9003-28-5

Usage

Chemical Properties

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 9003-28-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Polybutene is generally water-white, reaching less than 50 on APHA color scale. (typically less than 10) The product remains very stable after being prolonged exposure to UV light. Polybutene is more stable than conventional mineral oil with same APHA color. Polybutene is a non-polar hydrocarbon polymer hence it has high solubility in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated solvents. It is compatible with a wide variety of organic materials, for instance, synthetic hydrocarboon polymers including wax, rosin, asphalt and gum. Polybutene is safe to use, because it is non-toxic. Polybutene is allowed by the FDA for a wide variety of applications as components of articles.
2. Polybutene (polybutylene) (PB) is manufactured by stereospecific ZieglerNatta polymerization of l-butene:Commercial products are predominantly isotactic (98-99.5%) and of high molecular weight (Mw=2.3 x 105-7.5 x 105). An unusual feature of the polymer is that it can exist in several distinct crystalline forms. Crystallization from the melt yields the metastable Form II, which changes to the stable Form lover a period of 5 to 7 days at room temperature. Other crystalline forms maybe obtained from solution. Form I has a crystalline melting point of 135°C and a density of 0.95 g/cm3 . Form II has a crystalline melting point of 124°C and a density of 0.89 g/cm3.Polybutene has properties to be expected from a crystalline polyolefin. It has a melting point and stiffness between those of high density and low density polyethylene. Its thermal stability lies between that of polyethylene and polypropylene. The polymer exhibits resistance to oxidizing and chemical environments broadly similar to that shown by polypropylene; like polypropylene, polybutene is immune from environmental stress cracking. An outstanding property of poly butene is its high creep resistance, due probably to the prevention of slippage of the polymer chains by the large number of ethyl side chains and the high molecular weight of commercial polymers. The main commercial application of polybutehe is in extruded pipe, which has good resistance to rupture under pressure. Such pipe finds use in hot and cold water plumbing and for the transport of abrasive or corrosive materials.

Physical properties

Polybutenes are light colored, nondrying, sticky, viscous liquids. They are stable when exposed to light, insoluble in water, and soluble in hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. Polybutene-1 has a density of 0.92g/cm3 and a melting range of 124°C-130°C. Polybutene is available in a variety of grades. The differences depend on viscosity, which increases directly in proportion to increasing molecular weight. Polybutene films have a high resistance to stress cracking, and low stress deformation.

Uses

polybutene is a binder and viscosity-increasing agent used more in makeup than skin care preparations. Polybutene is a polymer of one or more butylenes obtained from petroleum oils.

Application

Fuel and lubricant additives – Fuel dispersants, lubricant dispersants Adhesives Caulk and sealants Gum base Wrap film Lubricants – Two-stroke engine oil, lubricant for rolling wire drawing, compressor oil and viscosity index improvers (VIIs) Electrical insulation Others – Asphalt modifier, resin plasticiser, rubber modifier and dispersing agents

Preparation

Passman describes an industrial preparation of Polybutene in which a solution of 1-butene is dried and fed into a reaction chamber. A Zeigler-Natta reagent (TiCI3, and diethyl aluminum chloride) is added to catalyze the polymerization process. The molecular weight of the end product is limited by the reaction temperature used in the chamber.

Health Hazard

Recommended Personal Protective Equipment: Goggles or face shield; Symptoms Following Exposure: Low toxicity. Vapor may act as a simple asphyxiant in high concentrations; General Treatment for Exposure: INHALATION: remove victim from exposure; Toxicity by Inhalation (Threshold Limit Value): Data not available; Short-Term Inhalation Limits: Data not available; Toxicity by Ingestion: Grade 0, LD50 > 15 g/kg; Late Toxicity: None; Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics: Vapors are nonirritating to the eyes and throat; Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics: No appreciable hazard. Practically harmless to the skin; Odor Threshold: Data not available.

Chemical Reactivity

Polybutenes undergo combustion, pyrolysis, and autoxidation; the latter two can occur during analytical treatment. Their low polarity, low degree of unsaturation, and their closely packed, branched-chain molecular structure make Polybutenes resistant to chemical reaction.

Toxicity evaluation

According to CTFA (2006b), laboratory tests with approved surrogate systems/animals revealed that skin contact testing showed only slight irritation (primary dermal irritation score [PDIS] of 1.5/8.0). There were no observed sensitivity reactions. Also, acute dermal irritation testing indicated that polybutenes are practically nontoxic because the LDso is greater than 10, 250 mg/kg. Lastly, polybutenes are relatively nontoxic when tested in an acute oral test (LDso > 34,600 mg/kg, rat). In the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) safety assessment of the chemically related ingredient, Polybutene (Elder 1982), a 2-year chronic oral toxicity study of Polybutene H-IOO (75% concentrate) in Charles River albino rats was presented. The animals were separated into four groups of 60 (30 males and 30 females per group). The animals were given 0 (control), 800 (0.08%), 4000 (0.40%), or 20,000 (2.0%) ppm Polybutene blended into their regular diets. The rats were monitored for their body weights, mortality and reactions, tumor incidence, and hematologic, urologic, and pathologic changes. After 12 months of testing, five animals from each group were killed for evaluation. No gross or microscopic pathological changes could be COrrelated with Polybutene ingestion. No significant differences were found after 24 months of feeding in the body weights or weight of food consumption, hematological results, urology, or tumor formation between the animals fed Polybutene and those that were not.

