Bischler-Napieralski Reaction

A. Bischler, B. Napieralski, Ber. 26, 1903 (1893).

Cyclodehydration of β-phenethylamides to 3,4-dihydro derivatives by means of condensing agents such as phosphorous pentoxide or zinc chloride:



W. M. Whaley, T. R. Govindachari, Org. React. 6, 74 (1951); T. Kametani et al., Tetrahedron 27, 5367 (1971); G. Fodor et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 11, 919 (1972); G. Fodor, S. Nagubandi, Tetrahedron 36, 1279 (1980); eidem, Heterocycles 15, 165 (1981). Review of enantioselective modifications: M. O. Rozwadowska, ibid. 39, 903-931 (1994). Cf. Bradsher Reaction; Pechmann Condensation; Pictet-Gams Isoquinoline Synthesis; Pictet-Hubert Reaction; Skraup Reaction.