Properties of square-pyramidal alkyl-thiolate FeIII complexes, including an analogue of the unmodified form of nitrile hydratase

Article abstract of DOI:10.1021/ic801704n

The syntheses and structures of three new coordinatively unsaturated, monomeric, square-pyramidal thiolate-ligated Fe(III) complexes are described, [Fe^III((tame-N₃)S₂^Me2)]^- (1), [Fe^III(Et-N₂S₂^Me2)(py)] ^1- (3), and [Fe^III((tame-N₂S)S₂ ^Me2)]^2- (15). The anionic bis-carboxamide, tris-thiolate N₂S₃ coordination sphere of 15 is potentially similar to that of the yet-to-be characterized unmodified form of NHase. Comparison of the magnetic and reactivity properties of these reveals how anionic charge build up (from cationic 1 to anionic 3 and dianionic 15) and spin-state influence apical ligand affinity. For all of the ligand-field combinations examined, an intermediate S = 3/2 spin state was shown to be favored by a strong N ₂S₂ basal plane ligand field, and this was found to reduce the affinity for apical ligands, even when they are built in. This is in contrast to the post-translationally modified NHase active site, which is low spin and displays a higher affinity for apical ligands. Cationic 1 and its reduced Fe^II precursor are shown to bind NO and CO, respectively, to afford [Fe^III((tame-N₃)S₂^Me)(NO)] ⁺ (18, ν_NO = 1865 cm^-1), an analogue of NO-inactivated NHase, and [Fe^II((tame-N₃)S ₂^Me)(CO)] (16; ν_CO stretch (1895 cm ^-1). Anions (N₃^-, CN^-) are shown to be unreactive toward 1, 3, and 15 and neutral ligands unreactive toward 3 and 15, even when present in 100-fold excess and at low temperatures. The curtailed reactivity of 15, an analogue of the unmodified form of NHase, and its apical-oxygenated S = 3/2 derivative [Fe^III((tame-N ₂SO₂)S₂^Me2)]^2- (20) suggests that regioselective post-translational oxygenation of the basal plane NHase cysteinate sulfurs plays an important role in promoting substrate binding. This is supported by previously reported theoretical (DFT) calculations. ¹

Full text of DOI:10.1021/ic801704n

Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 11228-11236
Properties of Square-Pyramidal Alkyl-Thiolate FeIII Complexes,
Including an Analogue of the Unmodified Form of Nitrile Hydratase
Priscilla Lugo-Mas, Wendy Taylor, Dirk Schweitzer, Roslyn M. Theisen, Liang Xu, Jason Shearer,
Rodney D. Swartz, Morgan C. Gleaves, Antonio DiPasquale,† Werner Kaminsky,†
and Julie A. Kovacs*
The Department of Chemistry, UniVersity of Washington, Box 351700 Seattle, Washington
98195-1700
Received September 4, 2008
The syntheses and structures of three new coordinatively unsaturated, monomeric, square-pyramidal thiolate-
ligated Fe(III) complexes are described, [FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)]+ (1), [FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)(py)]1- (3), and [FeIII((tame-
N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15). The anionic bis-carboxamide, tris-thiolate N2S3 coordination sphere of 15 is potentially similar
to that of the yet-to-be characterized unmodified form of NHase. Comparison of the magnetic and reactivity properties
of these reveals how anionic charge build up (from cationic 1 to anionic 3 and dianionic 15) and spin-state influence
apical ligand affinity. For all of the ligand-field combinations examined, an intermediate S ) 3/2 spin state was
shown to be favored by a strong N2S2 basal plane ligand field, and this was found to reduce the affinity for apical
ligands, even when they are built in. This is in contrast to the post-translationally modified NHase active site, which
is low spin and displays a higher affinity for apical ligands. Cationic 1 and its reduced FeII precursor are shown to
bind NO and CO, respectively, to afford [FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me)(NO)]+ (18, νΝO ) 1865 cm-1), an analogue of NO-
inactivated NHase, and [FeII((tame-N3)S2Me)(CO)] (16; νCO stretch (1895 cm-1). Anions (N3-, CN-) are shown to
be unreactive toward 1, 3, and 15 and neutral ligands unreactive toward 3 and 15, even when present in 100-fold
excess and at low temperatures. The curtailed reactivity of 15, an analogue of the unmodified form of NHase, and
its apical-oxygenated S ) 3/2 derivative [FeIII((tame-N2SO2)S2Me2)]2- (20) suggests that regioselective post-translational
oxygenation of the basal plane NHase cysteinate sulfurs plays an important role in promoting substrate binding.
This is supported by previously reported theoretical (DFT) calculations.1
Introduction
two deprotonated peptide amides7,8 as opposed to the more
typical N/O (N2HisOAsp,Glu facial triad) ligand environ-
ment.9-12 The more covalent and electron-rich ligand
environment of NHase stabilizes low-spin (S ) 1/2) iron
in the +3 oxidation state.13,14 Two of the cysteinates are
oxidized (post-translationally modified): one to a sulfenic
Nitrile hydratases (NHases) are nonheme iron enzymes
that catalyze the enantioselective hydrolysis of nitriles to
amides.2-6 The active sites of NHases are unusual and
differ dramatically from the majority of nonheme iron
enzymes in that they contain three cysteinate ligands and
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (206)543-0713.
Fax: (206)685-8665. E-mail: kovacs@chem.washington.edu.
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Odaka, M.; Yohda, M.; Kamiya, N.; Endo, I. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1998,
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†
UW staff crystallographers.
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11228 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008
10.1021/ic801704n CCC: $40.75  2008 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 11/07/2008

Alkyl Thiolate NHase Analogues
1
acid15
(
114Cys-S-OH) or possibly 114CyS-SO2 and the
-
other to a sulfinate (112CyS-SO2-).16
Our group has been attempting to determine how the
unusual active site structure of NHase contributes to its
function.1,13,14,17-21 For example, why does nature incor-
porate cysteinates only to modify them? Is there a correlation
between structure, spin state, and reactivity? What ligand
environment is necessary for stabilization of a low-spin state?
