving force for the proximity of Rh and Li in compounds 1 and 2 is that Li+ is electrostatically attracted to negative charges on the dialkylrhodiate anions.

Scalable Synthesis of Esp and Rhodium(II) Carboxylates from Acetylacetone and RhCl3· xH2O

Rhodium(II) carboxylates are privileged catalysts for the most challenging carbene-, nitrene-, and oxo-transfer reactions. In this work, we address the strategic challenges of current organic and inorganic synthesis methods to access these rhodium(II) complexes through an oxidative rearrangement strategy and a reductive ligation reaction. These studies illustrate the multiple benefits of oxidative rearrangement in the process-scale synthesis of congested carboxylates over nitrile anion alkylation reactions, and the impressive effect of inorganic additives in the reductive ligation of rhodium(III) salts.

Rational Synthesis for a Noble Metal Carbide

Transition metal carbides have attractive physical and chemical properties that are much different from their parent metals. Particularly, noble metal carbides are expected to be promising materials for a variety of applications, particularly as efficient catalysts. However, noble metal carbides have rarely been obtained because carbide phases do not appear in noble metal-carbon phase diagrams and a reasonable synthesis method to make noble metal carbides has not yet been established. Here, we propose a new synthesis method for noble metal carbides and describe the first synthesis of rhodium carbide using tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). The rhodium carbide was synthesized without extreme conditions, such as the very high temperature and/or pressure typically required in conventional carbide syntheses. Moreover, we investigated the electronic structure and catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We found that rhodium carbide has much higher catalytic activity for HER than pure Rh. Our study provides a feasible strategy to create new metal carbides to help advance the field of materials science.

Anti-hepatocellular carcinoma, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and antimicrobial investigation of some novel first and second transition metal complexes

New coordination compounds of some selected metal ions from the first and second transition metals series with a Schiff base were synthesized and characterized. The Schiff base is derived from 4-Aminoantipyrine and 3-(hydroxyimino) butan-2-one. The compounds were characterized by different analysis tools like; elemental analysis, mass spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) as well as electronic spectra, magnetic measurements, molar conductance and thermal analysis technique. All complexes were formed with 1:1 (metal: ligand) stoichiometry except Mn (II) where 1:2 (Mn: ligand) is formed. Schiff base ligand interacted as a tridentate ligand by using the nitrogen atoms of the imine and the oximato groups and the carbonyl oxygen atom as donor groups with all studied metal ions except copper (II) and manganese (II) where the carbonyl oxygen is not shared in the coordination. These complexes show various physicochemical properties. X-ray powder diffraction shows different crystal systems; Cd (II) complex: hexagonal, Cu (II) complex: orthorhombic; and [Ni (II), Mn (II), Rh (III) & Pd (II)] complexes: monoclinic. All compounds showed potent cytotoxicity against the growth of human liver cancer cell lines. The square planar Pd (II) complex was more active than those of octahedral geometries of all other synthesized complexes. Cd (II) complex has the highest microbial growth inhibition than the rest of the prepared complexes. The docking active sites interactions were evaluated using the selected proteins EGFR tyrosine kinase and protein crystal structure of GlcN-O-P synthase. in vitro antioxidant assay revealed potent free radical scavenging activity of the three synthesized Cu (II), Pd (II) and Rh (III) complexes that exceeded the standard ascorbic acid. Pd (II) complex shows the most significant inhibition denaturation percent.

Ice Melting to Release Reactants in Solution Syntheses

Aqueous solution syntheses are mostly based on mixing two solutions with different reactants. It is shown that freezing one solution and melting it in another solution provides a new interesting strategy to mix chemicals and to significantly change the reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. For example, a precursor solution containing a certain concentration of AgNO3 was frozen and dropped into a reductive NaBH4 solution at about 0 °C. The ultra-slow release of reactants was successfully achieved. An ice-melting process can be used to synthesize atomically dispersed metals, including cobalt, nickel, copper, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold, which can be easily extended to other solution syntheses (such as precipitation, hydrolysis, and displacement reactions) and provide a generalized method to redesign the interphase reaction kinetics and ion diffusion in wet chemistry.

Synthesis of a Cu-Filled Rh17S15 Framework: Microwave Polyol Process Versus High-Temperature Route

Metal-rich, mixed copper-rhodium sulfide Cu3-δRh34S30 that represents a new Cu-filled variant of the Rh17S15 structure has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Copper content in the [CuRh8] cubic cluster was found to vary notably dependent on the chosen synthetic route. Full site occupancy was achieved only in nanoscaled Cu3Rh34S30 obtained by a rapid, microwave-assisted reaction of CuCl, Rh2(CH3CO2)4 and thiosemicarbazide at 300 °C in just 30 min; whereas merely Cu-deficient Cu3-δRh34S30 (2.0 ≥ δ ≥ 0.9) compositions were realized via conventional high-temperature ceramic synthesis from the elements at 950 °C. Although Cu3-δRh34S30 is metallic just like Rh17S15, the slightly enhanced metal content has a dramatic effect on the electronic properties. Whereas the Rh17S15 host undergoes a superconducting transition at 5.4 K, no signs of the latter were found for the Cu-derivatives at least down to 1.8 K. This finding is corroborated by the strongly reduced density of states at the Fermi level of the ternary sulfide and the disruption of long-range Rh-Rh interactions in favor of Cu-Rh interactions as revealed by quantum-chemical calculations.

