29976-53-2Relevant articles and documents
Ecotoxic effects of loratadine and its metabolic and light-induced derivatives
Iesce, Maria Rosaria,Lavorgna, Margherita,Russo, Chiara,Piscitelli, Concetta,Passananti, Monica,Temussi, Fabio,DellaGreca, Marina,Cermola, Flavio,Isidori, Marina
, p. 664 - 672 (2019/01/03)
Loratadine and desloratadine are second-generation antihistaminic drugs. Because of human administration, they are continuously released via excreta into wastewater treatment plants and occur in surface waters as residues and transformation products (TPs). Loratadine and desloratadine residues have been found at very low concentrations (ng/L) in the aquatic environment but their toxic effects are still not well known. Both drugs are light-sensitive even under environmentally simulated conditions and some of the photoproducts have been isolated and characterized. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute and chronic ecotoxicity of loratadine, desloratadine and their light-induced transformation products in organisms of the aquatic trophic chain. Bioassays were performed in the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and in two crustaceans, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Loratadine exerted its acute and chronic toxicity especially on Ceriodaphnia dubia (LC50: 600 μg/L, EC50: 28.14 μg/L) while desloratadine showed similar acute toxicity among the organisms tested and it was the most chronically effective compound in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Generally, transformation products were less active in both acute and chronic assays.
Development of a Robust Process for the Preparation of High-Quality 4-Methylenepiperidine Hydrochloride
Zhu, Fuqiang,Aisa, Haji A.,Zhang, Jian,Hu, Tianwen,Sun, Changliang,He, Yang,Xie, Yuanchao,Shen, Jingshan
, p. 91 - 96 (2018/02/06)
An efficient route for the preparation of 4-methylenepiperidine hydrochloride 1 was designed, and then a process feasible for large-scale production was developed with a total yield of 83.5% at a purity of 99.9%.
Penfluridol preparation method
-
Paragraph 0141; 0142; 0143, (2017/02/24)
The invention discloses a penfluridol preparation method. The penfluridol preparation method includes the following steps of 1), subjecting succinic anhydride and fluorobenzene to Friedel-Crafts reaction prior to acid decomposition, and collecting a compound from the formula 2) as is shown in the description; 2), putting the compound in a solvent to collect a compound in formula 3) as is shown in the description in a solvent reduced through a reducing agent; 3), putting the compound into the fluorobenzene to perform the Friedel-Crafts reaction to collect a compound in the formula 4) as is shown in the description; subjecting the compound and ethyl chloroformate to action to generate a compound in formula 5) as is shown in the description; 5), subjecting the compound and a compound shown in formula (XVII) to reaction prior to hydrolyzation to collect a compound in formula 6) as is shown in the description; 6), performing reduction with the reducing agent prior to hydrolyzing a reduction product and then collecting penfluridol (I). The penfluridol preparation method is high in yield, low in cost, moderate in reaction condition, short in circuit, proper for industrial production, low in three wastes, easy to treat and suitable for industrial production.