The low-spin state of NHase is unusual given that π-donor
ligands, such as RS-, usually favor a high-spin state.20 The
majority of nonheme iron enzymes are high spin,9,11 and
porphyrin ligands were originally thought to be necessary
to stabilize low-spin Fe(III).22 We and others have shown
that the magnetic and spectroscopic properties of NHase can
be accurately reproduced by six-coordinate Fe(III) model
complexes23-28 containing two cis-thiolates, imines, and in
some cases an open binding site trans to one of the
thiolates.13,18,21,25,27 Detailed spectroscopic and theoretical
studies involving some of these compounds have shown that
anisotropy in the available π-symmetry metal orbitals
contributes to stabilization of a low-spin state20 as does the
highly covalent nature of the Fe-S bonds.
Figure 1. Post-translationally modified NHase active site.
Scheme 1
tetraanionic [N2amideScys(cysSOH)(cysSO2)]4- ligand environ-
ment of NHase would, however, be expected to decrease
the metal ion Lewis acidity and affinity for substrates. The
The mechanism by which NHase operates has yet to be
elucidated. It has been proposed that the iron site serves as
either a hydroxide source or as a Lewis-acidic site to which
nitriles coordinate.4,8,16,26,29-36 In either case, the Fe3+ ion
must be capable of binding H2O, OH-, or RCN. The
oxygen atoms and/or protons cysSOH and cysSO2 , incorpo-
-
rated during post-translational modification, may help to
offset this charge build up.36 Insight regarding the functional
role of the oxidized cysteinates would require isolation of
the unmodified form of NHase. However, this form of the
enzyme has yet to be characterized with a coordinated metal
ion. An unmodified apo form of Co-type NHase has been
structurally characterized and shown to contain a cysteine-
disulfide in place of the post-translationally oxidized sulfurs
(Figure 1).37 However, in the absence of a metal ion, this
structure does not indicate how the absence of oxygens might
influence the electronic and reactivity properties important
to function.
Previous NHase analogues synthesized by our group
include five-coordinate [FeIII((Pr,Pr-N3)S2Me2)]+ (Pr,Pr in
Scheme 1) and [FeIII((Et,Pr-N3)S2Me2)]+ (Et,Pr in Scheme
1) which bind NO and reversibly bind azide38 but do not
readily bind nitriles at ambient temperature.18 The reactivity
of these models was shown to correlate with spin
state.18,21,38,39 Ligand constraints and metal ion accessibility
may also limit reactivity given that the pentadentate Pr,Pr
and Et,Pr ligands favor trigonal-bipyramidal over octahedral
geometries.13,14 These ligands also incorporate a less anionic
ligand set relative to that found at the active site of NHase.
This prompted us to look into the design of models with
less constraining ligands, a more open face, and deprotonated
carboxamides in place of imines. Herein, we describe and
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351.
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Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008 11229

Lugo-Mas et al.
Scheme 2
compare the structural and reactivity properties of three new
square-pyramidal thiolate-ligated Fe(III) complexes with
ligands that favor the orthogonal angles required for substrate
binding and in one case an anionic bis-carboxamide, tris-
thiolate N2S3 coordination sphere possibly matching that of
the yet-to-be characterized unmodified form of NHase. In
order to determine how anionic charge build up influences
substrate affinity, structurally related cationic, anionic, and
dianionic complexes are compared.
ligand as well as synthesis and crystallographic characteriza-
tion of square-pyramidal [FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)](PF6)·PhCN
(1), (Me4N)[FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)(Py)] ·2MeOH (3), (NMe4)2[FeIII-
((tame-N2S)S2Me2)] ·MeCN (15), and dimeric (NMe4)2[FeIII(Et-
N2S2Me2)]2 · 2MeOH (2) are provided in the Supporting
Information.
Results and Discussion
Syntheses of Thiolate-Ligated Model Complexes. Syn-
thesis of transition-metal complexes containing an open
coordination site usually requires use of steric bulk, nonco-
ordinating solvents and strict avoidance of potentially
coordinating counterions.40-45 Isolation of coordinatively
unsaturated monomeric complexes is especially difficult
when thiolates are included in the coordination sphere since
metal thiolates are prone to oligomerization.46-48 When
mimicking a metalloenzyme active site, multidentate ligands
are generally required in order to maintain a somewhat rigid
structure since the biologically important first-row transition-
metal ions tend to be substitution labile.22,49 Previously we
and others showed that gem dimethyls adjacent to the sulfur
can prevent dimerization of iron thiolates.18,21,50-52 More
recently we showed that thiolate ligands reduce metal ion
Lewis acidity relative to alkoxides and amines and have a
strong trans influence, thereby helping to maintain an open
coordination site.53 The previously reported tame-N3 (1,1,1-
triaminoethane)54,55 ligand was used in this study as a
scaffold for the new complexes since it favors a more open,
less constrained, square-pyramidal or octahedral geometry
as illustrated in Scheme 1. Details regarding the synthesis
of the new tris-thiol, bis-carboxamide tame-(NH)2(SH)3 (14)
Syntheses and Structure of Square-Pyramidal [FeII
-
I((tame-N3)S2Me2)]+ (1), [FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)]22- (2), [FeIII(Et-
N2S2Me2)(py)]1- (3), and [FeIII((tame-N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15).
