- Dehalogenation methodof 9-halogenated steroid compound and application
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The invention provides a dehalogenation method of a 9-halogenated steroid compound and application, and relates to the technical field of chemical synthesis. The dehalogenation method of the 9-halogenated steroid compound comprises the following steps: reacting a compound I with a hydrogen donor and an azo radical initiator to obtain a 9-dehalogenated product compound II of the 9-halogenated steroid compound. According to the dehalogenation method of the 9-halogenated steroid compound, a hydrogen donor adopts one or a combination of more of hypophosphorous acid and hypophosphite, formic acid and formate, organic silicon hydride, hydrazine compounds or cyclohexene, and an initiator adopts an azo free radical initiator. Reagents such as chromium, divalent chromium salt, trivalent chromium salt or tributyltin hydride which are high in toxicity and cause serious pollution to the environment are not used in the reaction, the method is green and environmentally friendly, the synthesis process is simple, convenient and easy to implement, and the production applicability is improved.
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Paragraph 0197-0199
(2021/01/11)
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- Biotransformation of progesterone by Aspergillus nidulans VKPM F-1069 (wild type)
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Biotechnological transformation of steroids using enzyme systems of microorganisms is often the only possible method to modify the molecule in the industrial production of steroid drugs. Filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans has been little studied as a steroid-transforming microorganism. We studied the ability of the A. nidulans VKPM F-1069 strain to transform progesterone (PG) for the first time. This strain converts PG into 3 main products: 11α-hydroxy-PG, 11α-acetoxy-PG and 6β,11α-dihydroxy-PG. It has been established that in the first stage, the hydroxylation of PG occurs into C11α position, then the formed 11α-hydroxy-PG is modified into 11α-acetoxy-PG and 6β,11α-dihydroxy-PG. It was found that changes in the composition of the growth medium, aeration and the duration of the mycelium cultivation do not affect the qualitative composition of PG transformation products, but their ratios have changed. Under conditions of limited aeration, the direction of secondary modification of 11α-hydroxy-PG is shifted towards the formation of 11α-acetoxy-PG.
- Savinova, Olga S.,Solyev, Pavel N.,Vasina, Daria V.,Tyazhelova, Tatiana V.,Fedorova, Tatiana V.,Savinova, Tatiana S.
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- Biotransformation of progesterone by the ascomycete Aspergillus niger N402
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The ability of the ascomyceteAspergillus niger N402 to transform exogenous progesterone was investigated. We found that this strain has steroid-hydroxylating activity and can introduce a hydroxyl group into the progesterone molecule mainly at positions C11(α) and C21 with predominant formation of 21-hydroxyprogesterone (deoxycortone). In addition, formation of 6β,11α-dihydroxyprogesterone was also observed. Studying the effects of the growth medium composition and temperature on progesterone conversion by A. niger N402 showed that the most intense accumulation of 21-hydroxyprogesterone occurred in minimal synthetic medium at 28°C. Increasing the cultivation temperature to 37°C resulted in almost complete inhibition of the hydroxylase activity in the minimal medium. In the complete medium, a similar increase in temperature inhibited 11α-hydroxylase activity and completely suppressed 6β-hydroxylase activity, but it produced no effect on 21-hydroxylating activity.
- Savinova,Solyev,Vasina,Tyazhelova,Fedorova,Savinova
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- Engineering of CYP106A2 for steroid 9α- and 6β-hydroxylation
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CYP 106A2 from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 13368 has been described as a 15β-hydroxylase showing also minor 11α-, 9α- and 6β-hydroxylase activity for progesterone conversion. Previously, mutant proteins with a changed selectivity towards 11α-OH-progesterone have already been produced. The challenge of this work was to create mutant proteins with a higher regioselectivity towards hydroxylation at positions 9 and 6 of the steroid molecule. 9α-hydroxyprogesterone exhibits pharmaceutical importance, because it is a useful intermediate in the production of physiologically active substances which possess progestational activity. Sixteen mutant proteins were selected from a library containing mutated proteins created by a combination of site-directed and saturation mutagenesis of active site residues. Four mutant proteins out of these catalyzed the conversion of progesterone to 9α-OH-progesterone as a main product. For further optimization site-directed mutagenesis was performed. The introduction of seven mutations (D217V, A243V, A106T, F165L, T89N, T247V or T247W) into these four mutant proteins led to 28 new variants, which were also used for an in vivo conversion of progesterone. The best mutant protein, F165L/A395E/G397V, showed a ten-fold increase in the selectivity towards progesterone 9α-hydroxylation compared with the wild type CYP106A2. Also 6β-OH-progesterone is a pharmaceutically important compound, especially as intermediate for the production of drugs against breast cancer. For the rational design of mutant proteins with 6β-selectivity, docking of the 3D-structure of CYP106A2 with progesterone was performed. The introduction of three mutations (T247A, A243S, F173A) led to seven new mutant proteins. Clone A243S showed the greatest improvement in 6β-selectivity being more than ten-fold. Finally, an in vivo conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), testosterone and cortisol with the best five mutant proteins displaying 9α- or 6β-hydroxylation, respectively, of progesterone was performed to investigate whether the introduced mutations also effected the conversion of other substrates.