InChI:InChI=1/C4H8/c1-3-4-2/h3H,1,4H2,2H3

Upstream product

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Relevant academic research and scientific papers

Nickle-Schiff base covalently grafted to UiO-66-NH2 as heterogeneous catalyst for ethylene oligomerization

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66-NH2 had been modified by reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde with the amino groups to form a pyridineimine that act as ligand of metal Ni. The UiO-66-NH2 grafted pyridineimine nickel catalyst of post synthetic modification was assessed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption, and the catalytic performance of the UiO-66-NH2 grafted pyridineimine nickel catalyst in ethylene oligomerization was investigated. The results showed that the catalyst structure, reaction temperature, Al/Ni molar ratio and reaction pressure had a significant effect on the catalytic activity and products selectivity. The catalytic activity of 3.76 × 105 g·(mol Ni·h)?1 and 75.94% selectivity of butene were obtained when the reaction temperature was 25 ℃, Al/Ni molar ratio was 1000 and reaction pressure was 1.2 MPa.

Tuning crystal phase of molybdenum carbide catalyst to induce the different selective hydrogenation performance

α-MoC, β-Mo2C, and MoC-Mo2C were synthesized and investigated in the selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to understand the effect of crystal phases. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2-physisorption, SEM, TEM, XPS and chemisorptions. The adsorption properties and electronic properties over MoC(001) and Mo2C(001) were investigated by DFT calculations. The catalysts were evaluated at low and high temperatures in a fixed-bed reactor. β-Mo2C exhibits high activity and low butenes selectivity, due to the high concentration of hydrogen at each active site as well as the stronger adsorption and higher capacity of alkene; MoC-Mo2C shows better stability due to synergetic effect. At high temperature, the reaction rate is more dependent on the PH2 than PC4H6. Increasing PH2 could promote the activity and reduce oligomers formation. β-Mo2C exhibits the best performance at high temperatures concerning its high activity and the inhibition of oligomerization. This work is valuable for the non-precious metal catalyst development.

Vapor-phase dehydration of 1,4-butanediol to 1,3-butadiene over Y2Zr2O7 catalyst

Vapor-phase catalytic dehydration of 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) was investigated over Y2O3-ZrO2 catalysts. In the dehydration, 1,3-butadiene (BD) together with 3-buten-1-ol (3B1OL), tetrahydrofuran, and propylene was produced depending on the reaction conditions. In the dehydration over Y2O3-ZrO2 catalysts with different Y contents at 325°C, Y2Zr2O7 with an equimolar ratio of Y/Zr showed high selectivity to 3B1OL, an intermediate to BD. In the dehydration at 360°C, a BD yield higher than 90% was achieved over the Y2Zr2O7 calcined at 700°C throughout 10 h. In the dehydration of 3B1OL over Y2Zr2O7, however, the catalytic activity affected by the calcination temperature is roughly proportional to the specific surface area of the sample. The highest activity of Y2Zr2O7 calcined at 700 °C for the BD formation from 1,4-BDO is explained by the trade-off relation in the activities for the first-step dehydration of 1,4-BDO to 3B1OL and for the second-step dehydration of 3B1OL to BD. The higher reactivity of 3B1OL than saturated alcohols such as 1-butanol and 2-butanol suggests that the C=C double bond of 3B1OL induces an attractive interaction to anchor the catalyst surface and promotes the dehydration. A probable mechanism for the one-step dehydration of 1,4-BDO to BD was discussed.

Ethylene oligomerization with 2-hydroxymethyl-5,6,7-trihydroquinolinyl-8-ylideneamine-Ni(II) chlorides

A series of Ni complexes of the general formula [2-(MeOH)-8-{N(Ar)}C9H8N]NiCl2, where Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3 in Ni1; 2,6-Et2C6H3 in Ni2; 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3 in Ni3; 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 in Ni4; 2,6-Et2-4-MeC6H2 in Ni5 and 2,4,6-t-Bu3C6H2 in Ni6 has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. On activation with MMAO or Et2AlCl, these complexes showed high activity in ethylene oligomerization, reaching 2.23 × 106 g·mol–1 (Ni) h–1 at 30 °C with the Al/Ni ratio of 5500 and 9.11 × 105 g·mol–1 (Ni) h–1 with the Al/Ni of 800, respectively. Moreover, the content of α-C4 indicated high selectivity exceeding 99% in the Ni/Et2AlCl system. Comparing with the previous report by our group, this work discloses higher activity, presumably due to the substituent at the 2-position within the ligand influencing the steric hindrance around the metal atom. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the branched alkenes have been observed (iso-C6: 35.3 – 57.2%) in the oligomerization products.