Imine-ligated [FeIII ((tame-N3)S2Me2)] (PF6) · PhCN (1) was
synthesized under anaerobic conditions via an Fe2+
-
templated, Schiff-base condensation reaction between
tame-N3 and 2 equiv of deprotonated 3-methyl-3mercapto-
2-butanone24 followed by oxidation with Cp2Fe+ in benzo-
nitrile (Scheme 2). The carboxamide-containing ligand
N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis[2-mercapto-2-methyl-propana-
mide] (Et-(NH)2(SH)2Me2) was synthesized as described
elsewhere,56 and deprotonation in the presence of
(NMe4)[FeCl4] to initially afford a thiolate-bridged dimeric
complex (NMe4)2[FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)]2 · 2MeOH (2 Scheme
3, Figure 2), which is readily cleaved into monomers by
coordinating solvents. Addition of excess pyridine to
dimeric 2 in MeOH (2:1 MeOH/pyridine) results in
cleavage of the bridging Fe(1)-S(3) and Fe(2)-S(1)
bonds to afford monomeric, monoanionic pyridine-ligated
(Me4N)[FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)(Py)] · 2MeOH (3; Scheme 3, Fig-
ure 3). The protonated tris-thiol bis-carboxamide ligand
tame-(NH)2(SH)3 (14) was synthesized in excellent yields
according to the six-step convergent synthesis outlined
in Scheme 4. This involves addition of HBr(aq) to 3-methyl-
oxetan-3-yl-methanol (5) to afford diol 6 in 72% yield
followed by SN2 displacement of the bromine upon
addition of deprotonated benzyl mercaptan to afford 7 in
98% yield. Conversion of diol 7 to diazide 8 was achieved
via addition of DDQ/PPh3/n-Bu4NN3. Reduction of 8 was
achieved using PPh3 to afford diamine 9 in 93% yield.
This fragment is an analogue of the tame-N3 ligand used
in the synthesis of 1 (Scheme 2). To incorporate two more
aliphatic thiolates into 14, a second fragment (12) was
synthesized via addition of benzyl mercaptan to ethyl
2-bromo-2-methyl propionate (10) in the presence of base
to initially afford 11 (in 80% yield), which was converted
to the chloride derivative 12 via addition of thionyl
chloride. Addition of tame-derived 9 to 12 afforded
benzyl-protected tris-thiolate 13. Deprotection of the
sulfurs using Na/NH3 followed by addition of HCl
afforded tame-(NH)2(SH)3 (14) (ESI-MS ) 339.3, Figure
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11230 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008

Alkyl Thiolate NHase Analogues
Scheme 3
S-8, Supporting Information). Evidence for the presence
of the free thiols was obtained by 1H NMR (Figures
S-5 and S-6, Supporting Information) and IR spectroscopy
(νSH ) 2544 cm-1, Figure S-7, Supporting Information).
The corresponding tris-thiolate-ligated Fe3+ complex
[FeIII(tame-N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15) was synthesized via addition
of 5 equiv of NaOMe to a mixture of tame-(NH)2(SH)3
(14) and (Me4N)FeCl4 in MeOH at -35 °C.
X-ray quality crystals of 1, dimeric 2, and monomeric 3
were obtained by layering Et2O onto concentrated PhCN,
MeOH, and 2:1 MeOH/pyridine solutions, respectively, and
coolingto-35°C.X-ray-qualitycrystalsof(NMe4)2[FeIII((tame-
N2S)S2Me2)] · MeCN (15) were obtained by layered diffusion
of Et2O into a MeCN solution at -35 °C. Crystallographic
data collection and refinement parameters are contained in
Table S-1, Supporting Information, and metrical parameters
for complexes 1-3 are compared in Table S-2, Supporting
Information. As shown in the ORTEP diagram of Figure 3,
monomeric 1 contains a five-coordinate Fe3+ ion in a square-
pyramidal geometry (τ ) 0.0)57 with two cis-thiolates and
two cis-imine nitrogens (N(1) and N(1′)) in the basal plane
and an apical primary amine nitrogen (N(2)). The square-
pyramidal Fe3+ ions of 3 and 15, on the other hand, contain
two cis carboxamides (N(1) and N(2)) in place of 1′s imines
in combination with two cis thiolates in the N2S2 basal plane
and either an apical pyridine (3) or a thiolate (15) in place
of the primary amine (1). The Fe3+ ion of 1 sits 0.293 Å
above the mean basal N2S2 plane and on a crystallographic
mirror plane, rendering S(1) and S(1′) as well as N(1) and
N(1′) equivalent. The Fe3+ ion of 3 and 15, on the other
hand, is pulled further (0.404 Å with 3 and 0.408 Å with
15) above the mean basal N2S2 plane, indicating that the
metal ion has a higher affinity for apical thiolate and pyridine
ligands. The N3S2 and N2S3 coordination spheres of 3 (τ )
0.090) and 15 (τ ) 0.16) deviate only slightly from ideal
square pyramidal (τ ) 0.0).57 The tris-thiolate, bis-carboxa-
mide [N2S3]5- coordination sphere of 15 is potentially similar
to that of the yet-to-be characterized unmodified form of
NHase. The Fe3+ ions of 2 (Figure 2) sit 0.449 and 0.447 Å
above the mean N2S2 basal planes each in an N2S3 coordina-
tion sphere that deviates only slightly (τ ) 0.011 Å) from
ideal square pyramidal. The basal plane Fe-S(1) distance
of 1 (2.189(2) Å; Table S-2, Supporting Information) is
noticeably shorter than those of 3 (2.21(1) Å) and 15 (2.22(2)
Å), reflecting the stronger trans influence of carboxamide
versus imine ligands. This bond is considerably shorter than
the sum of the covalent radii (2.27Å),58 indicating that the
Fe-S bonds of 1 possess partial double-bond (or significant
ionic) character. The Fe-S bonds of dimeric 2 are differenti-
ated by the distinct roles played by the sulfurs as terminal
(S(2); Fe(1)-S(2) ) 2.199(2) Å) versus bridging (S(1);
Fe(1)-S(1) ) 2.251(2) Å) ligands.
Figure 2. ORTEP diagram of the anion of dimeric (NMe4)2[FeIII((Et-
N2)S2Me2)]2 ·2MeOH (2) showing atom-labeling scheme. All hydrogen atoms
have been removed for clarity.
Scheme 4
The apical Fe-X (X ) primary amine (1), pyridine (3),
and thiolate (2 and 15)) bonds are considerably longer than
typical bonds of this type and/or the corresponding basal
plane bonds. For example, Fe-N(amine) bonds usually fall
in the range 2.0-2.06 Å,17,21,59-62 A whereas the Fe-N(2)
bond of 1 is longer (2.132(6) Å). Iron-pyridine Fe-N
distances usually fall in the range of 1.92-2.14,59,63-68
whereas that of 3 (Fe-N(3)) is longer (2.167(3) Å). The
longer apical pyridine Fe-N(3) distance of 3 versus the
(57) Addison, A. W.; Rao, T. N.; Reedijk, J. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans.