Evaluation of the mechanism of heterogeneous hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds via pairwise hydrogen addition

Heterogeneous hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds was addressed using the parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) technique. PHIP effects were observed in hydrogenation of C = C bond of acrolein and crotonaldehyde over different supported metal catalysts, demonstrating the existence of a pairwise route of hydrogen addition to the substrate. Hydrogenation of acrolein over Pd-Sn/Al2O3, Pd-Sn/TiO 2, Pd-Zn/TiO2, and Pd/TiO2 catalysts with parahydrogen also led to the polarization of the proton of CHO group of propanal. This was explained by C(O)-H bond dissociation which represents a side process on the catalyst surface. Formation of polarized cis- and trans-2-butenes was detected in hydrogenation of acrolein with parahydrogen over several Rh-based catalysts. This observation is made possible only due to the high NMR signal enhancement provided by PHIP. It was also found that hydrogenation of acetone and propanal with parahydrogen leads to polarized propane formation as a result of C-O bond hydrogenolysis.

A series of NiM (M = Ru, Rh, and Pd) bimetallic catalysts for effective lignin hydrogenolysis in water

In this paper, NiRu, NiRh, and NiPd catalysts were synthesized and evaluated in the hydrogenolysis of lignin C-O bonds, which is proved to be superior over single-component catalysts. The optimized NiRu catalyst contains 85% Ni and 15% Ru, composed of Ni surface-enriched, Ru-Ni atomically mixed, ultrasmall nanoparticles. The Ni85Ru15 catalyst showed high activity under low temperature (100°C), low H2 pressure (1 bar) in β-O-4 type C-O bond hydrogenolysis. It also exhibited significantly higher activity over Ni and Ru catalysts in the direct conversion of lignin into monomeric aromatic chemicals. Mechanistic investigation indicates that the synergistic effect of NiRu can be attributed to three factors: (1) increased fraction of surface atoms (compared with Ni), (2) enhanced H2 and substrate activation (compared with Ni), and (3) inhibited benzene ring hydrogenation (compared with Ru). Similarly, NiRh and NiPd catalysts were more active and selective than their single-component counterparts in the hydrogenolysis of lignin model compounds and real lignin.

Stabilization of decatellurium molecules in isolated and concatenated clusters

Black, shiny crystals of the molecular cluster compounds (Te 10)[M(TeX4)(TeX3)]2 (M/X = Rh/Cl (1), Ir/Br (2)), (Te10)[Ru(TeI4)(TeI2)] 2 (3), (Te10)[M(TeI4)(TeI2)] 2(TeI4)(Te2I2) (M = Rh (4), Ir (5)) as well as the one-dimensional cluster polymer (Te10I 2)[Ir(TeI4)]2(Te4)I2 (6) were synthesized by melting reactions of an electron-rich transition metal M (M = Ru, Rh, Ir) with tellurium and TeX4 (X = Cl, Br, I). X-ray diffraction on single-crystals revealed that the compounds crystallize in the triclinic space group type P1. 4 and 5 show [3+1]-dimensional modulations of their structures. All compounds contain binuclear complexes with central μ-η4:η4-bridging Te10 units and terminal halogenidotellurate(II) groups. Each of the transition metal cations is in a slightly distorted octahedral coordination by six tellurium atoms; the two [MTe6] octahedra share a common edge. With the tellurium atoms acting as electron-pair donors, the 18 electron rule is fulfilled for the electrophilic M atoms. The central tricyclo[5.1.1.13, 5]- decatellurium molecule consists of two ecliptically stacked Te4 rings, which are linked through two tellurium atoms. The symmetric or asymmetric 3c4e bonds along these almost linear bridges are in analogy to polyanionic forms of tellurium, while the tricyclic conformation is stabilized by the strong bonding to the transition-metal cations. Multi-center bonding (3c4e) is also present in the terminal square [Te+IIX4]2- and the T-shaped [Te+IIX3]- groups. The crystal structures of 4 and 5 are organized in layers of (Te10)[M(TeI 4)(TeI2)]2n+ clusters (n ≤ 2) that are quite robust upon oxidation or reduction as shown by molecular calculations. These clusters alternate with incommensurately modulated layers that probably consist of TeI42- anions and a previously unknown Te2I2 molecule. The uncertainty arises primarily from equal scattering powers of I and Te atoms as well as from the known flexibility of the electron count of the Te10 unit. In 6, neutral Te4 rings concatenate (Te10I2)[Ir(TeI 4)]2 clusters into chains, which run parallel to the a axis. Copyright

One-step polyol synthesis of Rh-on-Pd bimetallic nanodendrites and their electrocatalytic properties for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media

We report a new, facile and one-step polyol route for the synthesis of Rh-on-Pd bimetallic nanodendrites that are composed of Pd cores with Rh branches. Ethylene glycol is used as a reducing agent while hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is used as a structure-directing agent. The as-synthesized nanodendrites are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that the morphology and number of Rh branches can be regulated by varying, respectively, the molar ratio of Pd to Rh precursors and the CTAB content. An intriguing finding is that CTAB not only directs the growth of Rh branches but also enables the formation of uniformly-shaped Pd cores. This effective one-step polyol synthesis can be ascribed to the different reduction kinetics between Pd and Rh ions resulting in the formation of Pd cores prior to the growth of the Rh branches. The electrocatalytic properties of the carbon supported Rh-on-Pd bimetallic nanodendrites as the catalyst for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media are investigated. Cyclic voltammetry results show that the Rh-on-Pd/C catalysts display a much higher CO2 selectivity than a Pd/C catalyst. In particular, the ratio of the forward to backward peak current density (j f/jb) of the Rh-on-Pd (3 : 1)/C catalyst is 2.2, which is three times that of the Pd/C catalyst.