Tandem catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of butadiene with hydrogen generated from the decomposition of formic acid

We report for the first time the selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to butene using formic acid as the hydrogen source with 1 wt% Pd/carbon in a continuous flow reactor. The catalytic results show that the selectivity is even higher when formic acid is used compared to gas hydrogen.

A selective and stable Fe/TiO2catalyst for selective hydrogenation of butadiene in alkene-rich stream

The replacement of precious metals by more abundant and therefore much less expensive metals remains a very important challenge in catalysis. A Fe/TiO2catalyst prepared by deposition-precipitation with urea showed very high selectivity to alkenes (>99%), even at high conversion (>90%), in selective hydrogenation of butadiene in an excess of propene. Its activity is very stable at 175 °C whereas the catalyst deactivates at 50 °C, although it is also initially very active. The presence of metallic iron seems to be necessary to ensure these excellent performances.

Regioselective Gas-Phase n-Butane Transfer Dehydrogenation via Silica-Supported Pincer-Iridium Complexes

The production of olefins via on-purpose dehydrogenation of alkanes allows for a more efficient, selective and lower cost alternative to processes such as steam cracking. Silica-supported pincer-iridium complexes of the form [(≡SiO?R4POCOP)Ir(CO)] (R4POCOP=κ3-C6H3-2,6-(OPR2)2) are effective for acceptorless alkane dehydrogenation, and have been shown stable up to 300 °C. However, while solution-phase analogues of such species have demonstrated high regioselectivity for terminal olefin production under transfer dehydrogenation conditions at or below 240 °C, in open systems at 300 °C, regioselectivity under acceptorless dehydrogenation conditions is consistently low. In this work, complexes [(≡SiO?tBu4POCOP)Ir(CO)] (1) and [(≡SiO?iPr4PCP)Ir(CO)] (2) were synthesized via immobilization of molecular precursors. These complexes were used for gas-phase butane transfer dehydrogenation using increasingly sterically demanding olefins, resulting in observed selectivities of up to 77 %. The results indicate that the active site is conserved upon immobilization.

CATALYTIC HYDROCARBON DEHYDROGENATION

A catalyst for dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons includes a support including zirconium oxide and Linde type L zeolite (L-zeolite). A concentration of the zirconium oxide in the catalyst is in a range of from 0.1 weight percent (wt. %) to 20 wt. %. The catalyst includes from 5 wt. % to 15 wt. % of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. The catalyst includes from 0.1 wt. % to 10 wt. % of tin. The catalyst includes from 0.1 wt. % to 8 wt. % of a platinum group metal. The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, tin, and platinum group metal are disposed on the support.

Pt/TS-1 catalysts: Effect of the platinum loading method on the dehydrogenation of n-butane

A series of catalysts in which platinum was supported on the crystalline pure titanium silicalite (TS-1) were prepared using two different loading methods, namely, an ethylene glycol (EG) reduction method and the conventional incipient wetness impregnation (IM) technique. Various characterization techniques were used to study the effect of the loading method on the physicochemical and morphological properties of the prepared catalysts. Also the effect of the platinum-loading method on the dehydrogenation of n-butane was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results show that the EG method favors the formation of a more-concentrated Pt dispersion, which results in much better catalytic activities for the selective formation of butenes and butadiene (> 97 %). This phenomenon is interpreted by carrying out density functional theory (DFT) calculations with focus on the relationship between the coverage of n-butane on Pt surface and the activation barrier for the first C[sbnd]H bond cleavage.

Selective dehydration of 1-butanol to butenes over silica supported heteropolyacid catalysts: Mechanistic aspect

Butenes are considered as important olefinic building block to produce fuels/fuel additives and commodity chemicals. In the present investigation, selective dehydration of 1-butanol to butenes was studied in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor using various silica-supported heteropolyacid (HPA) catalysts such as phosphotungstic acid (PTA), silicotungstic acid (STA), phosphomolybdic acid (PMA), and silicomolybdic acid (SMA) as the solid acid catalysts. The physicochemical properties of these HPA were determined by BET, powder XRD, FTIR, NH3-TPD, and Py-FTIR. The acid strength and Br?nsted/Lewis (B/L) acid ratio were increased with higher loading of HPA on silica. The nature of HPA (addenda and hetero atom) and loading of HPA are important factors for the dehydration of 1-butanol and selectivity towards butenes. PTA and STA showed superior catalytic activity than PMA and SMA. The reaction temperature and WHSV also strongly affected the butanol conversion and selectivity of butenes. The selectivity of di-n?butyl ether decreases with the rising temperature from 523 K to 623 K. The isomerization of 1-butene leading to the formation of other butene isomers depends on the HPA loading, temperature, and WHSV. The presence of molybdenum addendum atom in PMA and SMA promotes dehydrogenation and hydrogenation, leading to the formation of various light hydrocarbons. The 20PTA/SiO2 catalyst afforded 99.8% selectivity towards butenes at quantitative conversion of 1-butanol, whereas the 20STA/SiO2 catalyst gave nearly 97.0% conversion of 1-butanol and 99.9% butenes selectivity at 673 K, 37.4 h?1 of WHSV.