1984, 1349.
(58) Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd ed.; Cornell
University Press: Ithaca, NY, 1960.
Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008 11231

Lugo-Mas et al.
Table 1. Electronic Absorption and Magnetic Properties of S ) 3/2 Square-Pyramidal FeIII-Thiolates versus S ) 1/2 Complexes and NHase
compound
color
λ
max(ꢀ)a(nm)
X-band EPR (g values)b
[FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)] (1)
red
red
400(3380), 540(1300)
306(7500), 497(3000)
420(5700), 465(6000)c
320(9200), 497(3200)e
415(2600), 494(4800)d 424(2600), 487(4800)e
471(3250), 433(2540, sh)
416(4200), 718(1400)
784(1300)
4.88, 2.60, 1.71
4.35, 2.00
+
[FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)]2 (2)
2-
[FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)(Py)]1- (3)
[FeIII((tame-N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15)
[FeIII(ADIT)2]+
red/brown
orange
green
green
green
green
green
green
4.45, 1.97
4.60, 3.40, 1.97
2.19, 2.13, 2.01
2.16, 2.10, 2.02
2.19, 2.15, 2.01
2.23, 2.16, 1.99
2.17, 2.14, 2.01
2.27, 2.14, 1.97
[FeIII(DITpy)2]+
[FeIII(DITIm)2]+
802(1300)
[FeIII((Pr,Pr)-N3S2Me2)(N3)]+
[FeIII((Et,Pr)-N3S2Me2)(MeCN)]+
NHase enzyme
460(220), 708(1600)
454(∼1100), 833(∼1000)
710(∼1200)
a In MeCN unless otherwise indicated. b In MeOH/EtOH (9:1) glass unless otherwise indicated. c Spectrum recorded in MeOH solution. d Spectrum
recorded in pyridine solution. e Spectrum recorded in CH2Cl2 solution.
apical amine Fe-N(2) distance of 1 reflects the stronger basal
ligand field imposed by the carboxamides as well as the
decreased Lewis acidity of the metal ion caused by replace-
ment of two neutral imines with two anionic deprotonated
carboxamides. It is also possible that ligand constraints
compress the apical amine distance. Pyridine Fe-N bonds
are usually shorter, rather than longer, than amine Fe-N
bonds. The apical Fe-S bonds in 2 (Fe-S(3) ) 2.446(2)
Å) and 15 (2.4058(7) Å) are considerably longer than the
typical range (2.14-2.25 Å (low spin); 2.30-2.37 Å high
spin),17,23,24,38,59-62,67-70 reflecting a large differential be-
tween the apical and the basal ligand fields. This is supported
by the magnetic data (vide infra) and indicates that in the
case of 2 the thiolate bridge should readily cleave. Both the
strong basal ligand field and the progressive negative charge
build up (in going from cationic 1, to monanionic 3, and
dianionic 15) appear, therefore, to reduce the metal ion Lewis
acidity of these square-pyramidal complexes and their affinity
for built-in apical ligands. This is not without precedent given
that deprotonated carboxamide ligands have been previously
shown to favor lower coordination numbers.71 In addition,
we recently showed that when compared to alkoxides or
amines, thiolate ligands favor lower coordination numbers.53
Electronic and Magnetic Properties. As illustrated in
Table 1 the electronic and magnetic properties of the
square-pyramidal compounds described herein differ
notably from those of low-spin (S ) 1/2) NHase and low-
spin synthetic analogues described previously by our
group.1,13,14,17,18,20,21,23,59 All of the compounds described
herein are intermediate-spin S ) 3/2, and solutions appear
various shades of red, whereas all of the low-spin complexes
in Table 1 appear green. One can attribute these differences
to changes in coordination number and the resulting decrease
in the separation between energy states. The electronic
spectrum of dimeric 2 is solvent dependent (Table 1).
Coordinating solvents appear to cleave the dimer to afford
solvent-bound five-coordinate derivatives based on a similar-
ity of their spectra to that of pyridine-bound 3. Six
equivalents of pyridine are required to completely convert 2
to 3 in CH2Cl2 (Figure S-12, Supporting Information). In
MeOH, the two Fe3+ ions of 2 behave independently,
showing no signs of antiferromagnetic coupling, as indicated
by the solution magnetic moment (µeff(298 K)/Fe3+ ) 4.01
µB) and EPR spectrum (g ) 4.35, 2.00, E/D ) 0.092, Figure
S-14, Supporting Information), which are consistent with a
pure S ) 3/2 spin state over all temperatures (5-298 K)
examined. Monomeric 3 and 15 are also intermediate-spin
S ) 3/2 both in solution (µeff(3, 298 K, MeOH) ) 3.72 µB;
µeff(15, 298 K, MeOH) ) 3.99 µB) and in the solid state
(Figure 4) over all temperatures (4-300 K) examined. Fits
to the low-temperature EPR data of 3 (Figure S-13, Sup-
porting Information) and 15 (Figure 5) are consistent with
an S ) 3/2 ground state and Fe3+ in ∼axial (E/D 0.065) and
slightly rhombic (E/D ) 0.107) environments, respectively.
Monomeric[FeIII(tame-N3)S2Me2)]+ (1) is also intermediate
spin (S ) 3/2) both in the solid state over the temperature
range 7-300 K (µeff ) 3.96 µB; Figure S-15, Supporting
Information) and in MeOH solution (µeff ) 3.74 µB) at
ambient temperatures. Fits to the low-temperature (7 K) EPR
data for 1 in noncoordinating solvents (e.g., 2-Me-THF) are
consistent with Fe3+ in a rhombically distorted environment
(E/D ) 0.185) and a pure S ) 3/2 ground state (g ) 4.88,
2.60, 1.71; Figure S-16, Supporting Information). The only
exception to these trends occurs in coordinating solvents at
extremely low temperatures (7 K), where 1 is present as a
mixture of S ) 1/2 and 3/2 spin states (g ) 5.01, 4.25 and
g ) 2.25, 2.17, 1.95; Figure S-17, Supporting Information).