- Nikolaus, Julia,Nguyen, Kim Thoa,Virus, Cornelia,Riehm, Jan L.,Hutter, Michael,Bernhardt, Rita
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- Selective reduction of 4,6- conjugate diene -3-one steroid compound method
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Belonging to the field of chemical pharmacy, the invention relates to a method for selective reduction of 4, 6-conjugated diene-3-one steroid, and solves the problem of low yield in hydrogen reduction. The method mainly includes the steps of: 1) adding the 4, 6-conjugated diene-3-one steroid, a liquid solvent, a catalyst, and a reducing agent hydrogen donor into a reaction kettle, performing nitrogen protection, and carrying out stirring heating till reflux; 2) carry out reflux reaction for 3-10h; 3) at the end of reaction, filtering out the catalyst; 4) distilling the solvent; 5) adding purified water after distillation; and 6) conducting cooling, pumping filtering, washing and drying to obtain a 4-ene-3-steroid crystal.
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Paragraph 0074-0081
(2019/11/21)
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- Approaches to improve the solubility and availability of progesterone biotransformation by Mucor racemosus
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Substrate solubility in steroid biotransformation is critical for improving the biotransformation of hydrophobic substrates. The present investigation describes the effect of some organic solvents, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80; surfactant
- Mohamed, Sayeda Saleh,El-Refai, Abdel-Monem Hassan,Hashem, Abdel-Gawad Mohamed,Ali, Heba Ahmed
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p. 141 - 150
(2014/06/23)
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- Biocatalyst mediated production of 6β,11α-dihydroxy derivatives of 4-ene-3-one steroids
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Biotransformation of steroids with 4-ene-3-one functionality such as progesterone (I), testosterone (II), 17α-methyltestosterone (III), 4-androstene-3,17-dione (IV) and 19-nortestosterone (V) were studied by using a fungal system belonging to the genera of Mucor (M881). The fungal system efficiently and quantitatively converted these steroids in regio- and stereo-selective manner into corresponding 6β,11α-dihydroxy compounds. Time course experiments suggested that the transformation was initiated by hydroxylation at 6β- or 11α-(10β-hydroxy in case of V) to form monohydroxy derivatives which upon prolonged incubation were converted into corresponding 6β,11α-dihydroxy derivatives. The fermentation studies carried out using 5 L table-top fermentor with substrates (I and II) clearly indicates that 6β,11α-dihydroxy derivatives of steroids with 4-ene-3-one functionality can be produced in large scale by using M881.
- Kolet, Swati P.,Niloferjahan, Siddiqui,Haldar, Saikat,Gonnade, Rajesh,Thulasiram, Hirekodathakallu V.
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p. 1152 - 1158
(2013/10/08)
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- Novel metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone obtained in Didymosphearia igniaria KCH 6670 culture
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (10) and its five derivatives: testosterone (1), androstenedione (2), 17α-methyltestosterone (6), progesterone (13) and pregnenolone (14) were subjected to microbial transformation by the filamentous fungus Didymosphaeria igniaria KCH 6670. The predominant metabolism of the incubated 5-ene steroids (10 and 14) occurred through 3β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase/5,4-en isomerase pathways resulting in the generation of a 4-en-3-oxo system on ring-A. The transformations of C 19 steroids (1, 2, and 10) included a hydroxylation at 7α position, ketone-alcohol interconversion at C-17 and reduction of the double bond at C-4 and 3-keto group to the 3β-alcohol with 5α- stereochemistry at A/B ring. D. igniaria also carried out 6(7)-dehydrogenation and 6,7β-epoxidation during transformation of DHEA. Under these conditions transformation of DHEA (10) gave four products: 7α-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3, 17-dione (4), 17β-hydroxyandrost-4,6-dien-3-one (11), 17β- hydroxyandrost-6β-epoxy-4-en-3-one (12) and 3β,17β-dihydroxy- 5α-androstane (5). The compounds 11 and 12 are identified as DHEA metabolites for the first time. The transformation of C21 steroids (13 and 14) led to the mixture of mono- (mainly 11α- and 15β-) and dihydroxy- (7α,15β-; 14α,15β-; 11α,15β-; 11α,14α-) products. 7α,15β-Dihydroxypregnan-4-en-3,20- dione (18) and 14α,15β-dihydroxypregnan-4-en-3,20-dione (19) were found to be new compounds. The main product of transformation of 17α-methyltestosterone (6) was 12β-hydroxy-17α- methyltestosterone (7). The results of these transformations demonstrate the dependence of hydroxylation position on the structure of steroid nucleus.
