505-60-2 Usage
Uses
Used in Chemical Warfare:
Mustard gas is used as a vesicant in chemical warfare due to its cytotoxic and alkylating properties. It was first used by the German army in 1917 and was one of the most lethal poisonous chemicals used during World War I. It was also used in large amounts during World War II, the Iran-Iraq war in 1980-1988, and by Italian troops in Ethiopia (1935-1936) and Egyptian forces in Yemen (1963-1967).
Used in Biological Studies:
Mustard gas is used in small quantities as a model compound in biological studies of alkylating agents. This helps researchers understand the effects and mechanisms of these agents on biological systems.
Although the United States no longer uses mustard gas except for research purposes, several other countries still maintain large stockpiles that present an imminent danger from accidental or intentional exposure.
Air & Water Reactions
Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes(oxides of sulfur and chlorine)
Reactivity Profile
Mustard gas is incompatible with bleaching powder. Reacts violently with oxidizing materials. Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. Unstable, hydrolyzed in aqueous solution. Avoid high heat; contact with acid or acid fumes. [EPA, 1998].
Health Hazard
The median lethal dosage is 1500 mg-minute/m3 for inhalation and 10,000 mg-minute/m3 for skin absorption (masked personnel). The median incapacitating dosage is 200 mg-minute/m3 for eye injury and 2000 mg-minute/m3 for skin absorption (masked personnel). Wet skin absorbs more material than dry skin. May cause death or permanent injury after very short exposure to small quantities. It is a blistering gas and is highly irritating to eyes, skin, and lungs. Pulmonary lesions are often fatal. Permanent eye damage and severe respiratory impairment. It is a carcinogen.
Fire Hazard
Can be ignited by large explosive charge. When heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and chlorine containing compounds. Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. Containers may rupture violently in a fire. Incompatible with bleaching powder. Reacts violently with oxidizing materials. Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. Unstable, hydrolyzed in aqueous solution. Avoid high heat; contact with acid or acid fumes.
Safety Profile
Confirmed human carcinogenwith experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, andtumorigenic data. A human poison by inhalation andsubcutaneous routes. An experimental poison byinhalation, skin contact, subcutaneous, and intravenousroutes. An experimenta
Potential Exposure
Mustard gas is used as an alkylating
agent. It has also been used as a chemical warfare agent,
causing delayed casualties. It is a vesicant and blister agent
in chemical warfare (especially during World War I, military
designation H or HD). Mustard gas is used as a model
compound in biological studies. Mustard gas has been
tested as an antineoplastic agent, but its clinical use as a
tumor inhibitor has been minimal.
Carcinogenicity
Mustard gas is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.
Shipping
UN2810 Toxic liquids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical
Name Required.
Toxicity evaluation
Although SM reacts with RNA, proteins, and phospholipids,
the consensus view is that a DNA alkylate plays an important
role in delayed toxic effects. This DNA alkylation and crosslinking
in rapidly dividing cells such as basal keratinocytes,
mucosal epithelium, and bone marrow precursor cells leads to
cellular death and inflammatory reactions. At higher levels of
cellular exposure, however, mechanisms other than DNA crosslinking
that produce more rapid cell death may become
important. The acute damage to the cornea, mucous
membranes, and skin seen after SM exposure is probably
generated by one or both of these two mechanisms: (1)
depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD); (2)
rapid inactivation of sulfhydryl-containing proteins and
peptides, such as glutathione.
Incompatibilities
Sulfur mustard is stable at ambient temperatures.
Reacts with oxidizers (vigorous), strong acids;
acid fumes; strong alkalies; oxygen; water, steam, and other
forms of moisture. On contact with acid or acid fumes, it
emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and chlorine.
Rapidly corrosive to brass @ 65℃. Will corrode steel at
a rate of 0.0001 in/month @ 65℃. HD reacts with water;
will hydrolyze; forming HCI and thiodiglycol. When heated
to decomposition (between 149℃ to 177℃), it emits gaseous
hydrogen chloride and oxides of sulfur and chlorine.
Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
Waste Disposal
Principles and methods for
destruction of chemical weapons: “Destruction of chemical
weapons” means a process by which chemicals are converted
in an essentially irreversible way to a form
unsuitable for production of chemical weapons, and which
in an irreversible manner renders munitions and other
devices unusable as such. Each nation shall determine how
it shall destroy chemical weapons, except that the following
processes may not be used: dumping in any body of water,
land burial or open-pit burning. It shall destroy chemical
weapons only at specifically designated and appropriately
designed and equipped facilities. Each nation shall ensure
that its chemical weapons destruction facilities are constructed
and operated in a manner to ensure the destruction
of the chemical weapons; and that the destruction process
can be verified under the provisions of this Convention
. All decontaminated material should
be collected, contained and chemically decontaminated or
thermally decomposed in an EPA approved incinerator,
which will filter or scrub toxic by-products from effluent
air before discharge to the atmosphere. Any contaminated
protective clothing should be decontaminated using calcium
hypochlorite (HTH) or bleach and analyzed to
assure it is free of detectable contamination (3X) level.
Contaminated clothes and personal belongings should be
placed in a sealed double bag and subsequently placed
inside properly labeled drums and held for shipment back
to the DA issue point. Decontamination of waste or
excess material shall be accomplished in accordance with
the procedures outlined above with the following exceptions:
(a) HD on laboratory glassware may be oxidized
by its vigorous reaction with concentrated nitric acid.
(b) Open pit burning or burying of HD or items containing or contaminated with HD in any quantity is
prohibited. Note: Several states define decontaminated
surety material as a RCRA Hazardous Waste.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 505-60-2 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 5,0 and 5 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 6 and 0 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 505-60:
(5*5)+(4*0)+(3*5)+(2*6)+(1*0)=52
52 % 10 = 2
So 505-60-2 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
505-60-2Relevant articles and documents
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFONIUM CHLORIDES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPCTROMETRY AND THE DEGRADATION OF 2-CHLOROETHYL SULFIDE DERIVATIVES
Rourhbaugh, Dennis K.,Yang, Yu-Chu,Ward, J. Richard
, p. 17 - 26 (2007/10/02)
Three aqueous samples containing sulfonium chloride salts of both mustard gas (2,2'-dichlorodiethylsulfide) and its simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide have been characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).Theese salts decompose thermallly to the sorresponding 2-chloroethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl sulfides, therefore GC/MS analysis is not indicative of the true composition of these solutions.Small amounts of dithioethers characteristic of the decomposition of the dimeric salts were also detected.Electron Impact (EI) ionization produces a more intense molecular ion than methane chemical ionization (CI) for the dithioethers because of the ease of formation of sulfonium ions during chemical ionization.The composition products of four aged samples of 2-chloroethyl sulfides (RSCH2CH2Cl where R=methyl, ethyl, phenyl and benzyl groups) were also characterized by GC/MS, which indicated that decomposition of these compounds may proceed via dimeric sulfonium ions.Mustard gas was detected in all but one of the samples, providing evidence for secondary sulfonium cation formation in the degradation prcess.Keywords: Sulfonium chlorides; 2-chloroethyl sulfides; degradation; dimeric sulfonium cations; GC/MS characterization.
Triazenes as Transport Form of Sulfur Mustard: Synthesis of 3-aryltriazenes and Study of Their Reactions in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solutions
Singh, Ranjit
, p. 1088 - 1097 (2007/10/02)
A group of biologically active 1-aryl-3-triazenes has been synthesized.The rates of decomposition of a selected triazene, determined polarographically, increase with decrease in pH from 7.1 to 5.1.The products of aqueous decomposition have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS.A selectively deuterated triazene is found helpful in discriminating between alternative decomposition pathways.The data are consistend with initial protonation of the triazene and generation therefrom of a S-(2-chloroethyl)thioethyl cation (or its kinetic equivalent) which undergoes rearrangements as detected by deuterium scrambling.A second competing pathway may involve cyclization of the triazene to a 1-aryl-1,2,3-triazathiaoctene intermediate which then undergoes nucleophilic opening with attendant loss of nitrogen.These triazenes readily esterify 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and diethyl phosphate in etheral solutions.The use of deuterium labelled triazene indicates that these triazenes esterify predominantly via ion-pair mechanism and SN2 displacement is the minor pathway.A selected triazene is observed to alkylate the N3-position of triacetyluridine, also via a combination of ion-pair and SN2 displacement mechanisms as studied by the application of deuterium labelling.These studies are expected to assist in the interpretation of the cytotoxic effects of these triazenes.
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