(59) Jackson, H. L.; Shoner, S. C.; Rittenberg, D.; Cowen, J. A.; Lovell,
S.; Barnhart, D.; Kovacs, J. A. Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40, 1646–1653.
(60) Shearer, J.; Fitch, S. B.; Kaminsky, W.; Benedict, J.; Scarrow, R. C.;
Kovacs, J. A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 2003, 100, 3671–3676.
(61) Shearer, J.; Nehring, J.; Kaminsky, W.; Kovacs, J. A. Inorg. Chem.
2001, 40, 5483–5484.
(62) Schweitzer, D.; Ellison, J. J.; Shoner, S. C.; Lovell, S.; Kovacs, J. A.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 10996–10997.
(63) Roelfes, G.; Lubben, M.; Chen, K.; Ho, R. Y. N.; Meetsma, A.;
Genseberger, S.; Hermant, R. M.; Hage, R.; Mandal, S. K.; Young,
V. G.; Zang, Y.; Kooijman, H.; Spek, A. L.; Que, L., Jr; Feringa,
B. L. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 1929–1936.
(64) Zang, Y.; Kim, J.; Dong, Y.; Wilkinson, E. C.; Appelman, E. H.; Que,
L., Jr J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4197–4205.
(65) Roelfes, G.; Lubben, M.; Chen, K.; Ho, R. Y. N.; Mettsma, A.;
Genseberger, S.; Hermant, R. M.; Hage, R.; Mandal, S. K.; Young,
V. G., Jr.; Zang, Y.; Kooijman, H.; Spek, A. L.; Que, L., Jr.; Feringa,
B. L. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 1929–1936.
(66) Marlin, D. S.; Olmstead, M. M.; Mascharak, P. K. Inorg. Chem. 1999,
38, 3258–3260.
(67) Noveron, J. C.; Olmstead, M. M.; Mascharak, P. K. Inorg. Chem.
1998, 37, 1138–1139.
(68) Noveron, J. C.; Olmstead, M. M.; Mascharak, P. K. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2001, 123, 3247–3259.
(69) Theisen, R. M.; Shearer, J.; Kaminsky, W.; Kovacs, J. A. Inorg. Chem.
2004, 43, 7682–7690.
(70) Tyler, L. A.; Noveron, J. C.; Olmstead, M. M.; Mascharak, P. K. Inorg.
Chem. 1999, 38, 616–617.
(71) Collins, T. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 279.
11232 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008

Alkyl Thiolate NHase Analogues
Table 2. Redox Potential Dependence on Ligand Environment and
Molecular Charge
compound
reduction potential (vs SCE), mV
[FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)]+ (1)
[FeIII(DITIm)2]+
-650
-680
[FeIII(DITpy)2]+
-930
[FeIII(ADIT)2]+
-1002
-1130
-1340
<-1800
2-
[FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)]2 (2)
[FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)(Py)]1- (3)
[FeIII((tame-N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15)
S ) 3/2 f 1/2 spin-state change. In fact, when 1 is
recrystallized from MeCN, a cocrystallized MeCN points
toward the vacant site and appears to perturb the coordination
environment at the Fe center, as determined by X-ray
crystallography (vide infra); however, the complex remains
intermediate spin at temperatures above 7 K.
Figure 3. ORTEP diagram of the cation of [FeIII((tame-
N3)S2Me2)](PF6)·PhCN (1) and the anions of (Me4N)[FeIII((Et-
N2)S2Me2)(Py)] ·2MeOH (3) and (NMe4)2[FeIII((tameN2S)S2Me2)]·MeCN (15)
showing 50% ellipsoids and atom-labeling scheme. All hydrogen atoms
have been removed for clarity.
Pure intermediate (S ) 3/2) spin states of iron(III) are rare
and predominantly seen when Fe3+ is in a tetragonally
distorted environment in which the apical and equatorial
ligand fields are dramatically different.72-75 Dithiolenes,
tetra-aza-macrocycles, and carboxamide ligands, for example,
have all been shown to favor these spin states.76-79 The
relative stabilities of the S ) 3/2 and 1/2 electronic
configurations depend on the separation between the dxy and
dz2 orbitals, ∆E (t2g/eg*) (Figure S-18, Supporting Informa-
tion). Extensive π bonding with the thiolates and/or car-
boxamides in the xy plane of 1, 3, and 15 would push the
dxy orbital up in energy toward dz2, decreasing ∆E and thereby
favoring an S ) 3/2 ground state with a half-occupied dz2
orbital. The half-occupied dz2 orbital of an S ) 3/2 spin
system would decrease the open binding site’s Lewis acidity
relative to that of a low-spin (S ) 1/2) system (Figure S-18,
Supporting Information) with its empty dz2 orbital. This could
have important consequences when it comes to “substrate”
binding (vide infra).
Redox Properties. As shown by the negative redox
potentials of Table 2 and the cyclic voltammograms of
Figures 6 and S-19, Supporting Information, the ligands
described in this study stabilize iron in the +3 oxidation state,
adhering to trends established for thiolate/carboxamide-
ligated iron complexes.13,14,23,27,59,67,68,80 Redox potentials
shift in a negative direction as anionic carboxamides are
incorporated in place of 1’s neutral imines (Table 2)81,82 as
(72) Keutel, H.; Ka¨pplinger, I.; Ja¨ger, E. G.; Grodzicki, M.; Schunemann,
V.; Trautwein, A. X. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 2320–2327.
(73) Fettouhi, M.; Morsy, M.; Waheed, A.; Golhen, S.; Ouahab, L.; Sutter,
J.-P.; Kahn, O.; Menendez, N.; Varret, F. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38,
4910–4912.
(74) Kostka, K. L.; Fox, B. G.; Hendrich, M. P.; Collins, T. J.; Rickard,
C. E. F.; Wright, L. J.; Munck, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115,
6746–6757.
Figure 4. Inverse molar magnetic susceptibility 1/ꢀ;m vs temperature (T)
plot for (Me4N)[FeIII((Et-N2)S2Me2)(Py)] ·2MeOH (3) and (NMe4)2[FeIII((tame-
N2S)S2Me2)]·MeCN (15) each fit to an S ) 3/2 spin state with Curie
constants 2.05 (3) and 1.91 (15).