- Janeczko, Tomasz,Swizdor, Alina,Dmochowska-Gladysz, Jadwiga,Bialonska, Agata,Ciunik, Zbigniew,Kostrzewa-Suslow, Edyta
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experimental part
p. 24 - 31
(2012/10/08)
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- Microbial Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of steroidal ketones using Beauveria bassiana: Presence of an 11α-hydroxyl group essential to generation of D-homo lactones
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This paper demonstrates for the first time transformation of a series of 17-oxo steroidal substrates (epiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione) by the most frequently used whole cell biocatalyst, Beauveria bassiana, to 11α-hydroxy-17a-oxa-d-homo-androst-17-one products, in the following sequence of reactions: 11α-hydroxylation and subsequent Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to a ring-D lactone. 11α-Hydroxyprogesterone, the product of the first stage of the progesterone metabolism, was further converted along two routes: hydroxylation to 6β,11α- dihydroxyprogesterone or 17β-acetyl chain degradation leading to 11α-hydroxytestosterone, the main metabolite of the substrate. Part of 11α-hydroxytestosterone underwent a rare reduction to 11α-hydroxy- 5β-dihydrotestosterone. The experiments have demonstrated that the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase produced by the strain catalyzes solely oxidation of C-20 or C-17 ketones with 11α-hydroxyl group. 17-Oxo steroids, beside the 11α-hydroxylation and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, also underwent reduction to 17β-alcohols; activity of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) has significant impact on the amount of the formed ring-D δ-lactone.
- ?wizdor, Alina,Ko?ek, Teresa,Panek, Anna,Bia?on?ska, Agata
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experimental part
p. 253 - 262
(2012/03/10)
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- Microbial hydroxylation of some steroids by Aspergillus wentii MRC 200316
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Biotransformations of epiandrosterone (1), dehydroepiandrosterone (2) and pregnenolone (3) by Aspergillus wentii MRC 200316 for 5 days have been reported. Incubation of epiandrosterone (1) afforded 11α-hydroxy-5α- androstane-3,17-dione (4) and 3β,11α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17- one (5). Incubation of dehydroepiandrosterone (2) afforded 3β,7β- dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (6) and 3β,7α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17- one (7). Incubation of pregnenolone (3) afforded only 11α-hydroxypregn-4- ene-3,20-dione (8).
- Yildirim, Kudret
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experimental part
p. 1273 - 1281
(2011/09/20)
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- Aspects of the progesterone response in Hortaea werneckii: Steroid detoxification, protein induction and remodelling of the cell wall
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Progesterone in sublethal concentrations temporarily inhibits growth of Hortaea werneckii. This study investigates some of the compensatory mechanisms which are activated in the presence of progesterone and are most probably contributing to escape from growth inhibition. These mechanisms lead on the one hand to progesterone biotransformation/detoxification but, on the other, are suggested to increase the resistance of H. werneckii to the steroid. Biotransformation can detoxify progesterone efficiently in the early logarithmic phase, with mostly inducible steroid transforming enzymes, while progesterone biotransformation/detoxification in the late logarithmic and stationary phases of growth is not very efficient. The relative contribution of constitutive steroid transforming enzymes to progesterone biotransformation is increased in these latter phases of growth. In the presence of progesterone, activation of the cell wall integrity pathway is suggested by the overexpression of Pck2 which was detected in the stationary as well as the logarithmic phase of growth of the yeast. Progesterone treated H. werneckii cells were found to be more resistant to cell lysis than mock treated cells, indicating for the first time changes in the yeast cell wall as a result of treatment with progesterone.
