260
J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem (2010) 68:253–260
3. Lee, M., Katz, H.E., Erben, C., Gill, D.M., Gopalan, P., Heber,
Benedict, J.B., Cohen, D., Kaminsky, W., Kahr, B., Bredas, J.L.,
Reid, P., Dalton, L.R., Jen, A.K.Y.: Pyrroline chromophores for
electro-optics. Chem. Mater. 18, 2982–2988 (2006)
J.D., McGee, D.J.: Broadband modulation of light by using an
electro-optic polymer. Science 298, 1401–1403 (2002)
4. Dalton, L.R.: Nonlinear optical polymeric materials: from chro-
mophore design to commercial applications. Adv. Polym. Sci.
158, 1–86 (2002)
5. Sinyukov, A.M., Leahy, M.R., Haller, L.M., Luo, J.D., Jen,
A.K.Y., Dalton, L.R.: Functional organic materials: syntheses,
strategies and applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5827–5829
(2004)
6. Samyn, C., Verbiest, T., Persoons, A.: Second-order non-linear
optical polymers. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 21, 1–15 (2000)
7. Wurthner, F., Yao, S., Debaerdemaeker, T., Wortmann, R.:
Dimerization of merocyanine dyes: structural and energetic
characterization of dipolar dye aggregates and implications for
nonlinear optical materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 9431–9447
(2002)
8. Wortmann, R., Rosch, U., Redi-Abshiro, M., Wurthner, F.: Large
electric field effects on dipolar aggregation of merocyanine dyes.
Angew. Chem. 42, 2080–2083 (2003)
16. Dalton, L.R., Jen, A.K.Y., Steier, W., Robinson, B., Jang, S.H.,
Clot, O., Song, H.C., Kuo, Y.H., Zhang, C., Rabiei, P., Ahn,
S.W., Oh, M.C.: Organic electro-optic materials: some unique
opportunities. Proc. SPIE. 5351, 1–15 (2004)
17. Dalton, L.R.: Organic electro-optic materials. Pure Appl. Chem.
76, 1421 (2004)
18. He, M., Leslie, T.M., Sinicropi, J.A.: Synthesis of chromophores
with extremely high electro-optic activity. 1. Thiophene-bridge-
based chromophores. Chem. Mater. 14, 4662–4668 (2002)
19. Hoang, M.H., Kim, M.H., Cho, M.J., Kim, K.H., Kim, K.N., Jin,
J.I., Choi, D.H.: Dendronized tricyanopyrroline-based chro-
mophores in nonlinear optical active host polymer. J. Polym. Sci.
A. 46, 5064–5076 (2008)
20. Lee, S.K., Cho, M.J., Jin, J.I., Choi, D.H.: Stability control of the
electrooptic effect with new maleimide copolymers containing
photoreactive tricyanopyrrolidene-based chromophores. J. Polym.
Sci. A. 45, 531–542 (2006)
9. Dalton, L.R., Steier, W.H., Robinson, B.H., Zhang, C., Ren, A.,
Garner, S., Chen, A., Londergan, T., Irwin, L., Carlson, B., Fi-
field, L., Phelan, G., Kincaid, C., Amend, J., Jen, A.K.Y.: From
molecules to opto-chips: organic electro-optic materials. J. Mater.
Chem. 9, 1905–1920 (1999)
10. Robinson, B.H., Dalton, L.R.: Monte Carlo statistical mechanical
simulations of chromophore/polymer materials. J. Phys. Chem. A
104, 4785–4795 (2000)
11. Nielsen, R.D., Rommel, H.L., Robinson, B.H.: Simulation of the
loading parameter and soft lithography. J. Phys. Chem. B 108,
8659–8667 (2004)
12. Harper, A.W., Sun, S., Dalton, L.R., Garner, S.M., Chen, A.,
Kalluri, S., Steier, W.H., Robinson, B.H.: Translating micro-
scopic optical nonlinearity into macroscopic optical nonlinearity:
the role of chromophore electrostatic interactions. J. Opt. Soc.
Am. B 15, 329–337 (1998)
13. Faccini, M., Balakrishnan, M., Diemeer, M.B.J., Hu, Z., Clays,
K., Asselberghs, I., Leinse, A., Driessen, A., Reinhoudt, D.N.,
Verboom, W.: Enhanced poling efficiency in highly thermal and
photostable nonlinear optical chromophores. J. Mater. Chem. 18,
2141–2149 (2008)
14. Liu, J., Zhou, T., Qiu, L., Liu, X., Zhen, Z.: Synthesis and
characterization of dendrimer encapsulated chromophoreby one
step method for electrooptics. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. Rapid
Commun. 3, 921 (2009)
21. Cheng, L.T., Tam, W., Stevenson, S.H., Meredith, G.R.: Exper-
imental investigations of organic molecular nonlinear optical
polarizabilities. 1. Methods and results on benzene and stilbene
derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. 95, 10631 (1991)
22. Kim, J.J., Choi, H., Lee, J.W., Kang, M.S., Song, K., Kang, S.O.,
Ko, J.: A polymer gel electrolyte to achieve $6% power con-
version efficiency with a novel organic dye incorporating a low-
band-gap chromophore. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 5223 (2008)
23. Asiri, A.M., Fatani, N.A.: Novel dyes derived from hydrazones.
Part 4. Synthesis and characterizations of 2-{4-[(2E)-2-(1-aryly-
lidene)hydrazino]phenyl}ethylene-1,1,2-tricarbonitrile.
Pigments 72, 217 (2007)
Dyes
24. DeMartino, R.N., Choe, E.W., Khanarian, G., Haas, D., Leslie,
T., Nelson, G.: Development of polymeric nonlinear optical
materials. In: Prasad, P.N., Ulrich, D.R. (eds.) Nonlinear Optical
and Electroactive Polymers, p. 169. Plenum Press, New York
(1988)
25. Teng, C.C., Man, H.T.: Simple reflection technique for measuring
the electro-optic coefficient of poled polymers. Appl. Phys. Lett.
56, 1734 (1990)
26. Cho, M.J., Lim, J.H., Hong, C.S., Kim, J.H., Lee, H.S., Choi,
D.H.: A tricyanopyrroline-based nonlinear optical chromophore
bearing a lateral moiety: a novel steric technique for enhancing
the electro-optic effect. Dyes Pigments 79, 193 (2008)
15. Jang, S.H., Luo, J., Tucker, N.M., Leclercq, A., Zojer, E., Haller,
M.A., Kim, T.D., Kang, J.W., Firestone, K., Bale, D., Lao, D.,
123