(75) Simonato, J. P.; Pe´caut, J.; Le Pape, L.; Oddou, J. L.; Jeandey, C.;
Shang, M.; Scheidt, W. R.; Wojaczyn˜ski, J.; Wolowiec, S.; Latos-
Grazyn˜ski, L.; Marchon, J. C. Inorg. Chem. 2000, 39, 3978–3987.
(76) Keutel, H.; Ka¨pplinger, I.; Ja¨ger, E. G.; Grodzicki, M.; Schunemann,
V.; Trautwein, A. X. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 2320–2327.
(77) Fettouhi, M.; Morsy, M.; Waheed, A.; Golhen, S.; Ouahab, L. Inorg.
Chem. 1999, 38, 4910–4912.
(78) Kostka, K. L.; Fox, B. G.; Hendrich, M. P.; Collins, T. J.; Rickard,
C. E. F.; Wright, L. J.; Munck, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6746–
6757.
This would suggest that coordinating solvents bind to 1 at
extremely low temperatures, where it would be entropically
favored. The majority of characterized six-coordinate
FeIII-thiolates are low-spin S ) 1/2, whereas five-coordinate
FeIII-thiolates tend to display temperature-dependent mag-
netic properties highly dependent upon geometry and S-Fe-S
bond angles.18,21,38,39 Solvent binding would raise the energy
of the half-occupied dz2 orbital of intermediate-spin 1, causing
the electron to drop into the t2g set of orbitals resulting in an
(79) Collins, T. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 279–285.
(80) Harrop, T. C.; Olmstead, M. M.; Mascharak, P. K. Inorg. Chem. 2005,
44, 9527–9533.
Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008 11233

Lugo-Mas et al.
Figure 5. Low-temperature (6 K) X-band EPR spectrum (black) of
(NMe4)2[FeIII((tame-N2S)S2Me2)]·MeCN (15) in MeOH/EtOH (9:1) glass,
fitted (red) to E/D ) 0.107.
Figure 6. Cyclic voltammogram of [FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)](PF6)·PhCN (1)
and (NMe4)2[FeIII((Et-N2)S2Me2)]2 ·2MeOH (2) (both in MeCN at 298 K
(0.1 M (Bu4N)PF6, glassy carbon electrode, 150 mV/s scan rate). Peak
potentials versus SCE indicated.
well as when the neutral apical amine of 3 is replaced by an
anionic apical thiolate in 15. In fact, the 5- charge of 15’s
[N2S3]5- ligand creates such an electron-rich environment
for the Fe3+ ion that no reduction wave is observed in the
window +1.0 f -1.8 V (vs SCE). This shows that the +2
oxidation state is inaccessible at reasonable potentials and
that the energy of the redox-active orbital is raised dramati-
cally when Fe3+ is placed in an environment identical to that
of unmodified NHase. The inaccessibility of the +2 oxidation
state is important for prevention of undesirable Fenton-type
side reactions.83
precursor can be trapped with CO(g), affording [FeII((tame-
N3)S2Me)(CO)] (16). The extremely low νCO stretch (1895
cm-1 (16; Figure S-20, Supporting Information) vs typical
FeII-CO range νCO ) 1929-1969 cm-1) indicates that the
Fe2+ ion of 16 is fairly electron rich. Carbonyl-ligated Fe2+
compounds are rare and typically quite labile.24,84 For
example, previously reported [FeII((Pr,Pr)-N3S2Me2)(CO)] (17,
νCO ) 1929 cm-1) readily dissociates CO at temperatures
above 0 °C.24 Carbonyl-ligated 16 (Figure 7) is considerably
more stable than 17, most likely because CO binds trans to
an amine in 16 as opposed to a thiolate in 17. Quantitative
addition of NO(g) to oxidized 1 affords [FeIII((tame-
N3)S2Me)(NO)]+ (18), an analogue of the NO-inhibited form
of NHase. Complex 18 (Figure 7) displays an νNO stretch
(1865 cm-1; Figure S-21, Supporting Information) close to
that of NHase (νNO ) 1853 cm-1) and is diamagnetic (Figure
S-22, Supporting Information), indicating that NO radical
binding induces a spin-state change at the metal S ) 3/2 f
1/2. The mean Fe-S distance in 18 (2.254(4) Å) is 0.068 Å
longer than in 1 and 0.024 Å shorter than in reduced
carbonyl-bound 16 (2.278(1) Å; Table S-3, Supporting
Information), indicating that the most appropriate formal
electronic description lies somewhere between Fe(III)-NO•
and Fe(II)-NO+. Metrical parameters for 16 are compared
with that of 18 in Table S-3, Supporting Information.
On the basis of the appearance of a new low-spin species
in the EPR spectrum (Figure S-17, Supporting Information),
cationic 1 does appear to bind neutral σ donors such as
MeOH but only at extremely low temperatures (7 K). When
MeCN is used as the solvent for recrystallization of 1, in
place of PhCN, a cocrystallized MeCN points toward the
vacant site of [FeIII(tame-N3)S2Me2)(MeCN)]+ (19) (Figure
7). Although this interaction is extremely weak (Fe-N(4)
) 2.63 Å) it does appear to elongate the apical Fe-N(3)
bond (by 0.056 Å in 19 relative to 1; Tables S-2 and S-3,
Supporting Information) and causes the Fe3+ ion to move
0.147 Å closer to the N2S2 basal plane (from 0.293 Å in 1
to 0.147 Å in 19) away from apical amine N(3) toward the
Reactivity of Five-Coordinate [FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)]+
(1), [FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)(Py)]1- (3), and [FeIII((tame-N2S)-
S2Me2)]2- (15), and dimeric [FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)]2 (2). Al-
2-
though dimeric [FeIII(Et-N2S2Me2)]2 (2) undergoes bridge
2-
cleavage reactions with neutral ligands such as pyridine, the
resulting
S )
3/2 anionic compound [FeIII(Et-N2-
S2Me2)(Py)]1- (3) remains five coordinate even in neat
pyridine. Dianionic S ) 3/2 [FeIII(tame-N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15)
displays a similar lack of affinity for additional ligands. Even
when added in excess (>100 equiv) and at low temperatures
(-78 °C), anionic (N3 , CN-), neutral (py, CO), and/or
-
σ-donor ligands (MeCN) show no signs of binding to 3 or
15, as determined by electronic absorption spectroscopy.