- Krizancic Bombek, Lidija,Lapornik, Ajda,Ukmar, Marjeta,Matis, Maja,Cresnar, Bronislava,Katalinic, Jasna Peter,Zakelj-Mavric, Marija
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experimental part
p. 1465 - 1474
(2009/04/06)
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- Microbial hydroxylation of pregnenolone derivatives
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Pregnenolone (1) and pregnenolone acetate (2) were incubated with the fungi Cunninghamella elegans, Rhizopus stolonifer and Gibberella fujikuroi. Incubation of 1 with C. elegans yielded metabolites, 3 β,7 β,11 α-trihydroxypreg-5-en-20-one (3), 3 β,6 α,11 α,12 β,15 β-pentahydroxypreg-4-en-20-one (4) and 3 β,6 β,11 α-trihydroxypreg-4-en-20-one (5), while incubation with G. fujikuroi yielded two known metabolites, 3 β,7 β-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (6) and 6 β,15 β-dihydroxypreg-4-ene-3,20-dione (7). Metabolites 4 and 5 were found to be new. Fermentation of 2 by C. elegans yielded four known oxidative metabolites, 1, androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (8), 6 β,15 β-dihydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9) and 11 α,15 β-dihydroxypreg-4-ene-3,20-dione (10). Fermentation of 2 with R. stolonifer yielded two known metabolites, 11 α-hydroxypreg-4-ene-3,20-dione (11) and 7. Compounds 1-11 were screened for their cholinesterase inhibitory activity in a mechanism-based assay.
- Choudhary, Muhammad Iqbal,Batool, Iffat,Shah, Syed Adnan Ali,Nawaz, Sarfraz Ahmad,Atta-ur-Rahman
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p. 1455 - 1459
(2007/10/03)
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- Optimization of progesterone 11α-hydroxylation in the presence of β-cyclodextrin
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Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 405 was used to hydroxylate progesterone to 11α-hydroxyprogesterone (11α-HP). This study described the effect of some fermentation parameters and the intermittent addition of β-cyclodextrin on the bioconversion process. The Kinaway's medium with pH 6 produced the best result of the used culture media. The transformation period was 48 h for the maximum hydroxylation. The maximum production of 11α-HP (93.10%) was obtained by the addition of 4g/I β-cyclodextrin at 12 h after inoculation compared to the control culture (56.8%). The results also showed the ability of the mould culture to carry out the transformation reaction at high substrate levels without by products formation in the presence of β-cyclodextrin.
- Abdel-Salam
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p. 275 - 280
(2007/10/03)
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- Novel catalytic activity of immobilized spores under reduced water activity
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Onset of a new catalytic function during transformation of progesterone by immobilized spores of Aspergillus ochraceus TS under reduced water activity is reported. The pathway of transformation, which furnished 1,4-androstadien-17β-ol-3-one and 1,4-androstadien-3,17-dione due to cleavage of C17-C20 bond, is different from normal reaction sequence.
- Dutta, Tapan K.,Samanta, Timir B.
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p. 629 - 632
(2007/10/03)
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- Mild deprotection of steroid esters by bis(tributyltin)oxide
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Bis(tributyltin)oxide (BBTO) has been utilized for the first time for the deprotection of steroid esters. The best results were obtained for 3β-esters, in particular the selective hydrolysis of the 3β-acetyl group in 3β,6α-diacetoxy-5α-pregnan-20-one to give 6α-acetoxy-3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one.
- Perez, Marina G.,Maier, Marta S.
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p. 3311 - 3314
(2007/10/02)
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- Conjugates
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A compound represented by the formula STR1 wherein X is a spacer group. The compound is useful for conjugating a compound having an alcohol group or an amine group to a compound having a thiol group. The compound can be used to conjugate a biologically active group such as an antigen to a protein such as an enzyme to provide an enzyme-labeled antigen for use in enzyme-amplified immunoassay methods for analytes or metabolites in sample fluids. The compound can also be used to immobilize a material such as a protein to a solid support.
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- HYDROXYLATION OF PROGESTERONE BY CEPHALOSPORIUM APHIDICOLA
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The fungus, Cephalosporium aphidicola, has been shown to hydroxylate progesterone predominantly at the 6β- and 11α-positions.Minor metabolites include tetstosterone acetate, the 20(R)-alcohol and 12β,17α-dihydroxyprogesterone.The sequence involves hydroxylation at 11α and then 6β.The hydroxylations of 11α- and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 9β,10α-retroprogesterone have also been examined in the light of these results. - Key words: Cephalosporium aphidicola; progesterone; 9β,10α-retroprogesterone; steroid; microbiological hydroxylation.
- Farooq, Afgan,Hanson, James R.,Iqbal, Zahida
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p. 723 - 726
(2007/10/02)
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