Nitric oxide reacts with 15; however, the product obtained
in this reaction proved to be too unstable to isolate. Cationic
S ) 3/2 [FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)]+ (1) is only slightly more
reactive than anionic 3 and 15, suggesting that overall
molecular charge (1- vs 1+) and the weaker ligand field
(imines in 1 versus carboxamides in 3 and 15) only slightly
influence reactivity properties. Cationic 1 will only bind
π-acid ligands such as NO at ambient temperature and not
anions such as CN- or N3 . Neutral ligands (such as MeOH)
-
bind to cationic 1 only at extremely low (7 K) temperatures
(vide supra). At 7 K anionic 3 and 15, on the other hand,
show no signs (by EPR) of binding neutral ligands. Although
oxidized 1 does not bind CO, its neutral reduced Fe(II)
(81) Kruger, H. J.; Holm, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 2955–2963.
(82) Kruger, H. J.; Peng, G.; Holm, R. H. Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 734–
742.
(84) Nguyen, D. H.; Hsu, H. F.; Munck, E.; Millar, M.; Koch, S. A. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8963–8964.
(83) Meyerstein, D.; Goldstein, S. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 547–550.
11234 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008

Alkyl Thiolate NHase Analogues
Figure 7. ORTEP diagram of reduced [FeII((tame-N3)S2Me2)(CO)]·MeCN (16) and the cations of [FeIII((tame-N3)S2Me2)(NO)](PF6) (18) and [FeIII((tame-
N3)S2Me2)(MeCN)](PF6)·MeCN (19) showing 50% ellipsoids and atom-labeling scheme as well as the weakly interacting MeCN (Fe-N(4) ) 2.63 Å) in 19.
acetonitrile (N(4)). The νCN (MeCN) value of 2254 cm-1 is
close to that of free MeCN, and there is no significant
increase in the nitrile C(16)-N(4) bond length in 19
(1.159(7) Å) relative to free MeCN (1.14 Å), indicating that
the nitrile is by no means activated by its interaction with
the Fe3+ ion.
ally modified form of NHase readily binds N3 , CN-, and
NO and hydrolyzes RCN our unmodified NHase analogue
-
15 does not bind substrates (RCN) or inhibitors (N3 , CN-,
-
or NO), even when present in excess and at low temperatures.
H bonding may also play an important role in NHase activity,
as suggested by the inactivity of mutants lacking highly
conserved 56Arg and 141Arg.85,86 In order to address the
possible roles of thiolate oxidation and/or H bonding on
reactivity we attempted to both oxidize the equatorial sulfurs
of 15 and crystallize 15 in the presence of H-bond donors
such as H2O.
Although the curtailed affinity of 3 and 15 for additional
ligands could reflect the anionic charge, it could also reflect
the presence of an electron in the intermediate-spin apical
site orbital (vide supra; Figure S-18, Supporting Information).
Reactivity has previously been shown by our group to
correlate with spin state.18,38,18,21,38,39 For example, low-spin
(S ) 1/2) five-coordinate [FeIII((Et,Pr)-N3S2Me2)]+ (Et,Pr;
Scheme 1) binds a wide variety of ligands including nitriles
Unmodified NHase analogue 15 is soluble and stable in
H2O. Crystallization from “wet” DMF affords a structure
containing two dianionic iron complexes (NEt4)2[FeIII((tame-
N2S)S2Me2)] · 3H2O (15a) and three H2O’s each H bonded to
a different carboxamide oxygen (O(1) · · ·H(52)(H2O) ) 2.010
Å; O(1)-H(52)-O(5) ) 163.3°; O(2) · · · H(72)(H2O) )
2.049 Å; O(2)-H(72)-O(7) ) 176.1°; O(3) · · · H(61)(H2O)
) 1.998 Å; O(3)-H(61)-O(6) ) 169.0°; Figure S-23,
Supporting Information). Comparison of the two structures
(15 versus 15 · 3H2O) shows very little change in carboxa-
mide C-N (mean distance ) 1.339(2) Å in 15·3H2O versus
1.337(3) Å in 15) and CdO (mean distance ) 1.26(1) Å in
15 · 3H2O versus 1.255(3) Å in 15) bond distances (Table
2). The H-bonded complex 15 ·3H2O (Figure S-23, Support-
ing Information) remains five-coordinate and intermediate-
spin S ) 3/2. This is true even when excess guanidinium ·HCl
is added as a potential H-bond donor and mimic for the
conserved arginine residues,86 suggesting that sulfur oxy-
genation plays a more important role than H bonding in
determining magnetic and reactivity properties.
t
t
(RCN, R ) Me, Bz, Et, Bu), py, BuNC, MeOH, and
MeC(O)NH2) as well as N3- and NO.18,38 Intermediate-spin
(S ) 3/2) five-coordinate [FeIII((Pr,Pr)-NMeN2amideS2Me2)]1-,
on the other hand, does not appear to bind any of these
ligands even at low temperatures.39 Five-coordinate [FeII-
I((Pr,Pr)-N3S2Me2)]+ (Pr,Pr; Scheme 1) does not bind N3- at
ambient temperatures where an S ) 3/2 excited state is 23%
populated but does at low temperatures (-80 °C) where an
S ) 1/2 state is predominantly populated.18 The equilibrium
for binding azide favors the azide-bound form of Et,Pr
([FeIII((Et,Pr)N3S2Me2)(N3)]) 10 times more than that of Pr,Pr
([FeIII((Pr,Pr)N3S2Me2)(N3)]),38 meaning that an additional 2.3
kcal mol-1 energy is released when azide binds to low-spin
(S ) 1/2) Et,Pr versus partially (23%) intermediate-spin S
) 3/2 Pr,Pr.
Given the potential similarity between [FeIII(tame-
N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15) and the uncharacterized unmodified form
of NHase, the curtailed reactivity of the former suggests that
post-translational oxygenation of the equatorial cysteinate
sulfurs plays an important role in promoting substrate
binding. This is supported by theoretical (DFT) calculations,1
which predict that the hypothetical unmodified form of
NHase has a weak affinity for water (Fe-OH2 ) 3.4 Å)
unless the equatorial thiolate ligands are oxidized (Fe-OH2
) 2.1 Å). Whereas the catalytically active, post-translation-
Reactivity of Unmodified NHase Analogue [FeIII>((tame-
2-
N2S)S2Me2)]
(15) with Dioxygen. Addition of dry O2 to
[FeIII((tame-N2S)S2Me2)]2- (15) in MeCN results in addition
(85) Piersma, S. R.; Nojiri, M.; Tsujimura, M.; Noguchi, T.; Odaka, M.;
Yohda, M.; Inoue, Y.; Endo, I. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2000, 80, 283–
288.
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Yohda, M.; Odaka, M. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2001, 83, 247–253.
Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008 11235

Lugo-Mas et al.
Information). The low-spin S ) 1/2 state would possess a
more Lewis-acidic dz2 orbital that would more readily bind
apical ligands.87
Summary and Conclusions
The strong N2S2 basal plane ligand field and anionic charge
of equatorial carboxamides in the thiolate-ligated complexes
described herein results in a significantly weakened apical
ligand interaction even with tethered built-in ligands. Intro-
duction of an apical thiolate in place of an amine does pull
the Fe3+ ion out of the basal N2S2 plane however, indicating
that it has a higher affinity for thiolates. Spin state may be
responsible for reduced apical ligand affinity18,87,88 since the
intermediate S ) 3/2 spin system, for all of the ligand-field
combinations examined herein, would have an electron in
the orbital (dz2) pointing toward the vacant site. This is in
contrast to the post-translationally modified NHase active
site, which is low spin with an empty apical site orbital and
displays a higher affinity for apical ligands. Since the
preferred ground state of six-coordinate iron thiolate com-
plexes is S ) 1/2,13,14,23,59 “substrate” binding to an S )
3/2 spin system would require a spin-state change involving
the pairing of electrons, and this could create an additional
barrier to ligand binding. The mechanism by which NHase
operates has yet to be elucidated. It has been proposed that
the iron site serves as either a hydroxide source or a Lewis-
acidic site to which nitriles coordinate.4,8,16,26,29-36 Both
mechanisms would require ligand binding to the vacant apical
site. The results described herein suggest that regioselective
post-translational oxygenation of the basal plane NHase
cysteinates is required in order to weaken the equatorial
ligand field and increase the Lewis acidity of the dz2 orbital
pointing toward the vacant apical site. Density functional
calculations support this.1
Figure 8. ORTEP diagram of the anion of (NEt4)2[FeIII((tame-
N2SO2)S2Me2)] · MeCN (20) showing 50% ellipsoids and atom-labeling
scheme.
of two oxygen atoms to the parent molecule as determined
by ESI-MS. X-ray quality crystals of this oxygenated product
were obtained upon low-temperature (-35 °C) layering of
Et2O onto an MeCN solution. As shown in the ORTEP
diagram of Figure 8 the apical thiolate sulfur is selectively
oxidized by O2 to afford O-bound sulfinate-ligated [FeII-
I((tame-N2SO2)S2Me2)]2- (20). Preferential oxygenation of the
apical sulfur occurs initially because the apical Fe-S(3) bond
of 15 is significantly longer, making it the most basic sulfur
and thus more susceptible to oxidation than the basal plane
sulfurs S(1) and S(2). Rearrangement of this kinetic product
to a potentially different thermodynamically preferred prod-
uct would be expected to be slow since it would involve
cleavage of fairly robust SdO bonds. Oxygenation of 15’s
apical sulfur not only leaves the S ) 3/2 spin state (µeff
)
3.75 µB (Figure S-24, Supporting Information); g⊥ ) 3.74,
g|| ) 2.02 (Figure S-25, Supporting Information)) and bond
lengths (Table S-2, Supporting Information) unperturbed, but
reactivity is unaffected as well. Like 15, sulfinate-ligated 20
Acknowledgment. This work was supported by the NIH
(GM 45881). P.L.-M. gratefully acknowledges support by
an NIH predoctoral minority fellowship (F31 GM73583-01).
does not bind anionic (N3 , CN-), neutral (Py, CO, NO),
-
and/or σ-donor ligands (MeCN) even when added in excess
(>100 equiv) and at low temperatures (-78 °C) as deter-
mined by electronic absorption spectroscopy. Given the
similarity between 20 and the NHase active site, this implies
that regioselective post-translational oxygenation of the basal
plane sulfurs is critical to NHase function. In the enzyme,
apical thiolate oxidation is prevented by its placement in a
solvent-inaccessible site.16 The basal plane sulfurs, on the
other hand, point toward a solvent-accessible channel.
Oxygenation of the basal sulfurs would weaken the basal
plane ligand field by “tying up” the π-symmetry sulfur
orbitals, increase the metal ion Lewis acidity, and thereby
increase the apical Fe-S interaction17 causing a spin-state
change from S ) 3/2 to 1/2 (Figure S-18, Supporting
Supporting Information Available: Experimental data for the
tame-(NH)2 (SH)3 (14) ligand synthesis, including ESI mass spec,
IR, and 1H NMR data. Experimental and crystallographic data for
complexes 1-3, 15, 15a ·3H2O, 16, and 18-20; ORTEP diagram
of 15a ·3H2O; electronic absorption spectra of 1-3 and 15;
magnetic data for 1 and 20; X-band EPR spectra of 1-3 and 20;
cyclic voltammogram of 3; vibrational data for CO-bound 16 and
NO-bound 18. This material is available free of charge via the
Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
IC801704N
(87) Strickland, N.; Harvey, J. N. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 841–852.
(88) Carreon-Macedo, J. L.; Harvey, J. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126,
5789–5797.
11236 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008